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Fauna Indonesia
Fauna Indonesia merupakan Majalah llmiah Populer yang diterbitkan oleh Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI). Majalah ini memuat hasil pengamatan ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan fauna asli Indonesia, diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun ISSN 0216-9169 Redaksi Mohammad Irham Kartika Dewi Pungki Lupiyaningdyah Nur Rohmatin Isnaningsih Sekretariatan Yuni Apriyanti Yulianto Mitra Bestari Renny Kurnia Hadiaty Ristiyanti M. Marwoto Tata Letak Kartika Dewi R. Taufiq Purna Nugraha Alamat Redaksi Bidang Zoologi Puslit Biologi - LIPI Gd. Widyasatwaloka, Cibinong Science Center JI. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911 TeIp. (021) 8765056-64 Fax. (021) 8765068 E-mail:
[email protected]
Foto sampul depan : Hystrix brachyura - Foto : Wartika Rosa Farida
PEDOMAN PENULISAN 1.
Redaksi FAUNA INDONESIA menerima sumbangan naskah yang belum pernah diterbitkan, dapat berupa hasil pengamatan di lapangan/ laboratorium atau studi pustaka yang terkait dengan fauna asli Indonesia yang bersifat ilmiah popular.
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Naskah ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia dengan summary Bahasa Inggris maksimum 200 kata dengan jarak baris tunggal.
3. Huruf menggunakan tipe Times New Roman 12, jarak baris 1,5 dalam format kertas A4 dengan ukuran margin atas dan bawah 2.5 cm, kanan dan kiri 3 cm. 4. Sistematika penulisan: a. Judul: ditulis huruf besar, kecuali nama ilmiah spesies, dengan ukuran huruf 14. b. Nama pengarang dan instansi/ organisasi. c. Summary d. Pendahuluan e. Isi: i. Jika tulisan berdasarkan pengamatan lapangan/ laboratorium maka dapat dicantumkan cara kerja/ metoda, lokasi dan waktu, hasil, pembahasan. ii. Studi pustaka dapat mencantumkan taksonomi, deskripsi morfologi, habitat perilaku, konservasi, potensi pemanfaatan dan lain-lain tergantung topik tulisan. f. Kesimpulan dan saran (jika ada). g. Ucapan terima kasih (jika ada). h. Daftar pustaka. 5. Acuan daftar pustaka: Daftar pustaka ditulis berdasarkan urutan abjad nama belakang penulis pertama atau tunggal. a. Jurnal Chamberlain. C.P., J.D. BIum, R.T. Holmes, X. Feng, T.W. Sherry & G.R. Graves. 1997. The use of isotope tracers for identifying populations of migratory birds. Oecologia 9:132-141 b. Buku Flannery, T. 1990. Mammals of New Guinea. Robert Brown & Associates. New York. 439 pp. Koford, R.R., B.S. Bowen, J.T. Lokemoen & A.D. Kruse. 2000. Cowbird parasitism in grasslands and croplands in the Northern Great Plains. Pages 229-235 in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds (J. N.M. Smith, T. L. Cook, S. I. Rothstein, S. K. Robinson, and S. G. Sealy, Eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin. c. Koran Bachtiar, I. 2009. Berawal dari hobi , kini jadi jutawan. Radar Bogor 28 November 2009. Hal. 20. d. internet NY Times Online . 2007.”Fossil find challenges man’s timeline”. Accessed on 10 July 2007 ‹http://www. nytimes.com/nytonline/NYTO-Fossil-Challenges-Timeline.html›.
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Tata nama fauna: a. Nama ilmiah mengacu pada ICZN (zoologi) dan ICBN (botani), contoh Glossolepis incisus, nama jenis dengan author Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907. b. Nama Inggris yang menunjuk nama jenis diawali dengan huruf besar dan italic, contoh Red Rainbowfish. Nama Indonesia yang menunjuk pada nama jenis diawali dengan huruf besar, contoh Ikan Pelangi Merah .
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c. Nama Indonesia dan Inggris yang menunjuk nama kelompok fauna ditulis dengan huruf kecil, kecuali diawal kalimat, contoh ikan pelangi/ rainbowfish. Naskah dikirim secara elektronik ke alamat:
[email protected]
PENGANTAR REDAKSI Perjalanan majalah Fauna Indonesia di tahun 2011 ini ditandai dengan pergantian redaksi Fauna Indonesia. Nafas baru Fauna Indonesia ini diharapkan dapat mempercepat laju penyebaran pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati fauna Indonesia ke khalayak ramai setelah sempat terhenti di tahun 2010. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut redaksi akan mengekspansi publikasi Fauna Indonesia di ranah dunia maya sehingga para pembaca yang sulit mendapatkan edisi cetak dapat mengakses dari mana saja. Penerbitan secara online ini telah dilakukan pada edisi sebelumnya di tahun 2010 namun masih sebagai bagian dari daftar publikasi di website Puslit Biologi-LIPI. Percepatan penyebaran informasi fauna Indonesia dan kemandirian mendorong kami untuk tetap konsisten pada penerbitan secara online. Dengan segala keterbatasan, atas bantuan Puslit Biologi-LIPI kami masih dapat menggunakan sudut kecil di website Puslit Biologi-LIPI sebagai wahana Fauna Indonesia. Walaupun demikian, kami tetap berusaha untuk mewujudkan majalah online Fauna Indonesia yang profesional dan mandiri dibawah bendera Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia. Pada edisi ke 10(1) ini beberapa artikel yang menarik kita sampaikan kepada pembaca mulai dari Keragaman jenis kodok dan penyebarannya di area lahan basah “Ecology Park”, di kampus LIPI Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Perilaku harian induk Landak Raya (Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, 1758) pada masa menyusui, Siklus hidup ngengat (Antheraea larissa Westwood, 1847) dari Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak, Jawa Barat, Ikan botia: maskotnya ekspor ikan hias asli Indonesia , Aspek biologi dan sistematika nudibranch, Beberapa catatan kasus sengatan ubur-ubur di Indonesia, Conservation status of Indonesian Coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis): is a relic species worth conserved? Akhir kata, selamat membaca dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu majalah ini lahir kembali. Redaksi
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DAFTAR ISI PENGANTAR REDAKSI ............................................................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................................................ ii KERAGAMAN JENIS KODOK DAN PENYEBARANNYA DI AREA LAHAN BASAH “ECOLOGY PARK”, DI KAMPUS LIPI CIBINONG, JAWA BARAT. .................................................... 1 Hellen Kurniati PERILAKU HARIAN INDUK LANDAK RAYA (Hystrix brachyura LINNAEUS, 1758) PADA MASA MENYUSUI ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Wartika Rosa Farida SIKLUS HIDUP NGENGAT (Antheraea larissa WESTWOOD, 1847) DARI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK, JAWA BARAT.......................................................................................13 Darmawan IKAN BOTIA: MASKOTNYA EKSPOR IKAN HIAS ASLI INDONESIA .....................................17 Hadi Dahruddin ASPEK BIOLOGI DAN SISTEMATIKA NUDIBRANCH...................................................................22 Ucu Yanu Arbi BEBERAPA CATATAN KASUS SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR DI INDONESIA..............................30 Nova Mujiono CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH (Latimeria menadoensis): IS A RELIC SPECIES WORTH CONSERVED? ................................................................................................37 Conni M. Sidabalok
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CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH (Latimeria menadoensis): IS A RELIC SPECIES WORTH CONSERVED? Conni M. Sidabalok Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI Abstrak Ikan coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) adalah salah satu ikon penting untuk konservasi laut di Indonesia. Selain berasal dari Indonesia, hanya ada satu jenis lagi coealacanth di dunia yaitu Latimeria chalumnae yang tersebar di Comoro dan perairan sekitarnya. Mengingat riwayat evolusinya yang unik dan diduga terkait dengan evolusi manusia disertai dengan publikasi yang gencar, ikan ini segera menarik perhatian kalangan ilmiah dan umum. Upaya konservasi ikan ini merupakan salah satu bentuk perhatian yang terpenting. Pada tahun 1999 coelacanth diakui sebagai warisan nasional di Indonesia, kemudian pada tahun 2000 ikan ini dimasukkan ke dalam CITES Appendix 1 dan pada tahun 2008 coelacanth dari Indonesia dimasukkan dalam IUCN Red List dengan kategori rentan. Beberapa institusi nasional dan internasional juga berperan aktif dalam upaya konservasi ini. Selain itu beberapa hal juga direkomendasikan untuk upaya konservasi ikan ini di Indonesia, seperti penggunaan peralatan penangkap ikan yang tidak membahayakan coelacanth, mempertahankan kerja sama internasional yang sudah ada, dan pengaturan penangkapan ikan ini untuk kepentingan ilmiah. Introduction
in Comoro and Indonesian waters stunned the scientific community since Latimeria is a member of fish lineage that was expected to extinct about 80 MYA. Latimeria has several unique characteristics which are not present in the modern fish, such as the presence of single axis-pectoral and pelvic fin structure and intracranial joint. In the difficulty of defining the age of the coelacanth, it is estimated that the fish can live up to 20 years (Forey, 1998). The most prominent characteristics of the coelacanth are the attachment of its second dorsal, anal, paired pectoral, and paired pelvic fins lobed with a fleshy base which internally supported by an endoskeleton with which terminal fin rays articulate, as well as the presence of an unusual three-part caudal fin (Fig. 3) (http://ftp.fao.org). The former characteristics that are thought to be the precursors of legs in of modern land animals, correlate this species to tetrapod vertebrates, which often make coelacanth called as “old four legs” or “living fossil” in more common term (Erdmann, 2000). This paper aims to 1) review the current bio-
Since its first discovery in 1997 (Erdmann, 1999), Indonesian coelacanth has drawn both international and national scientific attentions. Up to now, at least 6 encounters with the fish have been reported, particularly in northern Sulawesi (Manado and Bunaken in North Sulawesi and Tolitoli in Central Sulawesi) (Hamlin, 2011; Maria, 2009). On the second encounter in 1998, the specimen was successfully preserved and was used to describe Indonesian coelacanth as the new species, Latimeria menadoensis, in addition to the existing congeneric Latimeria chalumnae (Fig. 1) (Pouyaud et al., 1999). The establishment of the new species was based on the morphological differentiations (such as brown coloration and golden fleck on the scales of Indonesian coelacanth (Fig. 2)), morphometrical differences, and mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in fragments of the cytochrome b and 12S rDNA genes (Erdmann et al., 1998, Pouyaud et al., 1999). The finding of coelacanth populations both
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a
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Fig. 2. The scales of Latimeria menadoensis (Holder et al., 1999). The presence of gold flecks reflected off the scales is an important morphological character to distinguish Latimeria menadoensis from Latimeria chalumnae.
Fig. 1. Two extant Latimeria species (a) Latimeria menadoensis (Erdmann et al., 1998) and (b) Latimeria chalumnae (Wikipedia. org, 2011). Basically both share many morphological similarities and most of the differences exist underneath the skin. The pictures are in different scales.
logical and conservation status of L. menadoensis and 2) give prognosis for the future of the species and to provide related recommendations. Biological characteristics and biogeography of coelacanth As Latimeria menadoensis is still extensively studied, some ecological information of the species is generalized from its congeneric L. chalumnae which is distributed in Comoro and the adjacent waters. Genus Latimeria apparently performs
unusual combination of stenotopic characteristics and its longevity. Hence it requires multidisciplinary approaches to explore the fish environmental adaptation. Moreover, assessing conservation status of any population within the coelacanth distribution demands comprehensive comparisons of behavioural, ecological and physiological adaptations throughout the distribution range (Ribbink & Roberts, 2006). L. chalumnae is restricted to occur not deeper than 253 m, which is estimated as deep as rocky caves in the Comoro area. Similarly, L. menadoensis is also known to inhabit steep volcanic cave in Manado Tua Island. Coelacanths are known to be bottom or epibenthic drift feeders, which stay in the caves during the day and emerge to shallower water at night to feed. They seem to be slow swimmers, yet are able to move quickly for short period. They are limited to water with temperatures below 18ºC, although water temperature in their caves is nearly 23ºC
Fig 3. Latimeria menadoensis (modified from ftp.fao.org)
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(Springer, 1999). Furthermore, extensive research of the species is still conducted to explore more about its biological and biogeography aspects. Recently, there are an ongoing research between Research Center of Ministry of Fishery and SeaWorld Indonesia on the most current specimen and an intensive exploration in coelacanth habitat which is conducted between a group of Indonesian researchers and Fukushima Aquamarine. The latter managed to observe some coelacanths at the 190 m depth with ROV (Remotely Operated underwater Vehicle) on September 15, 2009 (Maria, 2009). Conservation efforts The necessity of integrative biological, ecological, and physiological adaptation through distribution ranges before deciding a species conservation status (Ribbink & Roberts, 2006), added with the absence of national submersible or ROV to rapidly depict the population size and geographic extent, have been outnumbered by preventive action and assumption that the North Sulawesi population is small and endangered (Erdmann, 2006), which accelerated government and local conservation initiatives. As also known earlier that the underlying conservation problem of L. chalumnae is the assumption of its very limited distribution (Erdmann & Moosa, 1999). The antiquity of this species might be responsible for its viability. The fact that coelacanth has occupied the oceans for more than 400 million years and survived five major extinction events, which also connects it to human’s evolution story as tetrapod vertebrates, has both high scientific and probably commercial values at the same time (Fricke, 2001). Moreover, the biggest threat to L. menadoensis is not from incidental bycatch by artisanal fishermen, but rather from any attempts to collect the fish for exotic animal collectors or scientific institutions or for aquarium displays (Erdmann & Moosa, 1999). Therefore, though generally the assessment of conservation status needs simultaneous and comprehensive behavioural, ecological, and physiological approaches, a consideration of serious human threat to coelacanth population has accelerated its conservation initiatives both internationally and nationally. Following formal national protection, Latimeria spp. as an extension from L. chalumnae to accommodate the L. menadoensis has been listed in CITES Appendix I since 2000 and subsequently,
in 2008 L. menadoensis has been listed in IUCN Red List as vulnerable due to its unique life history, estimated small population size, and its vulnerability to various threats such as bycatch capture by deep shark gill nets as well as by snapper hook and line fisheries (www.cites.org , Polidoro et al., 2008). On the national scale, both government and local communities which are enhanced by many international aids, generate various conservation efforts for this species. Following the publication of the second discovery, coelacanth was officially declared by national law number 7/1999 in early 1999 as a valuable natural heritage which is firmly protected from intentional capture and trade (Erdmann, 2006). The possibility that the fish biogeography may include Bunaken National Park also enhances its conservation efforts since a national park is legally protected and not easily accessed for commercial use. Authorized government agency, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) aided by Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA) launched posters of coelacanth protection campaign and distributed them to fishers and fisheries officers across Indonesian archipelago, particularly on areas which were likely inhabited by coelacanths. The posters described the distinctive characteristics of the coelacanth, explained that it is inedible and protected by both national and international law, and encouraged fishers to contact LIPI or nearest fisheries officer directly should they catch the fish. In addition, postage stamp acknowledging L. menadoensis was also launched by Indonesian government (Erdmann, 2006). Simultaneously, local responses in the discovery location, Manado, also emerged, such as by an incorporation of coelacanth conservation into local church activity and young people initiative supported by WWF. This initiative was to monitor the capture of any protected species, such as dugongs, turtles, cetaceans, and coelacanths as well as to educate local school about the importance of marine conservation. Local dive operators were also benefited by the discovery of coelacanths as they have expanded their business to 14 areas and formed an association of 20 dive operators which managed to conduct an international program to support the management and conservation of Bunaken National Park. Furthermore, the national park authority, dive operator association, and local community
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altogether revised the park’s zonation system and applied new rules to limit multiple-use fishing gears in the national park (Erdmann, 2006). Other benefit to the local community was the development of entrepreneurial villagers by producing an array of coelacanth handicrafts which were enabled through credit scheme aided by the Indonesian coelacanth discoverer, Erdmann and colleagues (Erdmann, 2000). Furthermore, positioning coelacanths as “flagship species” for emerging marine science interest and conservation pride of local community has been considered to be successful and even suggested to be applied in L. chalumnae conservation program. Education for national and particularly local communities is critical in the conservation strategies. Public outreach and education campaign is most effective through various media distribution such as posters, brochures, stamps, hats, t-shirts, television documentaries, and radio talk shows (Erdmann, 2006). Future of Indonesian coelacanths Given the conservation efforts and significant implementations from international scientific authorities, Indonesian government, to related local communities, even though the biology and biogeography of Indonesian coelacanths remain mysterious, the future and sustainability of the species seem promising in Indonesian waters. In addition, intensive research on the Comoran coelacanth has revealed that at least coelacanth has broader distribution than previously assumed as well as demonstrates greater range of tolerance against temperature, light, and depth than former estimations. Indeed, this situation is also expected to happen in Indonesian coelacanth population. Even though some evidences demonstrated that coelacanths could be brought alive to the surface and survive for a few hours (Erdmann et al., 1998, Forey, 1998), it seems difficult to keep coelacanths in aquaria. One possible cause is its disability in removing excess lactic acid accumulation within the muscle tissue as a result of struggling at the end of the line net. Another suggestion is a very low gill area/ body mass ratio, which could be exaggerated when the fish is struggling on a line or by an increase in water temperature, in which would lead to increased oxygen demand that could not be accommodated by the gill surface (Forey, 1998). In terms of conservation effort,
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this may benefit the natural coelacanth population in reducing further exploitation of the fish for aquarium display. On the other hand, this indicates that ex-situ conservation of this fish is relatively impossible to implement. Therefore, the best conservation effort will only rely on in-situ conservation. Judging their evolutionary history, both L. chalumnae and L. menadoensis are considered to be relic species, and added with their restricted distribution, they presumably have reduced genetic diversity within their small populations (Forey 1998). Moreover, this may closely relate to the species survivorship. Recently there has been an effort to preserve L. menadoensis genome for future studies through generation of genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. From conservation biology perspective, it is considerably useful since it can provide enormous source of genes and genetic markers that can be applied to study the populations of both L. menadoensis and L. chalumnae (Danke et al., 2004) as well as their distribution and evolution (Holder et al., 1999). Moreover, this technique will offer an alternative to depict the natural population of the coelacanths which will lead to a better conservation approach. Learned from L. chalumnae conservation, that weak coordination and underfunded situations could lead to ineffective conservation efforts (Bruton & Stobbs , 1991), thus well and organized conservation plans of Indonesian coelacanth are necessarily required. Having given the need for both international scientific and fund, Indonesian government should actively expand their international cooperation and ease the bureaucracy that often prevents international cooperation. Conclusions and recommendations Indonesian government and local community in North Sulawesi are expected to maintain their significant efforts in conserving Indonesian coelacanths. In doing so, they also have to make sure that local fishers livelihood is guaranteed that they will not be tempted to exploit the fish for commercial reasons. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate the way in maintaining local fishing without harming the coelacanth population. Instead, the existence of coelacanths can help to develop the ecotourism in Bunaken National Park and adjacent waters which means to create more income for the local people. One implementation which has been applied
SIDABALOK - CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH
by Bunaken National Park authority is to ban fishing gears that likely to caught coelacanths bycatch (Danke et al., 2004). Thus, for maintaining local fisher livelihood and protecting the coelacanth at the same time, such fishing shifting is highly recommended. Education and persuasive approach are also suggested to encourage the fishers to fish away from nearshore or at much shallower depth than those are inhabited by the coelacanths. As the coelacanth is treated as the “flagship species” of North Sulawesi marine conservation (Erdmann, 2000), it may be worth considering to upgrade the national park status into coelacanth national park by which fishing could be restricted and an educational center may be built (Forey, 1998). However, should this apply, it requires a total commitment between the government and local fishers since there may be a shift of local livelihood which possibly is not easily beared by the fishers. As the ongoing submersible observations with JAGO and Fukushima Aquamarine (Purnomo, 2009, Fricke et al., 2000) are continuing, maintaining such kind of cooperation is very important. In addition to revealing natural coelacanth behaviour in its habitat, the observation is also expected to film live coelacanths with high quality results which can reduce demand of live display both for scientific and commercial purposes. In addition to the ongoing international cooperation, it is probably recommended for Indonesian government to join Coelacanth Conservation Council (CCC) which has incorporated African countries with coelacanth populations. This may enhance the conservation efforts of known coelacanth populations by exploring more its biological and ecological aspects. Indonesian government also can learn how CCC with its African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme initiated by South Africa, has coordinated a wide array of research originated from various interest in the coelacanth from bathymetric to taxonomic study (Erdmann, 2006). The ongoing coelacanth research in Indonesia is not integrated yet, even within the appointed research authorities. Such integrated program also can control the incorporation of private institution, such as SeaWorld Indonesia that already joined Ministry of Fishery for the coelacanth study, into the scientific research. It has been common in private and government interaction in Indonesia
that conflict of interest seems likely to arise due to different necessities of each party. As the reported encounters of Indonesian coelacanths are very few, the possibility of unmonitored catch seems to be low. Population decline is not the case for Indonesian coelacanth conservation, especially with the immediate conservation efforts. Thus, population decline due to human impact is not evident in this species although the real population numbers are not known yet. However, in this uncertainty of population condition, maintaining the existed coelacanth population is very important considering the possibility of human disturbance to their presence. The most applicable way to do this apparently only by protecting its natural habitat, particularly when captive breeding or enhancement is not possible due to limited current scientific status of the fish. Lastly, the media attention both may be the effective publications and disrupting scientific and ethical judgement at the same time. Example of the latter was an attempt to publish a manipulated photo that was claimed to be the first coelacanth discovery in Indonesia which was made by a group of scientists (McCabe & Wright, 2000). The enthusiasm of scientific community against the coelacanth if effectively managed can provide exceptional funding opportunities for supporting the related research to the fish and its habitat. The best example probably shown by African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme, which now has incorporated a range of various research interest on coelacanth, from bathymetric studies, current investigation in Mozambique Strait to basic taxonomic explorations of the largely-unknown reefs in Sodwana Bay. This effort comes with the awareness that improving the coelacanth conservation and management status will require an integration of the biology and natural history. Even with longer conservation history than Indonesian one, African coelacanth ecology is far from well understood which seems demanding more in-situ research and might be even additional specimen collections (Erdmann, 2006). Similarly, those conditions are more likely to happen in Indonesia. Hence, careful consideration from both scientific and management authorities is important to find out the conservation advantage on allowing specimen collection for such research.
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References Bruton, M.N., Stobbs, R.E. 1991. The ecology and conservation of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Environmental Biology of Fishes 32:313-339. CITES Secretariat. 2011.
. Accessed on 23 March 2011. Danke, J., T. Miyake, T. Powers, J. Schein, H. Shin, I. Bosdet, M. Erdmann, R. Caldwell and C.T. Amemiya. 2004. Genome resource for the Indonesian Coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. Journal of Experimental Zoology 301A:228-234. Erdmann, M. 2000. New home for “Old Fourlegs”. California Wild, p 8-13. _________ . 2006. Lessons learned from the conservation campaign for the Indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. South African Journal of Science 102:501-504. __________. 1999. An account of the first living coelacanth known to scientists from Indonesian waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54:439443. _________ & K. Moosa. 1999. A new discovered home for “old fourlegs”: the discovery of an Indonesian population of living coelacanths. Jurnal Pesisir dan Lautan. Indonesian Journal of Coastal and Marine Resources 2:12-20. __________, R. L. Caldwell, M. K. Moosa. 1998. Indonesian `King of the sea’ discovered. Nature 395:335-335. Forey, P.L. 1998. History of the Coelacanth Fishes, Chapman&Hall, London. Fricke, H. 2001. Coelacanths: a human responsibility. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (Supplement A):332338. Fricke, H., K. Hissmann, J. Schauer, M. Erdmann, M.K. Moosa & R. Plante. 2000. Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths. Nature 403:38.
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Hamlin, J.F. 2011. The Fish Out of Time. Accessed on 23 March 2011. Holder, M.T., M. V. Erdmann, T. P. Wilcox, R. L. Caldwell & D. M. Hillis. 1999. Two living species of coelacanths? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96:12616-12620. Maria, S. 2009. Si raja laut mulai diteliti lebih dalam. http://travel.kompas.com/ read/2009/08/11/22564290/si.raja.laut.mulai. diteliti.lebih.dalam. Accessed on 23 March 2011. McCabe, H. & J. Wright. 2000. Tangled tale of a lost, stolen and disputed coelacanth. Nature 406:114114. Polidoro, B.A., S. R. Livingstone, K. E. Carpenter, B. Hutchinson, R. B. Mast, N. Pilcher, Y.Sd. Mitcheson & S. Valenti S. 2008. Status of the world’s marine species. In: Vié J-C, Hilton-Taylor C, Stuart SN (eds) The 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Purnomo, K. 2009. Berita Foto: Penelitian ikan purba Coelacanth di Sea World. Accessed on 23 March 2011. Pouyaud, L., S. Wirjoatmodjo, I. Rachmatika, A. Tjakrawidjaja, R. Hadiaty & W. Hadie. 1999. Une nouvelle espece de coelacanthe. Preuves genetiques et morphologiques (A new species of coelacanth). C R Acad Sci, Série III 322:261-267. Ribbink, A.J. & M. Roberts. 2006. African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme: An overview of the conference contributions. South African Journal of Science 102:409-414. Springer, V.G. 1999 Are the Indonesian and Western Indian Ocean coelacanths conspecific: a prediction. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54:453-456
