Jak se pečuje o zemědělskou půdu v České republice? Bořivoj ŠARAPATKA Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci e-mail:
[email protected]
54 % of arable land - problems with water erosion
19 3 r.1 0 95 r.1 0 96 r.1 0 97 r.1 0 97 r.1 7 98 6 SP r.1 Ú 99 3
r.
velikost pozemků v ha
Soil erosion vs. average size of fields (in hectares)
25
20
15
10
5
0
South Moravia – very productive region
Submountain areas
Assessment of soil erosion and deposition using 137Cs The key assumption to use caesium-137 radionuclide as a erosion tracer is finding of significant relationship between soil loss and radionuclide loss. Then the spatial distribution of these radionuclides in the field can determine areas of net soil loss (erosion) and net gain (deposition). The assessment of 137Cs redistribution is based on a comparison of measured inventories (137Cs total activity per area) of a individual sampling point in the field with an reference inventory (stable site, without erosion/deposition).
10.4 % of arable land - problems with wind erosion
45 % of agricultural land - problems with compaction
Acidification
Loss of organic matter
Different types of grassland ecosystems: • newly established grassland - average 16 plant species • species-rich communities - average 33 plant species
Conduct.
Bulk density (Mg/m3)
Porosity (%)
Jednoduché spojení Euklid. vzdálenosti Zahrnout podmínku: vyber1=1 (C, Norg, G, resp)
120
pH/CaCl2
P (mg/kg)
K (mg/kg)
Ca (mg/kg)
Mg (mg/kg)
5.80
89.25
214.00
2505.00
126.00
100
Temporary grassland - newly established grassland
70.25
1.46
45.20
Temporary grassland - older re-cultivation
54.15
1.36
48.47
60
4.83
57.70
104.25
1259.50
55.00
Seminatural grassland- species reach communities
39.95
1.35
49.58
40
4.55
40.85
65.50
987,00
37.75
(dSpoj/dMax)*100
80
20
0
l8
C (%)
Norg. (mg/kg)
l6
l10
l9
HA:FA
l7
l4
l2
l5
respiration
Temporary grassland newly established grassland
2.02
2069.90
0.244
3.99
Temporary grassland - older re-cultivation
2.76
3167.13
0.282
2.51
Seminatural grassland- species reach communities
3.93
5704.15
0.363
6.12
l3
l1
Seminatural grassland
Temporary grassland
Temporary grassland
Species reach communities
Older re-cultivation
Newly established grassland
C = 106,1 t/ha
C = 75,1 t/ha
C = 58,9 t/ha
The process model functions were specified as:
CHM
a1.LOM a2 . A a3 .HMI
PHD b1.WIE b2 .WAE b3 .ES b4 .SC b5 .DI RDM
c1.CHD c2 .PHD
DSM
d1.WIE d 2 .LOM d 3 .DI
LOM A HMI WAE WIE ES SC DI CHD PHD RDM DSM
Loss of organic matter Acidification Heavy metal intoxication Water erosion Wind erosion Extreme soils (clay soils) Soil compaction Dryness impact Chemical degradation Physical degradation Resulting Degradation Model Desertification Model
Individual weightings a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, c1 and c5 were specified by judgment of an independent agricultural specialist.
Desertification 1 Wind erosion
Loss of organic matter
Dryness impact
Desertification Czech Republic Desertification consists of a set of potential dangers which are: wind erosion, loss of organic matter and dryness impact.
DesertificationThreat
safe low middle high extremely high
0
25
50
75
100 Kilometers
Projection coordination system: S-JTSK
© Šarapatka, Novák, Bednář, 2005 From the sources of Research Institute of Ameliorations and Soil Conservation, Prague
Soil degradation model - results Czech Republic Soil degradation model is the sum of chemical and physical threat degradation models. Consists of a lot of dangers indluding: water erosion, wind erosion, extreme soils (clayey soils), soil compaction, loss of organic matter, dryness impact, acidification and intoxication by heavy metals. The places with the biggest threat are rounded by circle.
The result of degradation model (potential threat)
safe low middle high extremely high
0
25
50
75
100 Kilometers
Projection coordination system: S-JTSK
© Šarapatka, Novák, Bednář, 2005 UP Olomouc
Jednoduché spojení Euklid. vzdálenosti Zahrnout podmínku: vyber2=1 (mail 1.3.) 120
100
(dSpoj/dMax)*100
80
60
40
20
0
l8
l6
l7
l10
l9
l5
l3
l4
l2
l1
2.5
basal respiration (mg CO2.100g-1 per hour)
2.5
2.0
1.5
y = 2.8264*x - 1.5785*x2 1.0
0.5
0.0
y = 0.2068*x 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
2
4
bulk density (g.cm-3)
6
humus (%)
2.5
basal respiration (mg CO2.100g-1 per hour)
basal respiration (mg CO2.100g-1 per hour)
The respiration test yielded important results in all variants. It has correlated well (5% significance level) with several physical and chemical soil properties.
2.0
y = 5.5271*x - 5.3239*x2 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Ntot (%)
0.4
0.5
0.6
8
10
80
40
20
0
200 1.2
2.2
3.2
4.2
5.2
150
zatizeni
bakterie
rozkl.celul
60
100
50
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 diverzita
3.0
3.5
4.0
80
40
20
0
200 1.2
2.2
3.2
4.2
5.2
150
zatizeni
bakterie
rozkl.celul
60
100
50
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 diverzita
3.0
3.5
4.0
Indikátory kvality půdy zahrnují charakteristiky: – fyzikální – textura, hloubka půdy, infiltrace, vodní kapacita, pórovitost, struktura ……
– chemické a fyzikálně chemické - obsah humusu a jeho kvalita, N tot., KVK, pH, vodivost, obsah živin, kontaminanty v půdě …. – biologické – C, N mikrobní biomasy, mineralizovatelný N, respirace, aktivita enzymů, biomasa a abundance jednotlivých skupin živočichů …
Po prvním monitoringu během konverze by pravidelné sledování mělo probíhat: – na orné půdě - pšenice ozimá (nebo jiná oz. Obilovina), polovina dubna, minimálně 1x za 5 let na každém pozemku – na trvalých travních porostech – louky – polovina dubna, pastviny – před pastvou Termín: obnovené travní porosty – 1x za 5 let, starší porosty (min. 15 let staré) – 1x za 7 let
Děkuji za pozornost
