GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome)

GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome)

Basic Knowledges: Cells Chromosome Gen Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen Kariotyping Sex Chromosome Interspecies Breeding/Mating:: Duck-Goose: TIKTOK Domba -Kambing

GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

Tell me what I am ?????

1. By the beginning of the 20th century, cytologists had observed : chromosome number is constant in all cells of a species, but varies widely between species.


2. Sutton and Boveri (1902) independently realized the parallel between Mendelian inheritance and chromosome transmission, and proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance: that Mendelian factors (genes) are located on chromosomes.

ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES 30

60

sperms produced by meiosis

30

sperm mother cell

30

30

fertilization zygote

ovum mother cell

30

30

60

60


ova produced by meiosis but only one develops to maturity

Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation Mother

Father

23 pairs of chromosomes

23 pairs of chromosomes

Meiosis Sex cells

23 unpaired chromosomes



Fertilisation 23 pairs of chromosomes

Child



Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome • Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in chromosomes • Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring


Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement • Study of chromosomes • In early 19th century used light microscopy • Used to prepare karyotypes: arrangement of an organisms chromosomes in homologous pairs • Today, use high-resolution electron microscopy to see the genes directly GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION Chromosomes can be identified by: • Their size: Ukuran • Their shape (the position of the centromere) : Bentuk NB Chromosomes are flexible • Banding patterns produced by specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola Chromosomes are analysed by organising them into a KARYOTYPE


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Karyotyping



RESULTS OF KARYOTIOPING:

Letak/bentuk acak Jumlah dapat dihitung

Metode: Disusun besar- kecil Besar,bentuk, homolog Urutan: Besar—kecil Besar dan kesamaan bentuk Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex

Manfaat 1: Penentuan normal-abnorma GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB


Animals Chromosome



Animals are selected based on structural & numerical variations Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc. Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy

Disadvantage: low polymorphism


ِChromosome Abnormality: •Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi, saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan •Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio

Chromosome Number Variation Euploidi: multiplikasi bilangan dasar Moniploid: N kromosom Triploid : 3N (N+2N) Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan somatik krn, indukdsi kimia Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi) Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum

(6N) arbei (8N)

Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan semua set krom/hanya bagian krom. Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi : memecah (N) =(N+1) Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N) Tetrasonik:

(2N+2) GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi krom non homolog

Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti dengan pertukaran

Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu, f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,)

Inversi:

tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6) Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G - A.B.C.E.D.F.G

Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- ABCFG Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru


GENETIC MATERIAL .II :DNAChromosome Structure:

PATERNITY TEST

M F F2 C

= MOTHER = Father (1) = Father (2) = Children

Size : •diameter 0.2 – 2 um •Panjang: 0,2 – 50 um

? GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

Gen and Chromosome Kromosom terletak didalam inti sel berbentuk serabut yang disebut benang kromatin. Setiap kromosom mengandung rantai DNA. Potongan pendek DNA disebut gen. Gen inilah yang membawa sifat keturunan Setiap gen menempati tempattertentu didalam kromosom yang disebut lokus gen GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

DNA memiliki beberapa fungsi yaitu : a) Sebagai pembawa informasi genetik dari satu generasi ke generasi lainnya b) Mengontrol aktifitas dalam sel, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung c) Menentukan proses pembentukan protein (sintesis protein) d) Membentuk RNA


PROSES ISOLASI DNA Secara Umum: (1).Kromosom dikeluarkan dari nukleus (2). Inti Sel (nukleus) t.a. DNA, PROTEIN(histone), RNA (Bahan utama pembentuk kromosom)

ditambahkan RNA ase -------- DNA + Protein (3). DNA + Protein -------------- DNA saja (enzim proteinase) GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB


Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida Nukleutida ta: 3 mcm molekul utama (1).gula: a. Deoxy (DNA) b. Ribose (RNA) (2). Gusus Phosphat (3). BASA NITROGEN ‫؛‬Cat: 1 dan 2 identik pd semua sel 3 berbeda antar sel

(3). BASA NITROGEN : ‫؛ ؛‬: Adenin (A); Guanin (G). Purine Pyrimidine : (Cystine (C) ; Uracyl (U) dan Thymin (T):

]

Pasangan : A-T; C-G DNA : C.T RNA : C.U



Sekuen: merunut nukleotida penyusun rangkaian molekul DNA



Replikasi

Transkrips i

Translasi


A probe is a piece of complementary DNA of known sequence, labeled with radioactivity so it can be detected


DNA recombinant technology


RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Animal and Nutrition•

DNA Fingerprinting Real World Applications

• Crime scene • Human relatedness • Paternity • • • • • • •

Animal relatedness Anthropology studies Disease-causing organisms Food identification Human remains Animals Genetic: Early Selection Monitoring transplants

DR. Gatot CiptadiGTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

DNA Fingerprinting: Forensics


Definition of recombinant DNA technology A series of procedures used to recombine DNA segments.. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate.

Basic principle of recombinant DNA tech. The DNA is inserted into another DNA molecule called ‘vector The recombinant vector is then introduced into a host cell where it replicates itself, the gene is then produced GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK Fapet UB

GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome)

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