ENERGIE
Internationale handel in biobrandstoffen: wie draagt de ecologische en sociale kosten? Saar Van Hauwermeiren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
15
ENERGIE
%+-"&# 3""&# $*+# *7$*0/1&%3"+C# &"/1"+# $*+# 0*+-'%4>5">*//"+C# 2%&1"%30%%8,%41# "+# /+"05&%"."+-"# 5&*//"+:# N%%&# ,4+# %3<"O.+5# <(+# 3""&# 5"*$*+9""&-"# 1"9,+%0%5."H+# +%-.5C# -."# +%5# .+# %+1>.22"0.+5# <(+:# !"# $"&>*9,1.+5# ./# -*1# <"C# *D*+2"0(2# $*+# -"# +%-.5"#1"9,+%0%5."C#'"/9,.2'**&#<400"+#<(+#%$"&#P#Q#RS#)**&:#@%2#./#"&#*0#/8&*2"#$*+#-"# -"&-"#5"+"&*1."#$*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+F#$*+#*05"+#5"3**21#"+#-4/#$%00"-.5#%+*D*+2"0(2# $*+#*22"&0*+-:#J+#-.1#*&1.2"0#5**+#>"#$%%&*0#.+#%8#-"#""&/1"#5"+"&*1."#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $%%&*+/8%&15"'&4.2:
()*&+,-%$.$"./0"&$#.00"'$&)$1$".&**).$$".2-%3+#$)$"&.*1$)/$%&240&$) !"#$%&'()*(+*,'-.)+$)*/-+* N%%&/8"00.+5"+# >(<"+# %8# ""+# /1"&2# 5&%"."+-"# 1&"+-# .+# -"# 9%+/4381."# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $%%&# 1&*+/8%&1# TJ+1"&+*1.%+*0# M+"&5U# K5"+9UC# RSSVW:# @+-*+2/# -"# 5&%1"# $%043"/# '0(X# ,"1# 8"&9"+1*5"# .+# -"# 1%1*0"# $&**5# +**&# 1&*+/8%&1"+"&5."# "9,1"&# '"/9,".-"+F#.+#YZZS#>*/#-*1#SC[\C#.+#RSSP#SCZ\#T<."#]544&#YW:# !"#$%%&'("#)*&"+#>*/#"&#>"&"0->(-#""+#8(0/+"00"#1%"+*3"#$*+#-"#"1,*+%08&%-491."F# <"#$"&-&."$%4-.5-"#14//"+#RSSS#"+#RSSV#"+#'"&".21"#.+#RSSV#""+#$%043"#$*+#PR#3.0)*&-# 0.1"&:# !"# 1%1*0"# 8&%-491."# $*+# '.%-."/"0# ./C# .+# $"&,%4-.+5# 1%1# "1,*+%0C# 20".+# 3"1# ""+# YSCR# 3.0)*&-# 0.1"&# .+# RSSVC# 3**&# /1""5# -"# $%%&'("# )*&"+# 1"$"+/# <""&# /1"&2F# ""+# 5&%".# $*+#[^\#.+#RSSV#T@M_@C#RSS`W:#!"#N"&"+.5-"#_1*1"+#"+#B&*<.0.H#<(+#-"#'"0*+5&(2/1"# "1,*+%08&%-49"+1"+# "+# 8&%-49""&-"+# &"/8"91."$"0(2# [`\# "+# ^Y\# $*+# -"# 50%'*0"# "1,*+%08&%-491."#.+#RSSV:#!"#M4&%8"/"#a+."#./#3"1#bS\#$*+#-"#%41841C#-"#'"0*+5&(2/1"# 8&%-49"+1#$*+#'.%-."/"0:# J+';;&#K7#C&%"/1#+"#/%#60"1;,<-+%#$."#4+04&."/1-02%"#$00&#-&."1<0&-7! L&0"M#!IN#+"#JNO#PQRRST
!"#5&%"."+-"#3*&21#>%&-1#$%%&*0#**+5"<>"+5"0-#-%%&#""+#/1.340"&"+-#%$"&,".-/'"0".-:# J+#/1""-/#3""�*+-"+#0"55"+#%$"&,"-"+#-%"0/1"00.+5"+#$%%"'&4.2#%7#8&%-491."#$*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+#$*/1:#J+#-"#+."4>"#M4&%8"/"#&.9,10(+#$%%&#,"&+."4>'*&"#"+"&5."'&%++"+# >"&-# ".+-# RSS`# -"# -%"0/1"00.+5# .+5"/9,&"$"+# $*+# YS\# 1&*+/8%&1'&*+-/1%7# 4.1# ,"&+."4>'*&"#"+"&5."'&%++"+#1"5"+#RSRS:#!"#-%"0/1"00.+5"+#,"''"+#$**2#""+#'.+-"+-# 2*&*21"&C#'($%%&'""0-#-%%&#>"O"0(2#""+#8"&9"+1*5"#$*/1#1"#0"55"+#$%%&#,"1#'(3"+5"+# $*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#.+#'"+<.+"#"+#-."/"0:#;%#$"&,%%5-"#-"#M+"&5U#J+-"8"+-"+9"#*+-#
16
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
_"94&.1U# K91# TMJ_KW# $*+# -"9"3'"&# RSSV# -"# '(3"+5.+5/-%"0/1"00.+5"+# $%%&# "1,*+%0# $*+#P#3.0)*&-#5*00%+/#+**&#Z#3.0)*&-#5*00%+/#1"5"+#RSS`#"+#YSCP#3.0)*&-#5*00%+/#1"5"+# RSYS# Tc:@:# d.5,1/C# RSSZW:# M+# ,"1# **+1*0# "1,*+%0.+/1*00*1."/# .+# -"# N"&"+.5-"# _1*1"+# +*3#1%"#$*+#YVR#.+#RSS`#1%1#YZ^#.+#RSSZ#A#-"#1%1*0"#9*8*9.1".1#./#+4#&""-/#YRC[#3.0)*&-# 5*00%+/:#@%2#.+#/1""-/#3""�*+-"+#.+#,"1#;4.-"+C#<%*0/#K&5"+1.+.HC#?,.+*C#?%0%3'.*C# J+-.*#%7#e*0"./.H#<(+#'(3"+5.+5/8"&9"+1*5"/#$*/15"0"5-#T@M_@#A#f%&2.+5#g*&1U#%+# K5&.94014&*0#g%0.9."/#*+-#e*&2"1/C#RSS`W:#J+#B&*<.0.H#./#<"07/#""+#'(3"+5.+5#$*+#RP\# "1,*+%0#.+#'"+<.+"#$*+#1%"8*//.+5G#$%%&#'.%-."/"0#<*0#-.1#P\#<(+#$*+*7#RSY^:# 012#3)+$)*45+$)/ !"#.+1"&+*1.%+*0"#,*+-"0#.+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#./#1%1#+4#1%"#+%5#3***1.5#%+1>.22"0-F# -"<"# .+# "1,*+%0# $"&1"5"+>%%&-.51# Z\# $*+# -"# 50%'*0"# "1,*+%08&%-491."G# -"# '.%-."/"0,*+-"0#./#5%"-#$%%&#YR\#$*+#-"#50%'*0"#8&%-491."#T.+#RSSVW:#e**&#"&#>%&-1# $"&>*9,1#-*1#-"<"#,*+-"0#/1"&2#<*0#4.1'&".-"+#.+#-"#2%3"+-"#)*&"+C#*0/#5"$%05#$*+#-"# $%043"-%"0/1"00.+5"+#-."#$%% %+/4381."#.+#-"#1&*+/8%&1/"91%&#>"&-"+#$*/15"0"5-#.+# $"&/9,.00"+-"#.+-4/1&."0*+-"+#Te4&8,UC#RSSVW:# h"1# ,*+-"0/8*1&%%+# $%%&# '.%A"1,*+%0# $"&/9,.01# /1"&2# $*+# -*1# $%%&# '.%-."/"0:# B&*<.0.H#./#+%5#/1""-/#-"#5&%%1/1"#"1,*+%0"E8%&1"4&G#-"#N"&"+.5-"#_1*1"+#-**&"+1"5"+# <(+# -"# 5&%%1/1"# .38%&1"4&:# @%2# ?,.+*# ./# ""+# +"O%A"E8%&1"4&C# "+# "E8%&1""&1# $%%&*0# +**&#K<.H#T;4.-Ai%&"*#"+#j*8*+W:#!"#M4&%8"/"#a+."#./#-"#1>""-"#5&%%1/1"#.38%&1&"5.%# "+# ,**01# %+5"$""&# -"# ,"0X# $*+# <(+# .38%&1# 4.1# B&*<.0.H# T<."# ]544&# RW:# N%%&# '.%-."/"0# >%&-1#-"#"E8%&1#$%%&*0#-%%&#J+-%+"/.H#"+#e*0"./.H#5"-%3.+""&-C#>**&'(#M4&%8*#-"# '"0*+5&(2/1"#.38%&1&"5.%#$%&31:# J+';;&#Q7#!"-%&".-+0".(%#3."/%(#+"#4+0U%-3."0(:#QRRV7#L&0"M#OIFO#PQRRST
N"&>*9,1# >%&-1# -*1# B&*<.0.H# ""+# '"0*+5&(2"# &%0# <*0# '0($"+# /8"0"+C# <%>"0# *0/# 8&%-49"+1# *0/# "E8%&1"4&:# !"# N_# <*0# ""+# '"0*+5&(2"# .38%&1"4&# '0($"+# $*+# '.%A "1,*+%0:#k**/1#B&*<.0.H#<400"+#0*+-"+#*0/#J+-%+"/.H#"+#;4.-lK7&.2*#3""&#"+#3""&#%8# -"# $%%&A5&%+-# 2%3"+# $%%&# ,"1# **+0"$"&"+# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+:# e*0"./.HC# J+-%+"/.H# "+# B&*<.0.H# /8"0"+# $%%&*0# .+# %8# -"# 5&%"."+-"# $&**5# +**&# '.%-."/"0# $*+4.1# M4&%8*:! K+-"&"# %82%3"+-"# .38%&10*+-"+# <(+# j*8*+# l# -."# mm+# $*+# -"# '"0*+5&(2/1"# '.%A "1,*+%0.38%&1"4&/# 2*+# >%&-"+# A# i%&"*# "+# =*.>*+C# -."# <"07# ,""0# >".+.5# 0*+-# 1"&# '"/9,.22.+5# ,"''"+# %3# ,4+# 8&%-491."# 4.1# 1"# '&".-"+:# @%2# $*+4.1# ?,.+*# <%4# -"#!
17
ENERGIE
$&**5# /1"&2# 24++"+# 5&%"."+C# %%2# *0# .+$"/1""&1# 3"+# -**&# /1"&2# .+# ".5"+# 8&%-491."#! T!47"UC#RSSbW:# K+-"&<(-/#'"$&%&"+#-%%&#-"#]+*+9.H0"#9&././#"+#-"#&"9"+1"C#/1"&2"#-*0.+5#$*+#-"# %0."8&(/#>"0#""+#**+1*0#.+$"/1"&.+5/80*++"+:#e**&#-.1#>%&-1#*0/#""+#1(-"0(2"#"$%041."# 5"<."+F#3"+#$"&>*9,1#-*1#-"#%0."8&(<"+#%8#1"&3(+#>""&#-"#,%%51"#.+#<400"+#5**+:# 6#+$)"*#7)"4)($,,')%+8*)&#+#3(,&4*+5%9)/-2,*/)):55"* k**/1# -"# %$"&,".-/-%"0/1"00.+5"+# $%%&# 9%+/4381."# %7# 8&%-491."# 2&(51# -"# /"91%&# 1"$"+/# ""+# /1.340*+/# -%%&# -"# "9%+%3./9,"# %$"&,".-//1"4+# -."# >"/1"&/"# 0*+-"+# $%%&<."+:# J+# ,"1# *05"3""+# 24++"+# >"# /1"00"+# -*1# -"# "9%+%3./9,"# 0""n**&,".-# $*+# '.%A"+"&5.".+.1.*1."$"+#<""�**5#./G#-.1#%3>.00"#$*+#-"#,%5"&"#8&%-491."2%/1#"&$*+#.+# $"&5"0(2.+5#3"1#7%//."0"#'&*+-/1%6"+#"+#-%%&-*1#"&#+."4>"#.+$"/1"&.+5"+#+%-.5#<(+# .+# 0%5./1."2C# .+7&*/1&49144&# "+# 1&*+/8%&1:# J+# $""0# 0*+-"+# <%4# -"# '.%A"+"&5.".+-4/1&."# "9%+%3./9,# +*4>"0(2/# 0""n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`W# 0."8# -"# /1"4+# .+# RSSb# $*+# -"# N_C# ?*+*-*# "+# -"# Ma# %3# ,"1# **+'%-# "+# 5"'&4.2# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# 1"# /1.340"&"+C# %8# 1%1# YY# 3.0)*&-# -%00*&:# !*1# '"-&*5# <*0# 1"5"+# RSYP# +%5#1%"+"3"+#1%1#%+5"$""&#RP#3.0)*&-#-%00*"&#)**&:#K0/#-"<"#/4'/.-."/#4.15"-&421# >%&-"+# .+# 8&(/# 8"&# 1%+# '"/8**&-# ?@"A"o4.$*0"+1C# '0(21# -*1# -.1# '"0".-# ZbS# 1%1# YVSS# -%00*"%+#?@"A"o4.$*0"+1#2%/1#A#""+#<""&#,%5"#%$"&,".-/2%/1:#p"0*1."7#""+$%4-.5"# 3**1&"5"0"+#%3#"+"&5."9%+/4381."#1"#$"&3.+-"&"+C#<%*0/#'"1"&#./%0*1."#$*+#5"'%4>"+# %7# ,"1# $"&,%5"+# $*+# -"# "q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e*0"./.HW# >"&-# ""&/1# 5"3"+5-# 3"1# ""+# 1"# $"&>**&0%<"+# ,%"$""0,".-# 3.+"&*0"# -."/"0C# >**&-%%&# 3"+# -"# /4'/.-."# $%%&# ,"&+."4>'*&"# "+"&5."# 2*+# %8/1&(2"+G# $"&$%05"+/# $"&/9,""81# 3"+# -"# '.%-."/"0# +**&# M4&%8*# TJJ_!C# RSS`W:# @+0*+5/# /0%%1# ,"1# N_A8*&0"3"+1# $%%&# -"<"# 8&*21(2# ,"1# *9,1"&8%%&1)"#.+#-"#>"15"$.+5:# ;5+$)/,355'").)/)+8*<)15/)+$*7##"*'#)2#3,'(.)*45+$)/,,'"#3)+ M"+# *+-"&# /%%&1# T""&-"&# .+-.&"91"W# %+-"&/1"4+.+5/3**1&"5"0# $%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# <(+# ,*+-"0/'*&&.r&"/# .+# -"# $%&3# $*+# .38%&O*&."$"+G# $**2# '"/9,"&3"+# -"<"# -"# 3.+-"&# 2%/1"+"q9.H+1"# '.++"+0*+-/"# '.%'&*+-/1%]+-4/1&."# 1"5"+# 9%+94&&"+1."# $*+# '4.1"+0*+-/"#**+'."-"&/:# e"+# 2*+# -"# ,*+-"0//1&%3"+# .+# '.%'&*+-/1%7# "9,1"&# .+# 5&%1"# 3*1"# '"8*0"+# -%%&# ,"1#*0#-*+#+."1#.+$%"&"+#$*+#1*&.7*.&"#"+#+."1A1*&.7*.&"#,*+-"0/'*&&.r&"/#"+#-"#3*1"#$*+# 1*&."7"/9*0*1.":#K0/#5"$%05#$*+#,"1#M4&%8"/"#1*&."n"0".-C#-*1#-"#8&%-491."#"+#"E8%&1#$*+# %+'">"&21"#5&%+-/1%7#'"$%%&-""01#1"+#%8<.9,1"#$*+#*09%,%0#"+#"1,*+%0#T1*&."7"/9*0*1."WC# /1*81"# g*2./1*+# '($%%&'""0-# $*+# ,"1# 80*+# *7# %3# $(7# $"&>"&2.+5/""+,"-"+# $%%&# /4.2"&&."1# .+# 5"'&4.2# 1"# +"3"+G# <"$"+# -./1.00*1."7*'&."2"+# >"&-"+# 5"/0%1"+:# !"<"#
18
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
1*&."7"/9*0*1."# -."# -"# "E8%&1# $*+# "+"&5."5">*//"+# '"$%%&-""01# 1"+# %8<.9,1"# $*+# -"# '.%'&*+-/1%7"E8%&1C#%+13%"-.51#,"1#"E8%&1"&"+-"#0*+-#%3#8&%-491"+#3"1#""+#,%5"&"# 1%"5"$%"5-"#>**&-"#1"#8&%-49"&"+#T!47"UC#RSSbW:#d*+-"+#3"1#5&%1"#"E8%&1'"0*+5"+# /1"00"+#'.++"+#-"#f%&0-#=&*-"#@&5*+.<*1.%+#Tf=@W#-*+#>""&#-*1#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#'"/1# *0/# ,+(+%;'0%/%&%"# >%&-"+# '"/9,%4>-C# <%-*1# <"# .+# **+3"&2.+5# <%4-"+# 2%3"+# $%%&# $"&/+"0-"# ,*+-"0/0.'"&*0./"&.+5:# =(-"+/# -"# 3.+./1"&.H0"# f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a.1#*+*0U/"/#-."#$"&/9,.00"+-"# .+/1*+1."/#.+#RSS`#4.1$%"&-"+#T-"#f"&"0-'*+2C#-"#@M_@C#,"1#j%.+1#p"/"*&9,#?%33.O""# $*+# -"# M4&%8"/"# ?%33.//."C# ,"1# M4&%8""/# M9%+%3./9,# "+# _%9.**0# ?%3.1mC# ,"1# M4&%8""/#e.0."4#K5"+1/9,*8C#"+#-"#cK@#$*+#-"#NkW#2%3"+C#%+-"""&C#$%05"+-"# '"/04.1"+#+**&#$%%&F J:#!"#9%+94&&"+1."#$%%&#,"1#5"'&4.2#$*+#5&%+-#14//"+#8&%-491."#$%%&#$%"-/"0#"+#$%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+#<%&51#"&$%%&#-*1#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#/0"9,1/#""+#'"8"&21"#'(-&*5"#<400"+# 24++"+#0"$"&"+#%8#,"1#$0*2#$*+#"+"&5."$%%&<."+.+5: JJ:# !"# "6"91"+# 1"+# 5"$%05"# $*+# $"&*+-"&.+5# .+# 0*+-5"'&4.2C# $"&%%&<**21# -%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."C# 24++"+# -"# $%%&-"0"+# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %8# ,"1# $0*2# $*+# '&%".2*/5*/"3.//."/#&"-49"&"+#%7#1"+."1#-%"+: JJJ:# B.%'&*+-/1%6"+# ,"''"+# -"# 0**1/1"# )*&"+C# .+# 9%3'.+*1."# 3"1# *+-"&"# 7*91%&"+C# /.5+.]9*+1# '(5"-&*5"+# 1%1# -"# 8&(//1(5.+5"+# $*+# 0*+-'%4>5&%+-/1%6"+# "+# 1%1# $%"-/"0%+<"2"&,".-:# JN:# B.%3*//*# 2*+# %8# ""+# $""0# "q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s.91"+:#
19
ENERGIE
>##/,'#?,&4%/$*+))3'*'#)*(+*1/55',*75+*5? h"1# ./# '"0*+5&(2# %3# ""&/1# "+# $%%&*0# -"# ;+-'."'1<;"-%"# 1"# '"$&*5"+# >**&%8# ,"1# '.%'&*+-/1%n"0".-# 5"'*/""&-# ./:# h"1# '"0".-# 5**1# "&$*+# 4.1# -*1# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %8# ,"1# $0*2# $*+# '&%".2*/5*/"3.//."/# '"1"&# /9%&"+# -*+# 7%//."0"# '&*+-/1%6"+:# d"$"+/9U904/*+*0U/"/#>(<"+#4.1#-*1#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#+."1#2%%0/1%7+"41&**0#<(+C#3**&# o4*# '&%".2*/5*/"3.//."/# 1%9,# '"1"&# /9%&"+# -*+# '&*+-/1%6"+# 5"'*/""&-# %8# 7%//."0"# "+"&5.":# f*++""&# 3"+# *00"# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $"&5"0(21C# -*+# ,"''"+# -."# %8# '*/./# $*+# "+"&5."5">*//"+#4.1#1&%8./9,"#&"5.%t/C#.+#,"1#*05"3""+#""+#'"1"&"#'&%".2*/5*/'*0*+/:# e**&# -"# 0"$"+/9U904/*+*0U/"/# <*5"+# ""+# 9&49.*0"# 7*91%&# %$"&# ,"1# ,%%7-F# -"# 20.3**1.38*91#$*+#-"#$"&*+-"&.+5#.+#0*+-5"'&4.2:#k."4>#0*+-#.+#8&%-491."#'&"+5"+C# $"&%%&<**21# .33"&/# %%2# ,""0# >*1# 4.1/1%%1# $*+# '&%".2*/5*//"+C# %+-"&# *+-"&"# -%%&# '%3"+C#5&*//"+#"+#/1&4.2"+#1"#$"&'&*+-"+#"+#0*+-#%3#1"#80%"5"+:#@+-"&/1**+-"#]544&# 5""X#""+#$"&5"0(2.+5#>""&#.+#0"$"+/9U904/*+*0U/"C#14//"+#-"#'&%".2*/5*/'*0*+/#$*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+#"+#-."#$*+#7%//."0"#'&*+-/1%6"+C#>**&.+#*00"#7*91%&"+#<(+#3""5"&"2"+-:! ! J+';;&#Y7#Z%$%"16X6(;1.".(X1%#$00&#E011+%(%#$17#4+04&."/1-0E#+"#-&."1<0&-7#L&0"M#JNO#PQRRST
K0/#"&#+."4>#0*+-#.+#5"'&4.2#>%&-1#5"+%3"+#$%%&#-"#1""01#$*+#"+"&5."5">*//"+#T-.&"91"# $"&*+-"&.+5#.+#0*+-5"'&4.2WC#<."1#-"#0"$"+/9U904/*+*0U/"#"&#$""0#3.+-"&#&%%/20"4&.5# 4.1:#K0/#-"#$&**5#+**&#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#1%"+""31C#<*0#-"#-&42#%3#+."4>"#5&%+-"+#**+# 1"#/+(-"+#/1""-/#5&%1"&#>%&-"+C#3"1#%+1'%//.+5#1%1#5"$%05:# p"9"+1#'"&"2"+-"#3"+#,%"#5&%%1#-"#.38*91#$*+#-"<"#$"&*+-"&.+5#.+#0*+-5"'&4.2# >"0# ./C# .+# $"&,%4-.+5# 1%1# -"# $%%&-"0"+# -."# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %80"$"&"+# 1"+# %8<.9,1"# $*+#7%//."0"#'&*+-/1%6"+#Tc*&5.%+"#"1#*0:#RSS`W:#!"#.38*91#>"&-#4.15"-&421#.+#**+1*0# )*&"+# -*1# 3"+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# -."+1# 1"# 5"'&4.2"+# %3# -"# .+.1.H0"# 2%%0/1%7/9,40-# 1"#
20
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
9%38"+/"&"+C# -.1# ./# -"# /9,*-"# $"&%%&<**21# -%%&# +."4># 0*+-5"'&4.2# T<."# c.544&# ^W:# h"1# 3""/1# &*38<*0.5"# &"/401**1# ./# '.%-."/"0# 5"3**21# $*+# 8*03%0."# 4.1# J+-%+"/./9,"# $""+3%"&*//"+C# 3"1# ""+# 1"&45'"1**01(-# $*+# [RS# )**&:# @%2# '.%-."/"0# 4.1# /%)*# $*+# -"# B&*<.0.**+/"#K3*<%+"#,""X#""+#,""0#5&%1"#1"&45'"1**01(-F#^RS#)**&:#;"07/#-"#B&*<.0.**+/"# "1,*+%0#$*+#/4.2"&&."1#4.1#-"#?"&&*-%C#-."#*0/#-"#3""/1#"q9.H+1"#>%&-1#5"20*//""&-#.+# -"# 0"$"+/9U904/*+*0U/"/C# 2%31# "&# 3"1# ""+# 9%38"+/*1."1(-# $*+# YV# )**&# /0"9,1# 4.1C# *0/# 3"+#-"#-.&"91"#$"&*+-"&.+5#.+#0*+-5"'&4.2#3""&"2"+1:# J+';;&#[7#C%&;'4%-..(-%&,)"#$."#/%#*00(1-0E163;(/#/00&#$%&."/%&+"'%"#+"#(."/'%4&;+*7# L&0"M#J.&'+0"%#%-#.(#PQRRST#
@#)$,)/1"#$%&'()*7)",&4%(A @3#""+#1%1**0'""0-#1"#2&(5"+#$*+#-"#"6"91"+#-."#-"#'.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."#-%%&#""+# $"&*+-"&.+5# .+# 0*+-5"'&4.2# 1">""5'&"+51C# 3*5# +."1# *00""+# -"# .+5"'&4.2+*3"# $*+# +."4>#0*+-#$%%&#"+"&5."5">*//"+#.+#&"2"+.+5#>%&-"+#5"'&*9,1:#M&#<(+#+*3"0(2#%%2# $"&/9,4.$.+5"+#$*+#'"/1**+-"#0*+-'%4>8&%-491."#$%%&#$%"-/"0#+**&#+."4>"#5&%+-"+# *0/#5"$%05#$*+#-"#8&%-491."#$*+#"+"&5."5">*//"+:# !%%&# ,"1# "1,*+%08&%5&*33*# <%&5-"# '($%%&'""0-# -"# $&**5# +**&# 3*L/# .+# -"# N"&"+.5-"# Een aangroeiende stapel van rapporten stelt het _1*1"+#"&$%%&#-*1#;4.-lK3"&.2*#+."4>#0*+-#%+15.+1# maatschappelijk voordeel van biobrandstoffen $%%&# /%)*8&%-491.":# !"# 1%"+"3"+-"# $&**5# +**&# sterk ter discussie:.biobrandstofproductie blijkt 3*L/#"+#-"#/1(5"+-"#8&(/#$%%&#-.1#5">*/#<%&5-"#"&# .33"&/#$%%&#-*1#-"#K3"&.2**+/"#'%"&"+#-"#/%)*1""01# meer problemen te veroorzaken voor mens en %85*$"+# $%%&# 3*L/8&%-491.":# !*1# -4>-"# %8# <(+# milieu dan dat ze oplossingen biedt. '"4&1# -"# /%)*8&(/# -"# ,%%51"# .+C# >*1# -"# '%"&"+# .+# ,"1#K3*<%+"5"'."-#"&1%"#**+<"O"#%3#+."4>#0*+-#.+#8&%-491."#1"#'&"+5"+#$%%&#/%)*:# h"1#5"$%05#>*/#%+1'%//.+5#$*+#,"1#&"5"+>%4-#"+#-4/#""+#5&%1"#,%"$""0,".-#+"/+&%6-%! '&%".2*/5*/"3.//."/#$*+#K3"&.2**+/"#"1,*+%0#.+#B&*<.0.H:#M"+#/14-."#.+#B&*<.0.HC#$%&.5# )**&# 4.15"$%"&-# -%%&# ,"1# k*1.%+*0# J+/1.141"# 7%&# _8*9"# p"/"*&9,C# 3**21"# 5"'&4.2# $*+# /*1"00."1'""0-"+#"+#$"0-%+-"&<%"2#%3#**+#1"#1%+"+#-*1#,"1#1"38%#>**&.+#'%//"+#.+#,"1# K3*<%+"5"'."-#>%&-"+#%35"<"1C#/*3"+,*+51#3"1#-"#/%)*8&(<"+#%8#-"#>"&"0-3*&21:# h%"#,%5"&#-"#/%)*8&(/C#,%"#3""&#&"5"+>%4-#""2*81#>%&-1G#"&#'"/1**1#>".+.5#1>(7"0# %$"&#-*1#-"#$&**5#+**&#'.%A"1,*+%0#-"#8&(/#%8-&(X:#
21
ENERGIE
e**&#%%2#-"#B&*<.0.**+/"#"1,*+%08&%-491."#<%&51#$%%&#.+-.&"91"#'&%".2*/5*/"3.//."/# TB*.0"UC# RSS`W:# ="5"+# RSRS# $"&>*9,1# 3"+# .+# B&*<.0.H# ""+# 4.1'&".-.+5# $*+# ,"1# *&"**0# /4.2"&&."1# 1%1# Y[# 3.0)%"+# ,"91*&"# T3%3"+1""0# VC`# 3.0)%"+# ,"91*&"W:# @%2# *0# $.+-1# -."# "E8*+/."#$"&#$*+#,"1#K3*<%+"5"'."-#80**1/#T$%%&*0#&%+-#_*%#g*40%WC#1%9,#<(+#"&#,""0# >*1# .+-.&"91"# "6"91"+F# -"# "E8*+/."# -4>1# +*3"0(2# *+-"&"# 0*+-'%4>/"91%&"+C# <%*0/# $%%&*0#$""01""01#"+#/%)*C#$"&-"&#.+#,"1#K3*<%+"5"'."-C#>*1#0".-1#1%1#,""0#>*1#.+-.&"91"# "3.//."/#$*+#-"#/4.2"&&."O""01:# M"+# 7"0# '"-./94//.""&-# &*88%&1# $*+# ,"1# j%.+1# p"/"*&9,# ?"+1"&# TRSSVW# '"/04.1# -*1# ,"1# 3"&"+-""0# $*+# -"# M4&%8"/"# -%"0/1"00.+5# T""+# **+-""0# $*+# YS\# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# .+#1&*+/8%&1#1"5"+#RSRSW#5"&"*0./""&-#<*0#>%&-"+#-%%&#""+#1%"+*3"#$*+#-"#8&%-491."# '4.1"+#M4&%8*:#!"#0*+-'%4>#.+#*+-"&"#-"0"+#$*+#-"#>"&"0-#<*0#-**&-%%.1'&".-"+# +**&#'%/5"'."-#"+#5&*/0*+-C#3"1#*0/#5"$%05#-*1#-"#2%%0/1%7#-."#%85"/0*5"+#<.1#.+#-"# **&-"#"+#.+#-"#'"5&%"..+5#$*+#-"<"#5&%+-"+C#$&(2%31:#h."&-%%&#>%&-1#3"">**-# -*+#5%"-#5"-**+#$%%&#,"1#20.3**1:#
Verschuivingen van bestaande landbouwproductie voor voedsel naar nieuwe gronden, moeten in rekening gebracht, wil men een totaalbeeld krijgen van het effect van biobrandstof door verandering in landgebruik.
M"+# $**2# 5",%%&-# *&543"+1# ./# -*1C# .+-."+# 3"+# -"# M4&%8"/"# -%"0/1"00.+5"+# <%4# .+$400"+# -%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+#$*+#".5"+#'%-"3C#"""+#"6"91"+# <(+#%8#,"1#;4.-"+: e**&# /1"0# -*1# -"# ".5"+# 8&%-491."# <%4# $%0-%"+# %3# -"# ,%5"# $%043"-%"0/1"00.+5# 1"# &"*0./"&"+# l# >*1# +%%.1# ,"1# 5"$*0# 2*+# <(+# A# -*+# $"&%%&<**21# M4&%8*# %%2# .+-.&"91"# (%.*.'%#%2%6-%"# -%%&# $"&/9,4.$.+5"+# .+# -"# 8&%-491."# $%%&# -"# $%"-.+5/.+-4/1&.":#e.+-"&#"E8%&1#$*+#$%"-/"0#-%%&#M4&%8*#'"1"2"+1#-*1#*+-"&"#-"0"+# $*+# -"# >"&"0-# ,4+# $%"-/"08&%-491."# $"&,%5"+# %3# ,"1# 5*1# 1"# -.9,1"+:# K0/# M4&%8*# ""+# 5&%%1# -""0# $*+# <(+# ""1'*&"# %0."# 5"'&4.21# $%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."C# -*+# 3%"1# 3"+# -"# $&**5# $*+# -"# $%"-.+5//"91%&# .+$400"+# -%%&# -"# .38%&1# $*+# ""1'*&"# %0.":# h"1# ./# $%%&*0# -"# 8*03%0."# 4.1# J+-%+"/.H# "+# e*0"./.H# -."# ,."&$%%&# .+# **+3"&2.+5# 2%31F# -"<"#0*+-"+#<(+#-"#5&%%1/1"#8&%-49"+1"+#$*+#8*03%0."#.+#-"#>"&"0-#3"1#`P\#$*+#-"# 8&%-491.":#!%%&#-"#"E8*+/."#$*+#-"#8*03%0."8&%-491."#.+#-."#0*+-"+#5**+#&"5"+>%4-# "+#$""+3%"&*//"+#$"&0%&"+#3"1#,""0#>*1#?@"A"3.//."#1%1#5"$%05:#;%#$"&-4''"0-"#-"# M4&%8"/"#.38%&1#$*+#8*03%0."#14//"+#RSSS#"+#RSSbC#$%%&*0#%3#-"#2%%0<**-%0."C#-."#+4# $%%&#'&*+-/1%7#>%&-1#5"'&4.21C#$%%&#-"#$%"-.+5/.+-4/1&."#1"#$"&$*+5"+:#K0/#5"$%05# $*+#-"<"#.+-.&"91"#"6"91"+#%8#-"#8*03%0."/"91%&#<%4#"%1#^CY#3.0)*&-#1%+#?@"#24++"+# $&(2%3"+#l#-.1#./#[b#2""""&#-*+#>*1#-"#M4&%8"/"#?%33.//."#1&*9,1#1"#'"/8*&"+#3"1# ,**&#$%%&5"/1"0-"#'.%'&*+-/1%n"0".-#TB*.0"UC#RSS`W: B%$"+-."+# /1"01# -"# M4&%8"/"# ?%33.//."# -*1# ""+# ,%5"&"# 8&%-491.$.1".1# $*+# -"# 5">*//"+C#""&-"&#-*+#""+#"E8*+/."#$*+#-"#1""01%88"&$0*21"#C-"#1%"+*3"#.+#-"#$&**5# +**&# "+"&5."5">*//"+# <*0# .+$400"+:# e**&# <"2"&# $%%&# 8*03%0."# 5**1# -"<"# &"-"+"&.+5# +."1# %8F# -"# cK@# 1%%+1# **+# -*1# ,"1# &"+-"3"+1# -"# 0**1/1"# 1>.+1.5# )**&# /1*'."0# ./:# e"1# *+-"&"#>%%&-"+F#-"#1%"+"3"+-"#$&**5#<*0#'"*+1>%%&-#>%&-"+#-%%&#""+#"E8*+/."#$*+# +."4>"#80*+1*5"/:#!"#e*0"././9,"#g*03#@.0#B%*&-#<"07#/1"01#-*1#-"#$"&-4''"0.+5#$*+#-"# 8&%-491."#0".--"#1%1#""+#$"&-4''"0.+5#$*+#,"1#*&"**0:#!.1#,""X#1"#3*2"+#3"1#,"1#7".1# -*1#,"1#>.+/15"$"+-"&#./#%3#""&/1#&"5"+>%4-#1"#%+15.++"+#"+#,"1#,%41#1"#$"&2%8"+C# -*+#1"#.+$"/1"&"+#.+#""+#,%5"&#&"+-"3"+1#$*+#'"/1**+-"#8*0380*+1*5"/:# B(#<"5+$,'#=)+8*))+*)+#"3)*60-$).7**-8)%"!"# *5&%A.+-4/1&.H0"# 8&%-491."# 0"51# ""+# "+%&3"# -&42# %8# -"# "9%/U/1"3"+# .+# ,"1#
22
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
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e**&# -"# 5&%1"# 3%+%94014&"+# $%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."#$"&/1"&2"+#+"1#,"1#*5&%A.+-4/1&.H0"#3%-"0#"+#0"55"+#"E1&*#'"/0*5# %8#0*+-#"+#>*1"&:#M+#-.1#1"&>(0#20.3**1$"&*+-"&.+5#3""&%+-"&%/."#<*0#$"&%%&<*2"+# "+#,"1#.&&.5*1.">*1"&#$%%&#$%"-/"08&%-491."#.+#$"&/9,.00"+-"#&"5.%t/#/1""-/#/9,**&/"&# <*0#>%&-"+:#!"#8&%-491."#$*+#'.%3*//*#$%%&#$"&/9,.00"+-"#1%"8*//.+5"+#T7%%-#"+#+%+A 7%%-W#$"&"./1#&""-/#`b\#$*+#,"1#>"&"0->(-"#>*1"&5"'&4.2:# @+0*+5/#>"&-#""+#.+1"&"//*+1#%+-"&<%"2#5"84'0.9""&-#&%+-#-"#9.-%&!E00-<&+"-#TfcW# $*+#'.%A"+"&5."#1"+#%8<.9,1"#$*+#*+-"&"#'&*+-/1%6"+# Tu"&'"+/Ad""+"+/C# "1# *0:# RSSZW:# =%1# +4# 1%"# >"&-"+# Doordat er zo veel fossiele energie nodig is om "+"&5."-&*5"&/# +%5# +."1# 5"*+*0U/""&-# $*+4.1# -.1# biobrandstoffen te produceren, zou de VS zelfs %%584+1:#!"#fc#$*+#""+#8&%-491#-&421#4.1#>*1#,"1# afhankelijker worden van energie-import in $%043"# >*1"&# ./# -*1# 3"+# 5"'&4.21# '(# -"# 8&%-491."# "&$*+#T4.15"-&421#.+#3^v25#8&%-491#%7#.+#3^v9*8.1*v plaats van zijn energieafhankelijkheid door )**&W:# !"# fc# >%&-1# '"8**0-# -%%&# ,"1# 5">*/1U8"C# biobrandstoffen af te bouwen. ,"1# 8&%-491."/U/1""3# "+# ,"1# 20.3**1:# ;%# 2*+# 3"+# $+&-;%(%#>*1"&/1&%3"+#'"&"2"+"+#14//"+#0*+-"+#1"+#5"$%05"#$*+#.+1"&+*1.%+*0"#,*+-"0# .+#0*+-'%4>5&%+-/1%6"+:#=*'"0#R#5""X#1"&#.004/1&*1."#-"#fc#>""&#$*+#'.%3*//*#$%%&# YP# $"&/9,.00"+-"# 5">*//"+:# !"# fc# $%%&# '.%3*//*# 2*+# 3"+# %%2# 4.1-&422"+# *0/# -"# ,%"$""0,".-#>*1"&C#5"'&4.21#$%%&#-"#8&%-491."#$*+#""+#""+,".-#"+"&5."#T3^vu)W:#h"1# %+-"&<%"2#2%31#1%1#-"#$*/1/1"00.+5#-*1#-"#fc#$*+#'.%3*//*#VS#1%1#[SS#2""&%1"&#./# -*+#-"#fc#$*+#*+-"&"#8&.3*.&"#"+"&5."-&*5"&/#T,U-&%A"+"&5."#+."1#3""5"&"2"+-W:# !"#1&"+-#+**&#/1""-/#3""&#"+"&5."5"'&4.2C#5"9%3'.+""&-#3"1#""+#5&%1"&#**+-""0#$*+# '.%3*//*#.+#-"#"+"&5."3.EC#<%4#-4/#""+#"+%&3"#-&42#5**+#0"55"+#%8#>*1"&$%%&&*-"+G# '%$"+%8#-"#1%"+"3"+-"#$&**5#+**&#>*1"&#$%%&#-"#1""01#$*+#$%"-.+5/5">*//"+:# C.4%(#Q7#\.-%&#E00-<&+"-#$."#4+0,.11.#$00&#$)]+%"#'%9.11%"#P,^_-0"T7## L&0"M#`%&4%"1UZ%%"%"1:#%-7.(7#PQRRaT
23
ENERGIE
C).5'()7)*)+)".()")'%"+ !"#?%&+"00#a+.$"&/.1U#+""31#.+#""+#&"9"+1"#*+*0U/"#+**/1#>*1"&A#"+#0*+-5"'&4.2#%%2# ,"1#"+"&5."5"'&4.2#'(#-"#8&%-491."#$*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#%+-"&#-"#0%"8#Tg.3"+1"0#"1#*0:C# RSSZW:#h"1#%+-"&<%"2#'"/04.1#-*1#"&#.+#-"#3""/1"#5"$*00"+#""+#+"5*1."$"#"+"&5."&"14&+# ./F# $%%&# ,"1# %3<"O"+# $*+# 5">*//"+# +**&# "+"&5."# ./# "&# .+# ,"1# 8&%-491."8&%9"/# 3""&# "+"&5."# +%-.5# -*+# -"# "+"&5."# -."# -"# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# 8&%-49"&"+# '(# 5"'&4.2:# N%%&# "1,*+%0#%8#'*/./#$*+#3*L/#./#-"#+"5*1."$"#&"14&+#'($%%&'""0-#[b#8&%9"+1G#$%%&#'.%-."/"0# 4.1#/%)*#./#-"#+"5*1."$"#&"14&+#b^#8&%9"+1:# !"#%+-"&<%"2"&/#2%3"+#-*+#%%2#1%1#-"#9%+904/."#-*1#"&#+."1#*00""+#1"#>".+.5#0*+-# "+# >*1"&# ./# %3# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# 1"# 8&%-49"&"+C# 3**&# -*1# -"# 8&%-491."# '%$"+-."+# 1"# $""0#"+"&5."#$&""1:#!%%&-*1#"&#<%#$""0#7%//."0"#"+"&5."#+%-.5#./#%3#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#1"# 8&%-49"&"+C#<%4#-"#N_#<"07/#*D*+2"0(2"&#>%&-"+#$*+#"+"&5."A.38%&1#.+#80**1/#$*+#<(+# "+"&5."*D*+2"0(2,".-# -%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# *7# 1"# '%4>"+:# h"1# %+-"&<%"2#2(21# %%2# '&"-"&F#"&#<(+#+%5#*+-"&"#3.0."4"6"91"+#<%*0/#$"&$4.0.+5#$*+#>*1"&#"+#'%-"3:#g"�.1"&# "1,*+%0#4.1#3*L/#3%"1#%+5"$""&#YR#0.1"&#*7$*0>*1"&#$"&>(-"&-#>%&-"+:#;%>"0#/%)*8&%-491."# $%%&#'.%-."/"0#*0/#3*L/8&%-491."#$%%&#"1,*+%0#$"&%%&<*2"+#"&%/."#"+#$"&$4.0.+5#"+#1*/1"+# -"#'.%-.$"&/.1".1#**+#-%%&#-"#5&%1"#,%"$""0,"-"+#,"&'.9.-"+#-."#3"+#5"'&4.21:#
B)$")(.$)*7#)$,)/D)2)"4)($ =(-"+/#RSSVARSS`#$"/1.5-"+#-"#N"&"+.5-"#k*1."/C#-"#f"&"0-'*+2C#,"1#Jec#"+#-"#@M_@# -"#**+-*9,1#%8#-"#.38*91#$*+#-"#/1(5"+-"#'.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."#%8#$%"-/"08&(<"+:# N%%&# -"# *&3/1"+# -."# PS# 1%1# `S# 8&%9"+1# $*+# ,4+# .+2%3"+# **+# $%"-/"0# 4.15"$"+C# <(+# 8&(//1(5.+5"+# -&*3*1./9,:# !"# f"&"0-'*+2# TRSS`W# /9,*1# -*1# YSS# 3.0)%"+# 3"+/"+# ,."&-%%&#.+#*&3%"-"#1"&"9,12>*3"+:# !"#8&(//1(5.+5"+#>"&-"+#$"&%%&<**21#-%%&#""+#9%3'.+*1."#$*+#-.$"&/"#7*91%&"+C# <%*0/# -"# 1%"+"3"+-"# $&**5# +**&# $0""/# "+# <4.$"08&%-491"+# .+# -"# %82%3"+-"# "9%+%3."H+C#1"5"+$*00"+-"#>""&/%3/1*+-.5,"-"+C#/8"940*1."#"+#,%5"&"#"+"&5."2%/1"+:# e**&#'(#-"#.+1"&+*1.%+*0"#.+/1"00.+5"+#./#"&#""+#-4.-"0(2"#9%+/"+/4/#-*1#.+#1(-"+#$*+# &""-/# 2&*88"# 3*&21"+# %%2# -"# 1%"+"3"+-"# $&**5# +**&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# ""+# +."1# 1"# $"&>**&0%<"+#"6"91#,""X:#h"1#Jec#TRSS`W#/9,*O"#-*1#.+#RSSbARSSV#-"#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $"&*+1>%%&-"0(2#>*&"+#$%%&#-"#,"0X#$*+#-"#5&%".#.+#-"#$&**5#+**&#$%"-/"05">*//"+G# -"#1%"+"3"+-"#$&**5#+**&#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#<%4#RS#1%1#^S#8&%9"+1#$*+#-"#8&(//1(5.+5"+# $%%&#$%"-/"0#$"&20*&"+:#!"#1%"+*3"#.+#,"1#5"'&4.2#$*+#5&*+"+#"+#80*+1**&-.5"#%0."# 14//"+#RSSP#"+#RSSV#<%4#'(+*#$%%&#bS\#1"#>(1"+#<(+#**+#""+#5&%1""'&4.2#"&$*+#.+#-"# '.%'&*+-/1%]+-4/1&."#T@M_@C#RSS`W:#h"1#J+1"&+*1.%+*0#c%%-#g%0.9U#p"/"*&9,#J+/1.141"# /9,*1#-"#'(-&*5"#$*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#**+#-"#$%"-/"09&././#%8#^S#8&%9"+1#TJcgpJC#RSSVC# RSS`W:# h"1# .+/1.1441# /1"01# -*1# /4'/.-."/# $%%&# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# 4.1# 0*+-'%4>5">*//"+# -4/#3**1&"5"0"+#1"5"+#-"#*&3"+#<(+:#J+#8&*21(2#>"&2"+#<"#.33"&/#*0/#""+#'"0*/1.+5# %8#'*/./$%"-/"0#-*1#""+#'"0*+5&(2#-""0#4.13**21#$*+#-"#'"/1"-.+5"+#$*+#-"#*&3"+:#;%# '"1*0"+#*&3"+#-"#8&(/#$*+#,"1#>"/1"&/#20.3**1'"0".-: N*+*7# -"# 1>""-"# ,"0X# $*+# RSS`# >*&"+# "&# '"1"&"# $%%&4.1<.9,1"+# $%%&# -"# 50%'*0"# 5&**+%%5/1:# e**&# "&# <(+# .+14//"+# *0>""&# 1"2"+"+# $*+# ""+# 2&.38"+-# 5&**+**+'%-:# !"# 2&"-."19&././# '&"+51# -"# ]+*+9."&.+5# $*+# /%33.5"# 0*+-'%4>"&/# .+# ,"1# 5"-&*+5C# >*1# 1%1# ""+# -*0.+5# $*+# -"# 8&%-491."# 2*+# 0".-"+:# !"# ,./1%&./9,# 0*5"# 5&**+$%%&&*-"+# "+# -"# **+,%4-"+-"# -&%%51"# .+# $"&/9,.00"+-"# 0*+-"+# <(+# '(2%3"+-"# &"-"+"+# %3# **+#1"#+"3"+#-*1#,"1#.+#-"<"#9%+1"E1#+."1#$"&*+1>%%&-#./#%3#'.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."# 1"# /1.340"&"+:# !"# N%"-/"0A# "+# d*+-'%4>%&5*+./*1."# $*+# -"# Nk# $%%&<."1# *0$*/1# ""+# $"&/9,"&8.+5#$*+#-"#$%"-/"09&././:#="2"+"+#-**&$*+#<(+#"&#+4#*0F#$"&/9,.00"+-"#0*+-"+# 2%8"+#%7#,4&"+#$%%�*+5"#1"&3(+#$&49,1'*&"#0*+-'%4>5&%+-#.+#K7&.2*#%3#<%#,4+#
24
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
$%"-/"0$%%&<."+.+5#$".0.5#1"#/1"00"+:#@0.$."&#!"#_9,4O"&C#/8"9.**0#&*88%&1"4&#$*+#-"# N"&"+.5-"#k*1."/#$%%&#,"1#p"9,1#%8#N%"-/"0#>""/#'"5.+#RSSZ#.+#,"1#7"-"&**0#8*&0"3"+1# %%2#%8#-"#1%"+"3"+-"#5&%+-/8"940*1."#.+#B&*<.0.HC#K+5%0*C#g*2./1*+#"+#e*-*5/9*&#*0/# 5"$%05#$*+#-"#$&**5#+**&#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+:#
E&4)+$(+.*75+*,#&(5/)*")&4')+! !"# .+-4/1&.H0"# 8&%-491."# $*+# "+"&5."5">*//"+# .+# ,"1# ;4.-"+# -&**51# >".+.5# '(# 1%1# ""+# $"&'"1"&.+5# .+# 0""7%3/1*+-.5,"-"+# $%%&# -"# 0%2*0"# '"$%02.+5:# Het International Food Policy Research _1""-/# 3""&# 5"$*0//14-."/# 5"14.5"+# $*+# -"# Institute schat de bijdrage van biobrand&*38<*0.5"# .38*91# -."# -"# 3%+%94014&"+# $*+# stoffen aan de voedselcrisis op 30 procent; "+"&5."5">*//"+# ,"''"+# %8# -"# 0""7%3/1*+-.5,"-"+# $*+#&4&*0"#5"3""+/9,*88"+#.+#d*1(+/AK3"&.2*C#K7&.2*# en stelt dat subsidies voor biobrandstoffen "+#K<.HG# -"# /14-."/# <(+# $%%&*0# *I%3/1.5# $*+# +5%t/# "+# uit landbouwgewassen dus maatregelen +"1>"&2"+# <%*0/# cJKkC# c&."+-/# %7# 1,"# M*&1,C# @E7*3C# tegen de armen zijn. B.%74"0>*19,C# K7&.9*+# B.%-.$"&/.1U# k"1>%&2C# _*>.1# f*19,#"+#*+-"&":#M&#<(+#*0#1*00%<"#5"$*0//14-."/#4.1#B&*<.0.HC#g"&4C#?%0%3'.HC#g*&*54*UC# K&5"+1.+.HC#e*0"./.H#"+#J+-%+"/.H:#N%%&*0#,"1#0**1/1"#)**>*3"+#**+$400.+5"+#3"1# +."4>"# 5"5"$"+/# %$"&# K7&.2**+/"# 0*+-"+# <%*0/# ;4.-AK7&.2*C# a5*+-*# "+# =*+<*+.*:# J+#$""0#5"$*00"+#>%&-"+#"./1%"/1*+-"+#5"/.5+*0""&-F#/9,"+-.+5#$*+#0*+-&"9,1"+C# /0"9,1"# *&'".-/%3/1*+-.5,"-"+# %8# -"# 80*+1*5"/C# %+""&0(2"# 9%+1&*91"+C# %+1'%//.+5C# **+1*/1.+5#$*+#>*1"&$%%&&*-"+C#'.%-.$"&/.1".1#"+#$*+#'%-"3$&49,1'**&,".-:# M+"&5."5">*//"+#<(+#-"#+."4>"#6.13!6&0<1:#!"#>.+/1"+#<(+#$%%&*0#$%%&#-"#*5&%A .+-4/1&."C#1"&>(0#-"#/%9.*0"#"+#3.0."42%/1"+#$*+#-"#8&%-491."#*75">"+1"0-#>%&-"+#%8# -"#3""/1#2>"1/'*&"#'"$%02.+5/5&%"8"+#.+#,"1#;4.-"+:#J+#B&*<.0.H#'($%%&'""0-#./#-"# /.14*1."# $*+# -"# /4.2"&&."1/+(-"&/# /9,&(+"+-F# <"07/# 3.+.3*0"# *&'".-/+%&3"+# >%&-"+# "&#+."1#5"&"/8"91""&-:#J+#J+-%+"/.H#"+#e*0"./.H#<(+#-."5"+"+#-."#.+#%+-"&**++"3.+5# >"&2"+#.+#-"#8*03%0."/"91%&#$**2#5"'%+-"+#**+#mm+#5&%1"#*7+"3"&G#""+#5%"-"#8&(/# '"-.+5"+#./#%+3%5"0(2:#!"#"E8*+/."#$*+#"+"&5."5">*//"+C#$"&-&(X#3"+/"+#'%$"+-."+# $*+# ,4+# 0*+-# "+# $**2# 3"1# 5">"0-:# !*1# 5"'"4&1# '($%%&'""0-# .+# B&*<.0.HC# ?%0%3'.*# "+# J+-.*:# ;"# 2%3"+# 1"&"9,1# %8# -"# 3""/1# ,.&'+".(%# 5&%+-"+# %7# 3%"1"+# +**&# -"# /1*-# $"&,4.<"+#>**&#<"#.+#3""/1*0#.+#*&3%"-"#0"$"+:# F5".(+5/)*."#+$)+G !"# N"&"+.5-"# k*1."/# /1"0-"+# $*/1# -*1# bS# 3.0)%"+# 3"+/"+# ,"1# &./.9%# 0%8"+# %3# 80**1/# 1"# 3%"1"+# 3*2"+# $%%&# -"# '.%'&*+-/1%78&%-491."G# ,."&-%%&# 24++"+# <(# +."1# 0*+5"&# $%%&<."+#.+#,4+#".5"+#$%"-/"0'",%"X"+:#!"#Nk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
25
ENERGIE
3*&5.+**0# 0*+-# 5"L-"+1.]9""&-# $%%&# -"# 1""01# $*+# )*1&%8,*:# e**&# -"<"# 5&%+-"+# <(+# 3""/1*0# 5"3""+/9,*88"0(2# '"<.1# "+# -%%&# -"# *&3"# '"$%02.+5# 5"'&4.21F# <"# $.+-"+# "&# $%"-/"0C# ,%41# "+# '%4>3*1"&.*0"+:# e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
9*-.2#*-:.00"&0,/-28+"-$".1**).&$.-*$4*32h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ua respect voor mens en milieu bij de biobrand- $"&3.+-"&-"#20.3**18&%'0"3"+#l#>*1#4.1".+-"0(2# -"# ""&/1"# -%"0/1"00.+5# >*/# A# "+# '"-&".51# -"<"# -"# stofproductie op plantageniveau, zijn de duur$%"-/"0<"2"&,".-:# zaamheidscriteria uit de Europese richtlijn voor h%"# 2*+# ,"1# '"0".-# ""+# *+1>%%&-# '."-"+# %8# hernieuwbare energie, totaal ontoereikend. -"<"#'"<%&5-,"-"+w# @$"&,"-"+# 3%"1"+# *7/1*88"+# $*+# $"&80.9,1"# $%043"-%"0/1"00.+5"+# $%%&# ,"1# 5"'&4.2# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+:# !"# %$"&,".-//1"4+# $%%&#-"#5&%%1/9,*0.5"#8&%-491."#$*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#3%"1#/1%85"<"1#>%&-"+#"+#""+# ,"&%&.H+1"&.+5#2&(5"+#+**&#"+"&5."'"/8*&.+5#"+#"+"&5."A"q9.H+1.":#@3#""+#-44&<*3"# %+1>.22"0.+5# .+# k%%&-# "+# ;4.-# 3%5"0(2# 1"# 3*2"+# 3%"1# ,"1# "+"&5."'"0".-# +*3"0(2# 8&.%&.1*.&#>"&2#3*2"+#$*+#"+"&5."<4.+.5,".-#"+#"+"&5."A"q9.H+1."#A#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $%%&#-"#1&*+/8%&1/"91%�".-"+#-"#**+-*9,1#*7#$*+#-."#8&.%&.1".1"+:#@8#$0*2#$*+#1&*+/8%&1# '($%%&'""0-# <%4# 3"+# .+# -"# ""&/1"# 80**1/# >"&2# 24++"+# 3*2"+# $*+# ""+# *05"3""+# 3%'.0.1".1/'"0".-#-*1#<.9,#&.9,1#%8#*01"&+*1."$"+#$%%&#>"51&*+/8%&1C#.+$"/1"&.+5"+#.+# %8"+'**&#$"&$%"&C#""+#'"1"&"#&4.31"0(2"#%&-"+.+5#"+#""+#'"1"&"#%&5*+./*1."#$*+#,"1# >"&2:#;%#2*+#3"+#-"#1%"+"3"+-"#$&**5#+**&*+/8%&1'&*+-/1%6"+#*7&"33"+:#N*+# '"0*+5#./#%%2#-*1#"&#<%#$045#3%5"0(2#*3'.1."4<"#"+#*7->.+5'*&"#"q9.H+1."/1*+-**&-"+# $%%&# *41%t/# 2%3"+:# !"# *41%0%''U# ,""X# <>*&"# -&42# 4.15"%"7"+-# %8# -"# M4&%8"/"# ?%33.//."#%3#""+#**+/9,"&8.+5#$*+#-"#+%&3#$%%&#?@"A&"-491."#$*+#>*5"+/#1"5"+#1"# ,%4-"+:#M&#./#""+#/1"&2#1"5"+5">.9,1#+%-.5#1"5"+#-"<"#.+$0%"-#$*+#<%>"0#-"#*41%A#*0/# *5&%A.+-4/1&."#'.++"+#,"1#M4&%8"/"#'"0".-: B%$"+-."+# ./# "&# ""+# '&""-# 3**1/9,*88"0(2# -"'*1# "+# %+-"&<%"2# +%-.5# +**&# -"# .38*91#$*+#-"#1>""-"5"+"&*1."'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#%8#-44&<**3,".-:#h"1#'"0".-#3*5#+."1# ""+#1>""-"#3**0#""+#$"&2""&-"#&.9,1.+5#.+/0**+:#M&#>%&-1#$""0#$"&>*9,1#$*+#-"#1>""-"# 5"+"&*1."#$*+#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+G#$**2#>%&-1#5"<"5-#-*1#<"#""+#%80%//.+5#<(+#$%%&#-"# -&42# -."# -"# ""&/1"# 5"+"&*1."# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %8# -"# $%"-/"08&%-491."# 0"55"+:# e**&#%%2#-"<"#'&*+-/1%6"+#<400"+#'"/0*5#0"55"+#%8#5&%+-C#>*1"&#"+#'.%-.$"&/.1".1:# h%4180*+1*5"/# .+# ,"1# ;4.-"+# $%05"+# *0# -"<"07-"# 5&%%1/9,*0.5"# 8&%-491."0%5.9*# *0/# 3%+%94014&"+#$*+#0*+-'%4>5&%+-/1%6"+#"+#5**+#5"8**&-#3"1#-&42#%8#>*1"&&"/"&A
26
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
$"/C#%8#'.%-.$"&/.1".1#"+#-"#0""7%35"$.+5#$*+#.+,""3/"#'"$%02.+5:#M"+#$%%&'""0-#./# ?,.0.C#&""-/#""+#'"0*+5&(2"#"E8%&1"4&#$*+#,%418&%-491"+C#>**&#-"#"49*0U814/80*+1*5"/# ""+#/1"&2"#-&42#0"55"+#%8#,"1#0""73.0."4:#?,.0.#>.0#+4#'.++"+#P#)**&#%8#9%33"&9.H0"# /9,**0#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+#4.1#,%41#8&%-49"&"+:#h"1#d*1(+/AK3"&.2**+/#@'/"&$*1%&.43# $%%&# e.0."49%+s.91"+# T@'/"&$*1%&.%# d*1.+%*3"&.9*+%# -"# ?%+s.91%/# K3'."+1*0"/W# 3**21#<.9,#<%&5"+#-*1#-"#/+"05&%"."+-"#'%3"+#-."#/8"9.**0#<400"+#>%&-"+#**+5"80*+1# $%%&# -"# **+3**2# $*+# 1>""-"5"+"&*1."'.%'&*+-/1%6"+# $""0# $%"-.+5//1%6"+# 4.1# -"# '%-"3#,*0"+#"+#$""0#>*1"&#+%-.5#,"''"+:#h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t/#-"#5">"+/1"#".5"+/9,*88"+#<*0# 8&%'"&"+#1"#'"2%3"+#$%%&#""+#'"1"&"#$"&>"&2.+5C#<%*0/#'($%%&'""0-#8%840."&"+#-."# ,%41#3"1#""+#0**5#0.5+.+"5",*01"#8&%-49"&"+:# !%%&# /1*+-**&-"+# .+# 1"# $%"&"+# &%+-# -44&<**3,".-# "+# -%%&# 9"&1.]9*1."/U/1"3"+# 1"# %+1>.22"0"+# 2*+# 3"+# "&$%%&# <%&5"+# -*1# -"# 8&%-491."# $*+# '.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %8# 80*+1*5"+.$"*4# 3"1# 3""&# &"/8"91# $%%&# 3"+/# "+# 3.0."4# 5"'"4&1:# e**&# -"# -44&<**3,".-/9&.1"&.*# -."# $"&$*1# <.O"+# .+# -"# M4&%8"/"# &.9,10(+# $%%&# ,"&+."4>'*&"# "+"&5."#<(+#1%1**0#%+1%"&".2"+-#"+#3%"1"+#**+5"/9,"&81#>%&-"+:#e"+#2*+#,."&.+#""+# &""2/# 3.+.343$%%&>**&-"+C# $*/15"0"5-# .+# NkA'"8*0.+5"+# "+# -"# JK@A9%+$"+1."/C# %8+"3"+:# h"1# 5**1# %$"&# 9&.1"&.*# &%+-# *&'".-/%3/1*+-.5,"-"+C# ""&0(2"# %+-"&A **++"3.+5C#""&0(2"#9%+1&*91"+#"+#0%+"+C#1%"5*+5#1%1#>*1"&C#'",%4-#$*+#'%-"32>*0.1".1# "+# 049,12>*0.1".1# $%%&# -"# 0%2*0"# 5"3""+/9,*88"+C# 5"<%+-,".-# "+# $".0.5,".-C# 7*.&"# '",*+-"0.+5#$*+#20".+"#%+-"&+"3"&/C#9%+/401*1."#"+#5"L+7%&3""&-"#1%"/1"33.+5#$*+# -"#0%2*0"#5"3""+/9,*88"+:#N%%&*0#-"#%8+*3"#$*+#/%9.*0"#9&.1"&.*#$%%&#'.%'&*+-/1%6"+# %+-"&$.+-1#$""0#>""&/1*+-:#h"1#*&543"+1#04.-1#-*1#""+#-"&5"0(2#'"0".-#8&%'0"3"+#<%4# 24++"+#%80"$"&"+#.+#,"1#2*-"&#$*+#-"#f=@F#'.+-"+-"#/%9.*0"#9&.1"&.*#<%4-"+#-%%&#-"# f=@#'"/9,%4>-#>%&-"+#*0/#,*+-"0/'*&&.r&"/:#M%"1#-4/#/+"0#3""&#-4.-"0(2,".-# 2%3"+# %$"&# -"# .+1"&8&"1*1."# $*+# -"#
[email protected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n"0".-#%8# -"#$%"-/"0<"2"&,".-C#.+#0(+#3"1#-"#c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
27
ENERGIE
0*+-&"9,1"+#$*+#2>"1/'*&"#5&%"8"+#1"#'"/9,"&3"+C#%3#$"&80**1/.+5#$*+#'"$%02.+5#"+# $"&-"&"# 9%+9"+1&*1."# $*+# 0*+-'%4>5&%+-"+# 1"# $"&3(-"+:# k*1.%+*0"# >"15"$.+5# 2*+# %%2#$"&/1&"21#>%&-"+#%3#,"1#&"9,1#%8#>**&-.5#>"&2C#<%*0/#5"-"]+.""&-#-%%&#-"#JK@C# 1"# 5*&*+-"&"+:# !"# %$"&,"-"+# <%4-"+# -.m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
Bio _**&# N*+# h*4>"&3".&"+# ./# /14-."A# "+# '"0".-/3"-">"&2"&# %8# -"# 8%0.1."2"# -."+/1# $*+# @E7*3A f"&"0->.+2"0/:#;"#>"&21#"&#&%+-#1,"3*t/#3:':1:#""&0(2"#,*+-"0#.+#0*+-'%4>5&%+-/1%6"+#"+#""+# &"9,1$**&-.5#20.3**1'"0".-#$*+4.1#k%%&-A;4.-8"&/8"91."7:
Literatuuropgave B*.0"UC#p:#TRSS`W:#N"0-3%&#!"60"$%"+%"-#C&;-3C#@E7*3#B&."]+5#g*8"&C#@E7*3#J+1"&+*1.%+*0: B"05./9,"#i*3"&#$*+#N%02/$"&1"5"+>%%&-.5"&/C#'"2+%81#$"&/0*5#B(<%+-"&"#?%33.//."#i0.3**1# "+#!44&<*3"#@+1>.22"0.+5C#R`ASYASZ B.%74"0>*19,#":*:#TRSSVW:#N'&0E;%(1:#-09.&/1#.#&%.(+-X#63%6*#+"#"+"%#*%X#.&%.17! ?%140*C#d:#k:#!U"&#"+#_:#N"&3"40"+#TRSS`W:#J;%((+"'#%W6(;1+0"B#C3%#4+0E;%(1#400,#."/#<00&#<%0<(%b1# .66%1#-0#(."/C#JJM!#*+-#cK@:
28
Oikos 49, 2/2009
ENERGIE
!%%&+'%/9,#p:#"+#p:#_1""+'0.2#TRSSVW:#L+0E;%(1#c#!1#-3%#6;&%#90&1%#-3."#-3%#/+1%.1%B#@q9.*0#&"8%&1#'U# 1,"#@M?!C#8&"/"+1"-#*1#1,"#p%4+-#=*'0"#%+#_4/1*.+*'0"#!"$"0%83"+1C#g*&./C#YYAYR#_"81#RSSV:# !47"UC#K:#TRSSbW:#L+0E;%(1#<&0/;6-+0":#-&./%#."/#1;1-.+".4(%#/%$%(0<,%"-M#%,%&'+"'#+11;%1:#J+1"&+*1.%+*0# J+/1.141"#7%&#M+$.&%+3"+1#*+-#!"$"0%83"+1#TJJM!WC#_4/1*.+*'0"#e*&2"1/#!./94//.%+#8*8"&C#+&#R: c%%-# *+-# K5&.94014&"# @&5*+.<*1.%+# A# cK@# TRSS`W:# C3%# F-.-%# 0E# J00/# ."/# N'&+6;(-;&%# c# L+0E;%(1M# <&01<%6-1:#&+1*1#."/#0<<0&-;"+-+%17 c*&5.%+"C#j:C#j:#h.00C#!:#=.03*+C#_:#g%0*/2UC#x#g:#h*>1,%&+"# TRSS`W:#Z."/#d(%.&+"'#."/#-3%#L+0E;%(# d.&40"#A%4-:#_9."+9"C#RSS`: c:@:#d.5,1/#TRSSZW:#\0&(/#I-3."0(#."/#L+0E;%(1#e%<0&-:#e*&9,#RSSZ:# u"&'"+/Ad""+"+/C#g:f:C#h%"2/1&*C#K:y:C#x#=,:#N*+#-"&#e""&#TRSSZW:#C3%#\.-%&#J00-<&+"-#0E#%"%&'X# E&0,#4+0,.11M#N#f;."-+-.-+$%#.11%11,%"-#."/#60"1%f;%"6%1#0E#."#+"6&%.1+"'#13.&%#0E#4+0U%"%&'X#+"#%"%&'X# 1;<<(XC#M9%0%5.9*0#M9%+%3.9/#b`C#RSSZ:# J+1"&+*1.%+*0#e%+"1*&U#c4+-#A#Jec#TRSS`W:#\0&(/#I60"0,+6#O;-(00*#QRRS7 J+1"&+*1.%+*0#c%%-#g%0.9U#p"/"*&9,#J+/1.141"#TRSSVW:#C3%#\0&(/#J00/#F+-;.-+0"M#g%9#A&+$+"'#J0&6%1# ."/#e%f;+&%/#N6-+0"17 J+1"&+*1.%+*0# c%%-# g%0.9U# p"/"*&9,# J+/1.141"# TRSS`W:# L+0E;%(1# ."/# `&.+"# <&+6%1M# !,<.6-1# ."/# h0(+6X# e%1<0"1%17# J+1"&+*1.%+*0#c4+-#7%&#K5&.94014&*0#!"$"0%83"+1#TRSS`W:#`&09+"'#/%,."/#0"#.'&+6;(-;&%#."/#&+1+"'# <&+6%1#0E#60,,0/+-+%1M#."#0<<0&-;"+-X#E0,.((30(/%&1#+"#(09U+"60,%:#.'&+6;(-;&%U4.1%/#60;"-&+%1B:#?_!# YbC#PAYb#e*U#RSS`: J+1"&+*1.%+*0#J+/1.14"#7%&#_4/1*.+*'0"#!"$"0%83"+1#l#JJ_!#TRSS`W:#`(04.(#F;41+/+%1#!"+-+.-+$%M#C3%# i"+-%/#F-.-%1#6(01%1#60"-&0$%&1+.(#F<(.13#."/#/.13#4+0E;%(1#1;41+/X#(00<30(%7 k."4>/*5"+1/9,*8#J+1"&#g&"//#_"&$.9"#l#Jg_:#d3+(+#9+(#4&."/1-0E#;+-#4011%"#3.(%":#_*+1.*5%C#^#7"'&4*&.# RSSZ:# j%.+1# p"/"*&9,# ?"+1&"# TRSSVW:# L+0E;%(1# +"# -3%# I;&0<%."# d0"-%W-M# J.6-1:# i"6%&-.+"-+%1# ."/# e%60,,%"/.-+0"1C#.+F#jp?#f%&2.+5#g*8"&C#YZ#!"9"3'"&C#RSSV: e4&8,UC# _# TRSSVW:# C3%# ,;(-+(.-%&.(# -&./%# ."/# +"$%1-,%"-# 60"-%W-# E0&# 4+0E;%(1M# +11;%1# ."/# 63.((%"'%1:# !"1-+-;-%#E0&#N'&+6;(-;&%#."/#C&./%#h0(+6XC#!"9"3'"&#RSSV:# @&5*+./*1."#$%%&#M9%+%3./9,"#_*3"+>"&2.+5#"+#@+1>.22"0.+5#A#@M_@#TRSS`W:#OIdAb1#I60"0,+6# N11%1,%"-#0E#L+0E;%(#F;<<0&-#h0(+6+%1: @M_@#TRSS`W:#e+1+"'#J00/#h&+6%1M#d.;1%1#."/#d0"1%f;%"6%17 g.3"+1"0# !:# "1# *0# TRSSZW:# J00/# $%&1;1# 4+0E;%(1M# %"$+&0",%"-.(# ."/# %60"0,+6# 601-1:# h43*+# M9%0%5UC# !@J#YS:YSSV: _"*&9,.+5"&C#=#TRSSZW:#F;,,.&+%1#0E#N".(X1%1#+"#QRRS#0E#L+0E;%(1#h0(+6%1#4X#!"-%&".-+0".(#."/#I;&0<%."# -%63"+6.(#N'%"6+%1C#M9%+%3.9#g%0.9U#g&%5&*3C#uec: N*+#h*4>"&3".&"+C#_:#TRSS`W:#L%-.(%"#/%#.&,%"#/%#<&)1#$."#%%"#1(%63-#4%(%+/B#L+04&."/1-02%"4%(%+/:# /;;&5.,%#0"-9+**%(+"'#%"#%%&()*%#3."/%(:#.+F#e@z8*8"&C#+433"&#RPC#+%$"3'"&#RSS`: N*+#h*4>"&3".&"+C#_#TRSS`W:#C3%#40j0,#(+"%#0E#4+0E;%(1:#@41&"*9,#J//4"/C#e*U#RSS`C#_4/1*.+*'0"# !"$"0%83"+1#J//4"/#k"1>%&2#*+-#_1*2",%0-"&#c%&43:# f"&"0-'*+2#TRSS`W:#e+1+"'#E00/#<&+6%1M#<0(+6X#0<-+0"1#."/#\0&(/#L."*#&%1<0"1%7
29
