JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) ISSN 0854-4425 ISSN 0854-4425

JURNAL JURNAL BIOLOGI BIOLOGI INDONESIA INDONESIA Akreditasi: No 816/D/08/2009 Vol. 7, No. 2 Desember 2011 Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia Suyadi

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Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada

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Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman

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Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori

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Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin

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Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd. Indriani Ekasari

243

Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili

251

Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis) Dwi Astuti

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BOGOR, INDONESIA

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun (Juni dan Desember). Editor Pengelola Dr. Ibnu Maryanto Dr. I Made Sudiana Deby Arifiani, S.P., M.Sc

Dr. Izu Andry Fijridiyanto Dewan Editor Ilmiah Dr. Abinawanto, F MIPA UI Dr. Achmad Farajalah, FMIPA IPB Dr. Ambariyanto, F. Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP Dr. Aswin Usup F. Pertanian Universitas Palangkaraya Dr. Didik Widiyatmoko, PK Tumbuhan, Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI Dr. Dwi Nugroho Wibowo, F. Biologi UNSOED Dr. Parikesit, F. MIPA UNPAD Prof. Dr. Mohd.Tajuddin Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Monica Suleiman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Dr. Srihadi Agungpriyono, PAVet(K), F. Kedokteran Hewan IPB Y. Surjadi MSc, Pusat Penelitian ICABIOGRAD Drs. Suharjono, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Dr. Tri Widianto, Pusat Penelitian Limnologi-LIPI Dr. Witjaksono Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Alamat Redaksi

Sekretariat d/a Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 18, Bogor 16002 , Telp. (021) 8765056 Fax. (021) 8765068 Email : [email protected]; [email protected] Website : http://biologi.or.id Jurnal ini telah diakreditasi ulang dengan nilai A berdasarkan SK Kepala LIPI 816/ D/2009 tanggal 28 Agustus 2009.

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)

JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA

Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia.

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) KATA PENGANTAR

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA edisi volume 7 nomer 2 tahun 2011 memuat 17 artikel lengkap, tujuh artikel diantaranya telah dipresentasi pada seminar ATCBC di Bali 2010. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Balai Penelitian Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumber daya Genetik Pertanian Bogor, Balai Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Bogor Kementerian Pertanian, BATAN. Fak. MIPA-Biologi Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Kehutanan UGM Yogyakarta, Fakultas Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian IPB Bogor, Sekolah Tinggi Hayati dan Departemen Tehnik Kimia ITB Bandung, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Borneo, Tarakan, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Fakultas Sain dan Tehnologi Universitas Islam Hidayatullah Jakarta, Kebun Raya Cibodas LIPI, Puslit Biologi LIPI, Puslit Oseanografi LIPI, PEKA dan Asosiasi Pelestari Curik Bali, Taman Safari Cisarua Bogor. Topik yang dibahas pada edisi ini meliputi bidang Botani, mikrobiologi, zoologi, remote sensing. Editor

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada para pakar yang telah turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 7, No 2, Juni 2011: Drs. Roemantyo, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Dwi Astuti, Puslit Biologi-LIPI M.Fathi Royani, MA., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Iwan Saskiawan, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Drs. Ary Wahyono, Puslit Kemasyarakatan-LIPI Muhamad Irham MSc., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Enung Fuad, Puslit Bioteknologi-LIPI Drs. Boeadi, Puslit Biologi LIPI (Purna Bakti) Dr. Edi Mirmanto, Puslit Biologi-LIPI

Sebagian dari edisi ini dibiayai oleh DIPA Puslit Biologi-LIPI 2011

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011) DAFTAR ISI Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia Suyadi

195

Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada

207

Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman

213

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori

221

Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin

231

Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd. Indriani Ekasari

243

Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili

251

Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis) Dwi Astuti

263

Kajian Pendahuluan: Perpindahan Gen dari Tanaman Kentang Transgenik Katahdin RB ke Tanaman Kentang Non Transgenik A. Dinar Ambarwati, M. Herman, Agus Purwito , Eri Sofiari,& Hajrial Aswidinoor

277

Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia NLP Indi Dharmayanti, Atik Ratnawati, & Dyah Ayu Hewajuli

289

Karakterisasi Produk Biosolubilisasi Lignit oleh Kapang Indigenus dari Tanah Pertambangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan Irawan Sugoro, Sandra Hermanto,D. Sasongko,D. Indriani & P. Aditiawati

299

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011) Potensi Virus Avian Influenza H5NI Isolat A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 Sebagai Vaksin R. Indriani, NLP I Dharmayanti, R.M.A Adjid, & Darminto Variasi dan kekerabatan genetik pada dua jenis baru belimbing (Averrhoa leucopetala Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov dan A. dolichorpa Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov., Oxalidaceae) berdasarkan profil Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Kusumadewi Sri Yulita Pengaruh Dinamika Faktor Lingkungan Terhadap Sebaran Horisontal dan Vertikal Katak Hellen Kurniati Merekonstruksi Habitat Curik Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 di Bali Bagian Barat Mas Noerdjito, Roemantyo &Tony Sumampau Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Semusim Habitat Curik Bali (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) di Kawasan Labuan Lalang, Taman Nasional Bali Barat Roemantyo Sumbangan Ilmu Etnobotani dalam Memfasilitasi Hubungan Manusia dengan Tumbuhan dan Lingkungannya Eko Baroto Walujo

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7 (2): 221-230 (2011)

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia Akhmad Rizali1,2*, Abdul Rahim3, Bandung Sahari2, Lilik Budi Prasetyo4, & Damayanti Buchori2 1

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University 2 PEKA Indonesia Foundation (Indonesian Nature for Conservation Foundation) 3 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Borneo University, Tarakan 4 Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Bogor Agricultural University E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK

Dampak Invasiv Species Semut pada Pembentukan Struktur Komunitas Semut di Kawasan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Peneletian tentang pengaruh spesies invasif di kawasan pulau-pulau kecil menjadi perhatian konservasi yang sangat penting,teristimewa pengaruhnya terhadap fauna lokal dan teristimewa untuk semut-semut endemik yang menjadi kajian pada penelitian ini. Pada kajian ini penelitian dilakukan di tiga pulau yaitu Pulau Bokor, Rambut dan Untung Jawa. Semut diambil menggunakan metode pitfall trap. Metode penghitungan dengan model korelasi dan linier digunakan untuk mengukur penyebarannya secara acak di setiap pulau. Diperoleh tiga species invasif dua diantaranya yaitu Solenopsis geminata dan Paratrechina longicornis dapat dijumpai di ketiga pulau tersebut sedangkan untuk Anoplolepis gracilipes hanya dijumpai di Pulau Rambut. A. gracilipes dan S. geminata merupakan spesies yang melimpah dan komposisi keterdapatannya berkorelasi dengan faktor habitat (F2, 52 = 19.469, p<0.001). Kata kunci: Semut, keragaman jenis, spesies invasif

INTRODUCTION Alien invasive ant species are major threats to local biodiversity especially indigeneous ants in certain area (Holway et al. 2002). As anthrophilic species, invasive ants have ability to occupy human-modified habitats, e.g. in urban habitat (Gibb & Hochli 2002), ability for nesting in human structure (Schultz & McGlynn 2000) and are easily dispersed by humans. Therefore, with its rapid

adaptive mechanism and high competitive ability, invasive ants have negative impacts on the existence of local ants. For example, invasive species Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) has strongly affected native ant communities in fragmented coastal scrub habitats in Southern California (Suarez et al. 1998). Habitat fragmentation facilitates the establishment of invasive ants (Holway et. al. 2002). In small island, habitat fragmentation and occurrence of invasive 221

Rizali et al

ants can have a great negative impact on local species since the survival of species is very restricted by the availability of limited nature resource and space (Donlan & Wilcox 2008). Invasive species in small island are able to displace indigeneous species and shape biotic homogenization which makes populations of native species especially prone to extinction (e.g. Cole et al. (1992), the occurrence of Hypoponera opaciceps and Solenopsis papuana caused disappearing native ants in Hawaii Islands). As consequences, this invasion may affect to change the ecological function on whole ecosystem in the small island. This research investigated the implication of invasive ant to local ant community in Thousand Islands Archipelago, Indonesia that has never been conducted in this area. The archipelago is located in the northern sea of Jakarta Bay and consisted of 160 unique islands with size less than 1 km2 (Alamsyah 2003). Although, this number does not include several islands that have been disappeared several years ago (UNESCO 1997). Several islands of the Sanctuary have been dramatically modified and used for living and tourism and those will bring new threats for many ant species (some of which may be endemic) through habitat modification and migration of invasive species from other places. Previous study by Rizali et al. (2008) indicated that human activities have aided the distribution of invasive alien ant species Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata

222

in several small islands of Thousand Islands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ecological observation was conducted in three different islands of Thousand Islands Archipelago (Figure 1) i.e. (1) Untung Jawa Island (represents high populated island), (2) Rambut Island (represents as unique habitat where from 160 islands, only this island marine birds breed and live), and (3) Bokor Island (represents as unexplored island characterized by very diverse habitats and as a protected area) (Figure 1; detail see Table 1). To determined the habitat types on each island, Quick bird maps were used for mapping and quantify the islands characteristics with GIS software. To assess the impact of invasive ants on local ant species, pitfall trapping and leaf litter sampling were carried out in 5 m x 5 m plots. The number of plots on each island differs based on habitat types (Table 1) and randomization using GIS tool (with minimum distance among plots is 75 m). Plot observations were carried out two days on each island from March to May 2008 (Table 1). In each plot, four pitfall traps were positioned 5 m apart on a diagonal line across the sample plot. All specimens were stored in small vials with 70% alcohol and given a label in the field before being sorted and identified in the laboratory. Ants were identified using relevant taxonomic literature (e.g. Bolton 1994) and the reference collection of Seiki Yamane (Kagoshima University,

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant

Table 1. Number of plots and description for each island in Thousand Island Archipelago Island

No. plot

Description

Date of sampling

Bokor

16

Natural forest with dense canopy dominating with Dysoxylum amooroides, Sterculia futida, and Allophylus cobbe. Area 16,34 ha include sea shore

17& 18 March 2008

Natural forest with dominance mangrove plants (Dysoxylum amooroides, Guettarda speciosa, Allophylus cobbe. Area 45,80 ha but only around 20 ha that possible for plotting. This island is island marine birds

14 & 15 March 2008

High populated island and tourist island. Area 39,12 ha, dominancy by settlement and with planted tree Annona squamosa, Thespesia populena and Artocarpus communis

12 & 13 March 2008

Rambut

17

Untung Jawa

25

8 & 9 April 2008 16 & 17 May 2008

10 & 11 April 2008 18 & 19 May 2008

12 & 13 April 2008 13 & 14 May 2008

 

Figure 1. Map of study sites in the Thousand Islands Archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu) off Jakarta, Indonesia (inset). (a) Bokor Island (represents as unexplored island characterized by very diverse habitats and as a protected area), (b) Rambut Island (represents as protected area with swamp forest), and (c) Untung Jawa Island (represents as high populated island).

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Japan) regarded as one of the most complete collections of identified Asian ants in the world. Diversity partitioning modified from Clough et al. (2007) was used to determine the difference of ant communities among islands. The total observed ã-obs, for each island can be

partitioned as ã-obs = á + âP + âI where á is the mean á-diversity per plot on each island, âP is the between-plots âdiversity, and âI the mean betweenislands â-diversity The correlation between invasive ant and ant diversity were assessed using Spearman rank correlation. The occurrence of invasive ant (presenceabsence) was compared with number of individual and species richness of the other ants within island and between islands. Impacts of invasive ants and the habitat types (island) were tested simultaneously in general linear models (GLMs) with island as a fixed variable and plots nested within island. All analyses were done with STATISTICA 6.0 (StatSoft 2001). Differences in ant community structure were quantified using Sørensen’s index for similarity based on presence/absence of species, which was calculated with the Biodiv97 macro for Microsoft Excel (Messner, pers. comm.). The similarity matrix was then reduced to a two-dimensional ordination using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) performed with STATISTICA 6.0 (StatSoft 2001).

224

RESULTS Ant diversity partitioning between islands In total from three islands, we found 62,902 individual belongs to 32 species of ant (Table 2). The most abundance and highest ant species richness was found in Untung Jawa (27 species). However, five other ant species were not found in this island and only found in Bokor and Rambut. Based on diversity partitioning shown similar pattern that the highest mean á is also found in Untung Jawa (Figure 2). Although, Bokor has lowest mean á, the â between islands is highest compare with the others (Fig 2). This means that there still many of ant species in Bokor unexplored from this research. Spatial distribution and abundance of invasive ant species Three invasive ant species were recorded during this observation i.e. Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, and Solenopsis geminata. P. longicornis and S. geminata were found in all islands, whereas A. gracilipes was only found in Untung Jawa (Table 2 and 3). Based on the occurrences of invasive ant per plot on each island, P. longicornis seems to have ability to spread on whole habitat within island (Table 3). In contrast, S. geminata seems does not have ability to spread especially in Bokor which is only 8 plots recorded from 16 plots in total (Table 3). The most abundance of invasive ant was found in Untung Jawa which is domi-

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant

Table 2 Number of individual and ant species diversity per month in each island in Thousand Island Archipelago; Tramp species are printed in bold. SKY = from the reference collection of Seiki Yamane (Kagoshima University, Japan). Species

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Dolichoderinae Dolichoderus thoracicus Iridomyrmex anceps Tapinoma melanocephalum Formicinae Anoplolepis gracilipes Camponotus reticulatus Camponotus sp.47 of SKY Oecophylla smaragdina Paratrechina longicornis Paratrechina sp.17 of SKY Paratrechina sp.24 of SKY Polyrachis acuata Myrmicinae Cardiocondyla nuda Crematogaster difformis Crematogaster sp.10 of SKY Monomorium destructor Monomorium floricola Monomorium monomorium Monomorium sp.04 of SKY Oligomyrmex sp.10 of SKY Pheidole sp.01 Pheidole sp.02 Pheidole sp.03 Solenopsis geminata Solenopsis sp.02 Strumigenys emmae Tetramorium pacificum Tetramorium smithi Tetramorium walshi Ponerinae Anochetus graeffei Hypoponera sp.01 Odontomachus similimus Ponera

Bokor Apr May

Tot

Mar

5

3 11

9 23

40

1 30

48

1 118

35

93

116

244

3

6

20

29

1 1 54

1 3 96 9 1

Mar

3 6

1 28 1

1 14 8

1

16 44862 839

1747

2559

1451

5757

26 6 822 8 190

41 3 314 8 128

17 6 1101 5 123 5

84 15 2237 21 441 5

3 1 2 70 149 93 1 2 49

12 1 3 256 706 170 5 7 168

4 1

5

23

32 1

1 5 1 117 6 10

9 4 94 3 3

8 3 209 4 16

1 22 8 420 13 29

191

1 164

2 254

3 609

29 1 1 2 22 173

30 6 1 1 7 199

90 15 2 4 61 532

5

7 2 731 1

52

1

1

2

4

2

nated by A. gracilipes (Figure 3). Based on box-plot analysis, abundance of invasive ant per plot every month in Untung Jawa is always higher than other islands. While, Bokor has lowest population of invasive species especially S. geminata

9 8802 414

35 1 309

28

149

2 5476 204

23 1 279

23

60

5 30584 221

1 114 3 974

1

56

Tot

1 56 1 386

1 32 160

33

Untung Jawa Apr May

49 119

23

3 6 16

1 194 4

Mar

9 55

12 7 2 48

11 12 1 7

143

Tot

31 41

1 454 6 3 29 35 3 78

117 2

Rambut Apr May

31 8

220 1

2 228

283

9 1 150 421 47 4 2 93

36 136 30 3 26

2053 17 1

897 3

1057 7 1

4007 27 2

48 1014

2 833

13 1291

63 3138

1

8 3 19

9 5 46

2 11

16

which only 29 individual collected from three months sampling in this island. Impact the occurrence of invasive species Within all islands, the occurrences 225

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Figure 2.Alpha and beta- (between-plot and between-islands) and ãobs-diversity values for the ant species richness in the Thousand Islands Archipelago; Error bars are ± 1 SE of the means.

Table 3. Proportion of (a) plots with and without invasive ant species, (b) species richness and (c) number of individual of invasive and non-invasive ant that found in each island in Thousand Island Archipelago. Items (a) Plot Total of plots Plots with invasive ant A. gracilipes P. longicornis S. geminata (b) Species richness Total of species Non-invasive Invasive (c) Number of individual Total of individual Non-invasive Invasive A. gracilipes P. longicornis S. geminata

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Bokor

Island Rambut Untung Jawa

16 15

17 17

14 8

15 14

25 25 18 25 22

22 20 2

26 24 2

27 24 3

1,330 1,057

3,843 2,779

62,902 50,901

244 29

974 90

5,757 2,237 4,007

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant

of invasive ant have correlations with ant abundance and species richness on each plot within island. Based on Spearman rank correlation, the presence of A. gracilipes has correlation with ant abundance (r=0.71, p<0.05) and ant species richness (r=0.46, p<0.05) on each plot. The similar pattern also found in S. geminata that has correlation with ant abundance (r=0.51, p<0.05) and ant species richness (r=0.38, p<0.05). We also found that A. gracilipes and S. geminata can co-occur which has correlation both in abundance and ant species richness (r=0.38, p<0.05).

From the GLM analysis, the occurrences of invasive species have no significant effects to ant communities (p>0.05). Island (habitat types) is the main factor that affects ant species composition (F2, 52 = 19.469, p<0.001). However, based on NMDS analysis, the similarities of ant species composition between plots per month on each island are differed and unstable (Fig 4). There are other factors that affect ant species composition on the islands.

 

Figure 3. Box-plot of three invasive species on each island per month and all months sampling in the Thousand Islands Archipelago

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DISCUSSION Untung Jawa as high populated island consists of high population of invasive species. The highest abundance of invasive species in this island depicted that habitats in Untung Jawa are suitable for invasive species which can co-exist with human. The human structure and their activities can support the nesting sites and food for invasive species (McKinney & Lockwood 2001; Olden et. al. 2004). Although invaded by invasive species, Bokor and Rambut both as protected area and with low intensity of human disturbance have very low abundance of invasive species. Habitat conditions on these islands may have contribution to protect from increasing population by invasive species. For example, S. geminata as hot climate specialist, this species can well adapt in habitat such as settlement area, forest edge, and agriculture area (Ness & Bronstein 2004), whereas Bokor and Rambut have only few area suitable for this species due to covered by forest (Figure 1, Table 1). Therefore, this species is able to act efficiently in open area (Perfecto & Vandermeer 1996), such as Untung Jawa, S. geminata has correlation with both abundance and species richness of other ants. It means that the occurrence of this species may affect the other ant species. Another finding, A. gracilipes was only found in Untung Jawa. The existence of settlements and human activities in this island may role as an important factor for A. gracilipes to well adapt and has high abundance. In previous re228

search, this species was also only recorded in the islands that have settlement and human activities inside (Rizali et al. 2008). Even if the island have a lot of Homopteran insects, this species could well adapt and will have high densities due to associations with them (Hill et al. 2003). Agroforestry habitat such as cacao plantation was also possible as suitable habitat for A. gracilipes due to habitat disturbance and suitable of microclimate (Bos et al. 2008). In Untung Jawa, the occurrence of this species has correlation with other ant species. The high abundance of this species in Untung Jawa may have negative impact to local ant communities due to very competitive and has occupation mechanism. The different pattern was found for P. longicornis. Although this species is less abundance than other invasive species, they could widely spread in different habitat within island as well as different island. Based on McGlynn (1999) and Brown (2000), P. longicornis have ability to spread and well adapt in various habitat condition. In Thousand Island Archipelago, the occurrence of this species seems have no effect to local ant communities. However, the occurrence of invasive ant in certain habitat may have direct and indirect effect to local ant communities. Invasive ant that have ability in occupying and dominating in new habitat, as consequence cause disappearing of local ant communities and even become extinct due to can not compete with invasive species (Holway et al. 2002). Habitat disturbance and habitat fragmentation also have important role in support-

Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant

ing the existence of invasive ant (Suarez et. al. 1998). In conclusion, the combination of both invasive species and habitat fragmentation will significantly effect on decreasing local ant species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Iyus Rahman and Nina Herlina for support and cooperation during field research. This research project was funded by the Biodiversity, Ecology and Health Fund, Wildlife Trust, USA (Ref Log #: 07-08-259, 2006/2007 Grant Award). REFERENCES Bolton, B. 1997. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. London: Harvard University Press. Bos, MM., JM. Tylianakis, I. SteffanDewenter& T. Tscharntke. 2008. The invasive Yellow Crazy Ant and the decline of forest ant diversity in Indonesia cacao agroforest. BioL. Invasion 10(8): 1399-1409. Brown WL. 2000. Divesity of Ants. In: Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity (Agosti D, Mejer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR, eds). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Clough, Y., A. Holzschuh, D. Gabriel, T. Purtauf, D. Kleijn, A. Kruess, I. Steffan-Dewenter&T. Tscharntke. 2007. Alpha and beta diversity of arthropods and plants in organically and conventionally managed wheat fields. J.Appl. Ecol. 44: 804-812.

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fects of Invasive Ants on Prospective ant Mutualists. Biological of Invasions 6: 445-461 Olden JD, NL. Poff, MR. Douglas, ME. Douglas & KD. Faucsh. 2004. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 19 (1): 18-24 Perfecto I & J. Vandermeer.1996. Microclimatic changes and the indirect loss of ant diversity in a tropical agroecosystem. Cons. Ecol. 108 (3): 577-582. Rizali A., MM. Bos, D.Buchori, S. Yamane & CH.Schulze. 2008. Ants in tropical urban habitats: the

myrmecofauna in a densely populated area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. HAYATI J. Biosciences 15: 77-84 Schultz TR & TP. McGlynn. 2000. The interactions of Ants with other organism. In: Agosti et al. eds. Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press Suarez AV, DT. Bolger & TJ. Case. 1998. Effect of fragmentation and invasion on native ant communities in Coastal Southtern California. J. Ecol. 79(6): 2041-2055.

Received: Juli 2010 Accepted: April 2011

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Naskah dapat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Naskah disusun dengan urutan: JUDUL (bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris), NAMA PENULIS (yang disertai dengan alamat Lembaga/ Instansi), ABSTRAK (bahasa Inggris, maksimal 250 kata), KATA KUNCI (maksimal 6 kata), PENDAHULUAN, BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA, HASIL, PEMBAHASAN, UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH (jika diperlukan) dan DAFTAR PUSTAKA. Naskah diketik dengan spasi ganda pada kertas HVS A4 maksimum 15 halaman termasuk gambar, foto, dan tabel disertai CD. Batas dari tepi kiri 3 cm, kanan, atas, dan bawah masingmasing 2,5 cm dengan program pengolah kata Microsoft Word dan tipe huruf Times New Roman berukuran 12 point. Setiap halaman diberi nomor halaman secara berurutan. Gambar dalam bentuk grafik/diagram harus asli (bukan fotokopi) dan foto (dicetak di kertas licin atau di scan). Gambar dan Tabel di tulis dan ditempatkan di halam terpisah di akhir naskah. Penulisan simbol α, β, χ, dan lain-lain dimasukkan melalui fasilitas insert, tanpa mengubah jenis huruf. Kata dalam bahasa asing dicetak miring. Naskah dikirimkan ke alamat Redaksi sebanyak 3 eksemplar (2 eksemplar tanpa nama dan lembaga penulis). Penggunaan nama suatu tumbuhan atau hewan dalam bahasa Indonesia/Daerah harus diikuti nama ilmiahnya (cetak miring) beserta Authornya pada pengungkapan pertama kali. Daftar pustaka ditulis secara abjad menggunakan sistem nama-tahun. Contoh penulisan pustaka acuan sebagai berikut : Jurnal : Hara, T., JR. Zhang, & S. Ueda. 1983. Identification of plasmids linked with polyglutamate production in B. subtilis. J. Gen. Apll. Microbiol. 29: 345-354. Buku : Chaplin, MF. & C. Bucke. 1990. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Bab dalam Buku : Gerhart, P. & SW. Drew. 1994. Liquid culture. Dalam : Gerhart, P., R.G.E. Murray, W.A. Wood, & N.R. Krieg (eds.). Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology. ASM., Washington. 248-277. Abstrak : Suryajaya, D. 1982. Perkembangan tanaman polong-polongan utama di Indonesia. Abstrak Pertemuan Ilmiah Mikrobiologi. Jakarta . 15 –18 Oktober 1982. 42. Prosiding : Mubarik, NR., A. Suwanto, & MT. Suhartono. 2000. Isolasi dan karakterisasi protease ekstrasellular dari bakteri isolat termofilik ekstrim. Prosiding Seminar nasional Industri Enzim dan Bioteknologi II. Jakarta, 15-16 Februari 2000. 151-158. Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi : Kemala, S. 1987. Pola Pertanian, Industri Perdagangan Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia.[Disertasi]. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor. Informasi dari Internet : Schulze, H. 1999. Detection and Identification of Lories and Pottos in The Wild; Information for surveys/Estimated of population density. http//www.species.net/primates/loris/ lorCp.1.html.

J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)

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