FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN THE JOURNAL ARTICLES WRITTEN BY NATIVE SPEAKERS AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS
By YULIA CHARISMA NIM 200832034
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2013
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN THE JOURNAL ARTICLES WRITTEN BY NATIVE SPEAKERS AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS
SKRIPSI Presented to the University of Muria Kudus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program in English Education
By YULIA CHARISMA NIM 200832034
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO: Actually after the difficulty will arrive the easily, so do your business seriously and you just hope to Allah. (QS. Asy-Syarah) Live is to dedicate the best that has full meaning for the world and the hereafter. (AA Gym)
DEDICATION: o Allah who always give his full of rohmah and blessing o My beloved parents who always give spirit and as my inspiration (my father Musfahroni and my mother Siti Aminah) o My beloved brother Suyono Hermawan o My beloved best friends (ST, Kak Opix, Cha, Put, Me, Zida, and all of therapists in AlAchsaniyyah) o My
beloved
someone
who
accompanies, supports, and guide me. o Myself. It is new term of my life.
always
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana Skripsi of Yulia Charisma (2008-32-034) has been approved by the skripsi advisors for further approval by the Examining Committee.
Kudus, January 2013 Advisor I
Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd NIP. 19621219 198703 1 001 Advisor II
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd NIS. 0610701000001207 Acknowledged by The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd NIP. 19560619-198503-1-002
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
This is to clarify that the skripsi of Yulia Charisma (NIM: 2008-32-034) has been approved by the Examining Committee as a requirement for the Sarjana Degree in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language. Kudus,
February 2013
Skripsi Examining Committee:
Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd NIP. 19621219-198703-1-001
, Chairperson
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd NIS. 0610701000001207
, Member
Acknowledged by The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd NIP. 19560619-198503-1-002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to extend gratitude to the Almighty Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, for blessing every time, so this final project can be finished. In this occasion I would like to deliver sincerest gratitude to the following people: 1. My beloved parents who always give love, pray, and support. 2. Susilo Rahardjo, M. Pd. as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty who has given the smooth way to finish and compile this study. 3. Fitri Budi Suryani, SS, M. Pd. as the head of English Education Department. 4. Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd. as my first advisor who has already approved this research and given a lot of guidance and suggestion in the completion of this study. 5. Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd as my second advisor who has patiently and kindly given valuable and continuous guidance, advice, as well as encouragement in making and completing this Skripsi. 6. All lecturers of Department of English Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muria Kudus. 7. All of families (father, mother, and brother) who always support and lead me. 8. My beloved best friends and someone who always give loves and support.
I conscious that in compiling this skripsi belongs to much insuffiency, I hopes some criticism and suggestion which means develop to the perfect research. Finally, in the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful and by the deeper thanks to our God, I hope that May our God always bless and guide us to the best way of our life in the world and hereafter especially to all who have already helped in compilation of this skripsi.
Kudus,
January 2013
Yulia Charisma
ABSTRACT Charisma, Yulia. 2012. Functional Grammar Analysis of Clause Complexes in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speaker and Non-Native Speaker. Skripsi : English Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Muria Kudus University. Advisors : (1) Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd., (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd Key word: Clause, clause complex, Journal Articles, Native and Non Native Speaker Clause complex is the Grammar’s way of showing “that” and “how” the process going together in a sequence that relates to each other. When we read an English article, we often get difficulties in understanding of how the information that is read going together in a sequence that related to each other so that theory of clause complex is used to make clear how the clauses are linked one another so it shows the relation between the clauses. I choose to analyze clause complex in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers because I assume that there are many clause complexes which can be analyzed. In order to give new information about clause complex and to give knowledge in understanding clause complex used in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers, I am motivated to analyze the clause complex used in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers in The Internet TESL Journal 2010. The purpose of this research is to find out the kinds of taxis and logicosemantic relation that are used in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers, and to find out how the clause complex is used in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers. The data and data source of this research is two journal articles written by native speakers and two journal articles written by non-native speakers that are downloaded from The Internet TESL Journal 2010. I used descriptive qualitative as the research design. Based on the analyzing the data, it was found that the kinds of taxis in the journal article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are paratactic and hypotactic. In the first journal article written by native speaker, there are 40 paratactic clauses and 45 hypotactic clauses. While, in the second journal written by native speaker, there are 26 paratactic clauses and 35 hypotactic clauses. Whereas, in the first journal article written by non-native speaker there are 28 paratactic clauses and 35 hypotactic clauses. And the last, in the second journal written by non-native speaker there are 18 paratactic clauses and 44 hypotactic clauses. Meanwhile the kinds of Logico-semantic relation which are used in the journal article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are expansion and projection. Expansion can be classified into elaboration, extension and enhancement. Whereas projection can be classified into locution and idea. In the first journal article written by native speaker, there are 31 elaboration clauses, 32
extension clauses, 31 enhancement clauses, 1 locution clause and 7 idea clauses. Then, in the second journal article written by native speaker, there are 23 elaboration clauses, 23 extension clauses, 18 enhancement clauses and 6 idea clauses. Whereas, in the first journal article written by non-native speaker, there are 25 elaboration clauses, 21 extension clauses, 19 enhancement clauses, 1 locution clause and 8 idea clauses. And the last, in the second journal article written by nonnative speaker, there are 32 elaboration clauses, 14 extension clauses, 18 enhancement clauses and 9 idea clauses. The way clause complex is used in the journal article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are “often” to be used because their percentages around 45%-72%. The result of the calculation is 72.03% for the first article written by native speaker, 70,11% for the second article written by native speaker, 66,32% for the first article written by non-native speaker and 68, 89% for the second article written by non-native speaker. From that journal articles, the journal article written by native speakers has higher percentage than the journal article written by non-native speakers. Therefore, I suggest that the reader can add their knowledge and get new information about theory of clause complex that is used in the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers. Moreover the English students can enrich their knowledge about clause complex through the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers. Meanwhile the lectures of English Education Department Teacher Training Faculty Muria Kudus University can give knowledge about clause complex clearly and easily to be comprehended by students through the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers. And the last I would like to give suggestion to further researchers, the next researchers can apply the journal article as the data source to analyze clause complex that is already known that there are many clause complexes are used there.
ABSTRAKSI Charisma, Yulia. 2012. Functional Grammar Analisis Klausa Kompleks di Artikel Jurnal yang Ditulis oleh Penutur Asli dan Bukan Penutur Asli. Skripsi : Pendidikian Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Pembimbing : (1)Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd., (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd Kata kunci: Klausa, Klausa Kompleks, Artikel Jurnal, Penutur Asli dan Bukan Penutur Asli Klausa kompleks merupakan cara tata bahasa yang menunjukkan “bahwa” dan “bagaimana” sebuah proses yang ada secara bersamaan dalam suatu rangkaian yang menghubungkan satu sama lain. Saat kita membaca artikel dalam bahasa Inggris, kita sering mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami bagaimana informasi yang dibaca dalam suatu rangkaian yang saling menghubungkan satu sama lain, oleh karena ituteori klausa kompleks digunakan untuk memperjelas bagaiman kalusa-klausa tersebut dihubungkan satu sama lain sehingga ini menunjukkan hubungan antar kalusa-klausanya. Saya memilih untuk menganalisa klausa kompleks pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli karena saya berasumsi bahwa ada banyak klausa kompleks yang bias dianalisis untuk memberi informasi baru tentang klausa kompleks dan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dalam memahami klausa kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli, saya termotivasi untuk menganalisa klausa kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis-jenis taxis dan logico-semantic relation yang ditemukan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli dan juga untuk menemukan bagaiman klausa kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Data dan sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah dua artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan dua artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli yang diunduh dari The Internet TESL Journal 2010. Saya menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif sebagai desain penelitian. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa jenis-jenis taxis pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli adalah paratactic dan hypotactic. Pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 40 klausa paratactic dan 45 klausa hypotactic. Sementara itu, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 26 klausa paratactic dan 35 klausa hypotactic. Sedangkan, pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 28 klausa paratactic dan 35 klausa hypotactic. Dan yang terakhir, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 18 klausa paratactic dan 44 klausa hypotactic. Sedangkan jenis-jenis logico-semantic relation yang ditemukan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli adalah expansion dan projection. Expansion dibagi menjadi elaboration, extension, dan enhancement.
Dan projection dibagi menjadi locution dan idea. Pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 31 elaboration, 32 extension, 31 enhancement, 1 locution dan 7 idea. Lalu, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 23 elaboration, 23 extension, 18 enhancement, dan 6 idea. Sedangkan, pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 25 elaboration, 21 extension 19 enhancement, 1 locution clause and 8 idea clauses. Dan yang terakhir, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 32 elaboration, 14 extension, 18 enhancement, dan 9 idea. Bagaimana klausa kompleks itu digunakan pada keempat artikel jurnal adalah “sering” digunakan karena persentase keempatnya berkisar antara 45%-72%. Hasil dari perhitungannya adalah 72.03% untuk artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh penutur asli, 70,11% untuk artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh penutur asli, 66,32% untuk artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli and 68, 89% untuk artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli. Dari artikel jurnal tersebut, artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli memiliki penggunaan klausa kompleks yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan article jurnal yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli. Oleh karena itu saya menyarankan agar para pembaca dapat menambah pengetahuan mereka dan mendapatkan informasi tentang klausa kompleks melalui artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Terlebih lagi bagi mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris dapat memperkaya pengetahuan mereka tentang klausa kompleks melalui artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Sedangkan para dosen program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muria Kudus dapat memberikan pengetahuan kepada mahasiswanya tentang klausa kompleks melalui artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Dan yang terakhir saya ingin memberikan saran kepada peneliti yang lain, peneliti selanjutnya dapat menggunakan artikel jurnal sebagai sumber data untuk menganalisis klausa kompleks yang telah diketahui bahwa banyak klausa kompleks yang digunakan disana.
TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER .................................................................................................................. LOGO ..................................................................................................................... TITLE .................................................................................................................... MOTTO AND DEDICATION ............................................................................. ADVISORS’ APPROVAL ................................................................................... EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ................................................................................ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ABSTRAKSI.......................................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................. LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................................................
i ii iii iv v vi vii ix xi xiii xvi xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background of the Research ................................................................ 1
1.2
Statement of the Problem ..................................................................... 3
1.3
Objective of the Research .................................................................... 3
1.4
Significance of the Research ................................................................ 3
1.5
Limitation of the Research ................................................................... 4
1.6
Operational Definition.......................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESIS 2.1
Clause .................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1
Clause and Sentence Based on Conventional and Functional Grammar Side………………………………………………………. 6
2.2
Clause Complex ................................................................................... 11
2.2.1
Definition of Clause Complex.............................................................. 11
2.2.2
Type of Relation Between Clause ....................................................... 12
2.2.2.1
Taxis ..................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2.1.1
Hypotactic ............................................................................................ 12
2.2.2.1.2
Paratactic ............................................................................................. 13
2.2.2.2
Logico-Semantic Relation .................................................................... 15
2.2.2.2.1
Expansion ............................................................................................. 15
2.2.2.2.1.1 Elaboration ........................................................................................... 16 2.2.2.2.1.2 Extension .............................................................................................. 18 2.2.2.2.1.3 Enhancement ........................................................................................ 20 2.2.2.2.2
Projection ............................................................................................. 21
2.3
The Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ............................................................................................... 24
2.4
Clause Complex in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers……………………………………………. 25
2.5
Review of the Previous Research ......................................................... 26
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH 3.1.
Design of the Research ......................................................................... 27
3.2.
Data and Data Source ........................................................................... 27
3.3.
Data Collection ..................................................................................... 28
3.4.
Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH 4.1.
Finding ................................................................................................. 32
4.1.1
The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers .................................................... 32
4.1.2
The Kinds of Logico-Semantic Relation Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ...................... 57
4.1.3
The Way Clause Complex is Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ......................................... 87
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 5.1
The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non Native Speakers ...................................................... 89
5.1.1
Paratactic ............................................................................................. 89
5.1.2
Hypotactic ........................................................................................... 94
5.2
The Kinds of Logico-Semantic Relation Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ……………... 97
5.2.1
Elaboration ........................................................................................... 98
5.2.2
Extension ............................................................................................. 102
5.2.3
Enhancement ....................................................................................... 105
5.2.4
Locution .............................................................................................. 107
5.2.5
Idea ...................................................................................................... 108
5.3
The Way Clause Complex is Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers …………………………. 110
CHAPER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 6.1.
Conclusion............................................................................................ 111
6.2.
Suggestion ............................................................................................ 113
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 145 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 147 CURRICULUM VITAE ....................................................................................... 204
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
4.1.1
The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-native Speakers............................... 33
4.1.2
The Kinds of Logico-semantic Relation in the Journal Articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers ......................................................................................... 58
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
PAGE
Journal Article Written by Native Speaker: “The Benefits of Using Drama in the ESL/EFL Classroom” ......................................... 118
2
Journal Article Written by Native Speaker: “Re-envisioning Reading Comprehension for English Language Learners” ................ 124
3
Journal
Article
Written
by
Non-Native
Speaker:
“Advantages and Disadvantages of ESL Course Books” .................... 131 4
Journal Article Written by Non-Native Speakers: “A Teacher Friendly
for
Evaluating
and
Selecting
ESL/EFL
Coursebooks”....................................................................................... 136 5
The analysis of Clause Complex .......................................................... 143
