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INHOUD
Hamstrings in HighHigh-speed
HAMSTRINGS: MORFOLOGIE LENGTE--TESTEN LENGTE FUNCTIE bij HARDLOPEN RELATIEVE SNELHEDEN:
VOET, LICHAAM EN BODEM
BLESSURE OEFENEN
SemiSemitendinosus
SemiSemimembranosus
Biceps femoris
HAMSTRINGS: MORFOLOGIE
Data naar: Wickiewicz T. et al. Muscle Architecture of the Lower Limb Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Number 179 (1983) pp: 275 - 283
“SPIER”VERLENGING
SM
N. Battermann, H. Appell, J. Dargel, J. Koebke An Anatomical Study of the Proximal Hamstring Muscle Complex to Elucidate Muscle Strains in this Region Int J Sports Med (2011); 32: 211– 215
BF
“SARCOMEER” -VERLENGING
(ST)
ST
Korte vezels
Lange vezels
Korte vezels
Lange vezels
BF
Mom.arm knie (0o): M. Biceps: 10 mm M. Semimembranosus: 25 mm
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α
a
b
a B
S
c c2 =a2
T Hamstrings flexibiliteit parameters: V = vezellengte β= pennate hoek T= tuberlengte α= tuberhoek
cos 50 = 0.5% cos 100 = 1.5% cos 150 = 3.5% cos 200 = 6.0% cos 250 = 9.0% cos 300 = 13.0%
c= √
α
}
6
5
Origo-heup-as (cm)
15.8
8.5
6.3
Vezellengte (cm)
500
α = arccos
a= momentsarm
7
550
+
b2
– 2ab cos α
+
– 2ab cos α
S =√B2 + T 2 – 2BT cos α
Heup-as – insertie: 42 (cm) Init. Tuberhoek: 25o Proc. Verlenging: 55%
810
a2
b2
B2 + T2 –S2 2.B.T
HAMSTRINGS: LENGTE-TESTEN
Hoekuitslag
Muscle Flexibility as a Risk Factor for Developing Muscle Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players A Prospective Study Witvrouw E. et al. The American Journal Of Sports Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2003)
Carl Askling Hamstring Muscle Strain Thesis 2008
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HAMSTRINGS FUNCTIE bij HARDLOPEN Grotere lenigheid hamstrings, maar lagere score bij SLR!
1000fps
40,3 km/u
Southern Methodist University
http://www.smu.edu/Simmons
Marker tracking in Kinovea
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Prof.
Stud.
♀
♀
Stud.
Prof.
♂
♂
Bladerunner
Barefoot
Football-player
Yu B., Queen R., Abbey A., Moorman C., Garret W. Hamstrings muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting. Journal of Biomechanics, 41 (2008) 3121 - 3126
Snelheid tov LZP
Versnelling
Sprint max V
Ca. 40 km/u
Concentrisch
Excentrisch -25000 cm/s2 =
Vertraging -250 m/s2 = -25 g
?
+20000 cm/s2 = +200 m/s2 = +20 g
Ruk (Jerk)
335
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1400
1400
1200
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
1000 1000
800
800
600
600
800
600
1400 1200
1000
1000
800
800
800
600
600
600
400
400
400 200
1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 257 289 321 353 385 417 449
1 28 55 82 109 136 163 190 217 244 271 298 325 352 379 406 433
30000
30000 20000
10000
10000
0
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
0 1 32 63 94 125 156 187 218 249 280 311 342 373 404 435
1 28 55 82 109 136 163 190 217 244 271 298 325 352 379 406 433
20000
10000
-10000
-10000
-10000
-20000
-20000
-20000
-30000
-30000
-30000
5000000
25000000
4000000 20000000
1000000
1000000
0
0 -1000000
-2000000
-2000000
-3000000
-3000000
-4000000
-4000000
15000000
441
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
1
41
81
441
401
361
321
281
241 241
81
1
441
401
361
321
281
1
441
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
81
1
441
401
361
321
41
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
1
81
441 441
401
361
321
281
441
401
361
321
281
241
Let op10000000 de extreme versnelling en de ca. 5 keer5000000 zo hoge ruk 0 als bij de overige voorbeelden. -5000000
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
2000000
Relatieve snelheden van bodem, lichaam en voet
1 33 65 97 129 161 193 225 257 289 321 353 385 417 449
3000000
2000000
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 391 421
3000000
-1000000
Barefoot
0 1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
Bladerunner
0
Ruk
441
-4000000
1200
4000000
401
-4000000
1400
5000000
361
-4000000
-4000000
Versnelling
321
-3000000
-4000000
-3000000
-4000000
30000
281
-3000000
-3000000
-3000000
-3000000
0
0
-2000000
-2000000
200
1000000
-1000000
-2000000
-2000000
Sprint max V
-1000000
-2000000
-2000000
Snelheid
241
-1000000
201
1
441
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
1
81
41
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
1
81
41
-1000000
-1000000
281
0
0
241
0
1000000
20000
201
1000000
0
200
161
1000000
1000000
1000
121
2000000
201
2000000
2000000
161
3000000
2000000
121
4000000
3000000
2000000
1
4000000
3000000
3000000
81
4000000
4000000
41
5000000
0
1200
-30000 5000000
3000000
1000000
1400
-30000
5000000
4000000
161
2000000
Ruk
-20000
5000000
121
3000000
81
Ruk
4000000
41
5000000
-1000000
-30000
5000000
201
-30000
161
-20000
-30000
201
-20000
-30000
161
-20000
0 -10000
-20000
-20000
121
-10000
-10000
121
-10000
81
1 1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365 393 421
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365 393 421
401
361
321
281
241
201
161
121
1
81
41
-10000
10000
0
-10000
241
0
0
20000
10000
201
0
0
30000
20000
161
10000
30000
121
10000
41
10000
Voetballer
81
10000
41
441
401
361
321
Versnelling
20000
1
20000
81
30000
20000
41
30000
200 0
41
Versnelling
20000
400
0 281
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 391 421
200
30000 30000
600
Stud. male
400
0
0
401
361
321
281
241
201
81
161
121
1
200
241
200
0
41
Stud. female
1
200
0
400
Prof. female
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 391 421
200
400
Sprint 40.3 km/u
41
Prof. male
400 400
800
600
201
600
1200 1200
1000
161
800
1400 1400
Snelheid
121
1000
1400
81
Snelheid
1200
41
1400
LZP: V= 0
LZP: V= 0
Vvoet t.o.v. LZP ≈ 0 Vbodem t.o.v. Vvoet ≈ 40 km/u
Vbodem t.o.v. LZP = 40 km/u
Vbodem t.o.v. Vvoet ≈ 0 km/u
Vvoet t.o.v. LZP ≈ 40 km/u
Vbodem (ca. 40 km/u)
Tapis roulant
=
Meebewegende camera
Vvoet t.o.v. Lichaam
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LZP: V= 0
LZP: V= 0
Vvoet t.o.v. LZP ≈ 0
Vbodem t.o.v. Vbodem t.o.v. Vvoet ≈ 0 km/u LZP = 40 km/u
Vbodem t.o.v. Vvoet ≈ 40 km/u
Vvoet t.o.v. LZP ≈ 40 km/u
Vbodem (ca. 40 km/u)
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115 118 121 124 127 130 133 136 139 142 145 148 151 154 157 160 163 166 169 172 175 178 181 184 187 190 193 196 199 202 205 208 211 214 217
Vvoet t.o.v. Lichaam
Vvoet > Vlichaam
Bodem V= 0
Vvoet = 0
Vlichaam ca 14 km/u Vvoet
Vzg
Vzg
HAMSTRINGS: BLESSURE
Vvg Vzg = snelheid zwaartepunt tov grond Vvg = snelheid voet tov grond VVz = snelheid voet tov zwaartepunt
Vvz
Vvg
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Schache A., Acland D., Fok L., Koulouris G., Pandy M. Three-dimensional geometry of the human biceps femoris long head measured in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical Biomechanics 28 (2013) 278-284
68 – 95 = -27
52 – 39 = +13
Als heuphoek – kniehoek = max lengte hamstrings = max
45 – 33 = +12
33 – 26 = +7
De M. biceps femoris is bij hardlopen de meest geblesseerde spier, de M. semimembranosus bij extreme verlenging. Carl Askling Hamstring Muscle Strain Thesis 2008, Karolinska Institutet Carl M. Askling, Magnus Tengvar, Tönu Saartok and Alf Thorstensson Proximal Hamstring Strains of Stretching Type in Different Sports Injury Situations, Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging characteristics, and Return to Sport The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 9 (2008): 1799-1804. Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Darryl G. Thelen The effect of speed and influence of individual muscles on hamstring mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting Journal of Biomechanics 40 (2007) 3555–3562 Han Inklaar Richtlijn “Hamstringblessures bij sporters” 2012, Vereniging voor Sportgeneeskunde http://www.sportgeneeskunde.com/files/Monodisciplin aire%20Richtlijn% 20H amstringb lessur e% 20bij%20sporter s.pdf James M. Linklater, Bruce Hamilton, James Carmichael, John Orchard, David G. W ood. Hamstring Injuries: Anatomy, Imaging, and Intervention Seminars In Musculoskeletal Radiology/Volume 14, Number 2 (2010 ) Jurdan Mendiguchia, Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Matt Brughelli Hamstring strain injuries: are we heading in the right direction? Br J Sports Med February 2012 Vol 46 No 2 81
De blessure treedt op gedurende het laatste deel van de zwaaifase Elizabeth S Chumanov, Anthony G Schache, Bryan C Heiderscheit, Darryl G Thelen Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late swing phase of sprinting Br J Sports Med 2012;46:2 90 Published Online First: 4 July 2011 Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, And Darryl G. Thelen Hamstring Musculotendon Dynamics during Stance and Swing Phases of High-Speed Running Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 525–532 (2011). Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Dina M. Hoerth, Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Stephen C. Swanson, Brian J. Thelen, Darryl G. Thelen Identifying the time of occurrence of a hamstring strain injury during treadmill running: A case study Clinical Biomechanics 20 (2005) 1072–1078 Hui Liu, William E. Garrett, Claude T. Moorman, Bing Yu Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature Journal of Sport and Health Science 1 (2012) 92-101 Anthony G. Schache, Tim V. Wrigley, Richard Baker, Marcus G. Pandy Biomechanical response to hamstring muscle strain injury Gait & Posture 29 (2009) 332–338 Anthony G. Schache , Hyung-Joo Kim, David L. Morgan, Marcus G. Pandy Hamstring muscle forces prior to and immediately following an acute sprinting-related muscle strain injury Gait & Posture 32 (2010) 136–140
Marc Sherry Evaluation and Treatment of Acute Hamstring Strains and Related Injuries Sports Physical Therapy vol. 4 • no. 2 (2012): 107 – 114
De M. biceps femoris verlengt, in het laatste deel van de zwaaifase, het meest van de drie hamstrings Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Darryl G. Thelen The effect of speed and influence of individual muscles on hamstring mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting Journal of Biomechanics 40 (2007) 3555–3562 Hamstring Musculotendon Dynamics During Stance And Swing Phases Of High-speed Running Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, And Darryl G. Thelen Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 3, Pp. 525–532, 2011. Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Dina M. Hoerth, Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Stephen C. Swanson, Brian J. Thelen, Darryl G. Thelen Identifying the time of occurrence of a hamstring strain injury during treadmill running: A case study Clinical Biomechanics 20 (2005) 1072–1078 Schache, A. G., T. W. Dorn, P.D. Blanch, N. A. T. Brown, And M. G. Pandy. Mechanics of the Human Hamstring Muscles during Sprinting. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 647–658, 2012. Anthony G. Schache, Tim W. Dorn , Tim V. Wrigley, Nicholas A. T. Brown, Marcus G. Pandy Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds Eur J Appl Physiol (2013) 113:2813–2828 Schache A., Acland D., Fok L., Koulouris G., Pandy M. Three-dimensional geometry of the human biceps femoris long head measured in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical Biomechanics 28 (2013) 278-284
KENMERKEN VAN DE HAMSTRINGBLESSURE (M. BICEPS FEMORIS) De M. biceps femoris is bij hardlopen de meest geblesseerde spier, de M. semimembranosus bij extreme verlenging. De blessure treedt op gedurende het laatste deel van de zwaaifase De M. biceps femoris is hierbij het meest verlengd van de drie hamstrings. De sarcomeren zijn dus verlengd. De “ruk” (van excentrische vertraging, naar concentrische versnelling) is precies op dat moment het grootst
Thelen D., Chumanov D., Hoerth T. , Best S., Swanson L., Young, And Heiderscheit B. Hamstring Muscle Kinematics during Treadmill Sprinting. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 108–114, 2005.
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Ongestoorde situatie Beperkte heupextensie contralateraal
Sprinter 40 km/u
Female Prof
Female College stud.
Maximale verlenging M. biceps femoris valt samen met de maximale heupextensie van het contralaterale been
Bekken + been kantelen “en bloc”voorover (+ lordosering LWK) “Extra” verlenging hamstrings
Footballer
Male Prof
Male College stud.
Excentrische oefeningen verschuiven van het maximaal te leveren moment naar langere spierlengten
HAMSTRINGS: OEFENEN
J. Alonso, M. P. McHugh, M. J. Mullaney, T. F. Tyler Effect of hamstring flexibility on isometric knee flexion angle–torque relationship Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009: 19: 252–256 Philippou, G. Bogdanis, A. Nevill, M. Maridaki Changes in the angle-force curve of human elbow flexors following eccentric and isometric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol (2004) 93: 237-244 Lynn, R., and D. L. Morgan. Decline running produces more sarcomeres in rat vastus intermedius muscle fibers than does incline running. J. Appl. Physiol. 77(3): 1439-1444, 1994. R. Lynn, J. Talbot, D. Morgan Differences in rat skeletal muscles after incline an decline running Eur J Appl Physiol (1998) 85: 98-104 David L. Morgan And Jason A. Talbot The Addition Of Sarcomeres In Series Is The Main Protective Mechanism Following Eccentric Exercise Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4 (2002) 421{431 Kieran O’Sullivan, Sean McAuliffe, Neasa DeBurca The effects of eccentric training on lower limb flexibility: a systematic review Br J Sports Med 2012;46:838–845.
Excentrische oefeningen veroorzaken een toename van de spiervezellengte c.q. het aantal sarcomeren David L. Morgan And Jason A. Talbot The Addition Of Sarcomeres In Series Is The Main Protective Mechanism Following Eccentric Exercise Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4 (2002) 421{431 Butterfield, Timothy A., Timothy R. Leonard, and Walter Herzog. Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent. J Appl Physiol 99: 1352–1358, 2005 Tara G. Potier · Caroline M. Alexander Olivier R. Seynnes Effects of eccentric strength training on biceps femoris muscle architecture and knee joint range of movement Eur J Appl Physiol (2009) 105:939–944
Het gaat veel meer om de (verlengde) positie waarin wordt geoefend dan om de excentrische contractie Kenny Guex, Francis Degache, Gérald Gremion, & Grégoire P. Millet Effect of hip flexion angle on hamstring optimum length after a single set of concentric contractions Journal of Sports Sciences, 2013 Vol. 31, No. 14, 1545–1552 Anthony J. Blazevich, Dale Cannavan, David R. Coleman and Sara Horne Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles J Appl Physiol 103:1565-1575, 2007 Jennette L. Boakes, Jared Foran, Samuel R. Ward, and Richard L. Lieber Muscle Adaptation by Serial Sarcomere Addition 1 Year after Femoral Lengthening Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research Number 456, pp. 250–253, 2006
Om een spier sterker te maken in een verlengde positie, moet deze ook contraheren in een verlengde positie! positie! Het type contractie (concentrisch of excentrisch) is hierbij veel minder van belang.
En wat is de meest populaire oefening ter preventie van hamstring--blessures???? hamstring
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Dank voor uw aandacht
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