Fresh water supply and water quality in the Netherlands at national and regional scale
a Knowledge for Climate Programme Ad Jeuken – Eelco van Beek (Deltares) Knooppunt Klimaat 01-12-2011
Content • Introduction: fresh water availability in the Netherlands • from groundwater • and surface water
• The Knowledge for Climate programme on Fresh Water Supply this presentation: waterquality is salinity
The ‘low-lying’ lands: Netherlands The facts: • a deltaic area with 3 rivers: Meuse, Scheldt & Rhine
River flooding 1995
• ~25% of land surface is lying below mean sea level • ~65 % would be flooded regularly if there were no dunes and dikes • ~8 million people would be endangered
The Flooding of 1953
Development of the Dutch ‘Polder’ Landscape
~1000 AD
13th century
17th century
19th century
From fresh water outflow to salt water inflow Historical subsidence of the ground surface in Holland
• Causes: • Autonomous processes • Land subsidence +2.5m = • Abrupt land reclamation outflow • Climate change • Sea level rise • Change in net recharge
-3.0m = intrusion
Ground surface
• To get an idea about the possible future effects of • SLR and climate change in your delta …
• evaluate of the past water management in the Dutch delta
Coastal groundwater vulnerable to sea level rise
A (Dutch) groundwater system Present processes
Future changes
Present saline seepage is from old marine deposits, not from recent Noordzee sea water intrusion
Estimated effect in 2075 on salinity
decrease conc depends on scenario increase conc
Autonomous processes
Land subsidence
Sea level rise
Increase or decrease concentration for all climate scenarios G, G+, W, W+
Current fresh water strategy (surface water)
Salt water Fresh water
• Distribution network and wateragreements • Priority categories in case of shortage • LCW – Drought Early Warning System • 70% of Rhine water at low flow used for flushing NWW
accessibility for ships and SALT
Distribution of river discharge (m3/s) over the main watersystem attribution to the regional systems. in dry year (ca. 1:10 year).
Percentage water externally supplied (dry summer)
Climate change -> possible decrease of river discharges Lobith 2050 4000
3000
Reference 2500
W2050 W+2050
2000
G2050 G+2050
1500 1000 500 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Borgharen 2050 600
500 Average discharge (m3/s)
Average discharge (m3/s)
3500
Reference
400
W2050 W+2050
300
G2050 G+2050 200
100
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun Month
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Future development of water use a.o. greenports
Main research questions • How may the boundary conditions for fresh water availability and demand change? • What measures for adaptation are available and potentially succesful? • What can be achieved by watermanagement • What can be achieved by crop / nature management • what can be achieved by water technology To become regionally more self reliant
• What sort of uncertainty is encountered and how to design robust and flexible strategies • Focus on low-lying areas in western part of the Netherlands • salt intrusions play a major role
• Mix of PhD (7), Post-doc and ‘applied’ research
Cases - driving our research Work Package 6: 3 Cases • Case study ‘Groene Ruggengraat’ - climate proof water and land use in coastal meadows of the Netherlands • Case study ‘Haaglanden’ – towards a more robust, selfsufficient fresh water supply of the Haaglanden region (focus on glasshouses-horticulture) • Case study ‘Zuidwestelijke Delta’ – climate proof and sustainable water use in Dutch Delta area
• Research aims to contribute to long-term regional adaptation strategies • With particular attention to stakeholder involvement
Stakeholders • Hotspots Rotterdam, ZWD, Haaglanden incl. waterboards, provinces and municipalities • Province South Holland • Ministries V&W, LNV • Project office Green Heart • SBB, Natuurmonumenten • (Z)LTO • STOWA • OASE, St. Donatius
Work packages WP-2 Adapting fresh water supply and buffering capacity of the coupled groundwater – surface water system WP-3 Adaptation and implications of increasing salt water pressures to agriculture and nature WP-4 Water technology as a tool for sustainable regional water supply WP-5 Decision making under uncertainty – finding a robust and flexible fresh water supply strategy
WP-1 Climate change in the Netherlands in a global/ European perspective - our boundary conditions
Boundary conditions, Measures, Assessment and decision making, Cases
WP-6 Integrating cases Case study Haaglanden Case study Zuidwestelijke Delta Case study ‘Groene Ruggengraat’
Some examples form ongoing research
EU scenes – sociaaleconomische scenario’s Water consumption Ref Domestic Electricity Irrigation Agriculture Industry Manufacturing
Water consumptuin summer (m3/s)
EcF
FoE
500 450 400 350 SuE PoR FoE EcF
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Ref
2050
PoR
SuE
Different origines of water at field scale • Measurements in the Z-O Haarlemmermeer: • Tracers (Cl, Br, 2H, 18O, SO4, Ca, etc) Monthly • How dus system react in dry / wet periods
EC – routing mei 2011
Gemaal Heye 100%
diep grondwater (wellen)
90% 80% 70%
diffuse kwel
60%
freatisch grondwater
50% 40% 30%
inlaatwater
20% 10%
19 -s ep
5se p
22 -a ug
l
l 8au g
25 -ju
n
juli
11 -ju
april
27 -ju
2m ei 16 -m ei 30 -m ei 13 -ju n
4ap r 18 -a pr
0%
oktober
Detail studies on rain water lenses
5 december 2011
Effecten kustsuppletie op grondwaterstroming strand en zoet – zout verdeling duinen (modellen)
5 december 2011
WP 3.2 Adaptation to dry and saline conditions by crop cultivation exploiting brackish water and saving fresh water
• Growth and physiological salt response of different crops • Growth of Salicornia spp. in a seawater dropirrigation system. • Field experiment: cultivation of quinoa, barley, beet, alfalfa and lupine. • If we understand physiological responses in tolerant crops, we might be able to use this information for crop improvement
How do measures fit into national fresh water supply strategies? public
water follows use
user follows water
private
Conditioneren van watersysteem op perceel Vergroting afstand of verhoging niveau van drainagemiddelen
Eigen watervoorzienig Opvang en recirculatie regenwater
Waterlevering Beprijzing waterlevering
Ontzilten brak water Afvangen brakke kwel door kwelscherm van diepe drains
Ontzilten brak water met MEMSTILL technologie
Combinaties berging en drainage
Aanpassen agrarisch landgebruik
Externe wateraanvoer Polder water hergebruik / hercirculatie Gescheiden aan en afvoer via watergangen
Ruimtegebruik sturen Externe wateraanvoer Aanvoerleidingen en afvoer via de watergangen
Teeltsysteem zoete gewassen
Normering en watervoorziening differentieren in ruimte en tijd
Verplaatsen verziltinggevoelige teelt
Interne watervoorziening door berging
Stedelijke ontwikkeling
Seizoensberging in open waterreservoirs
Ontwikkelen van natuur
- bassin (seizoensberging)
Interne watervoorziening door berging
- bodemstructuur - nutrientenvoorziening
Kreekruggen / strandwallen
- drip/sprinkler irrigatie
Diepe aquifers door zoet water injectie
- natuurgebied gebruiken als opslag
Brak watervoorziening zilte teelten mogelijk maken
- aanleg tussenboezems Herziening natuurdoeltypen
Zoetwaterlenzen op percelen door verlaging van slootpeilen
Gewaseigenschappen veranderen (veredeling, genetische modificatie en halofyten) Verzekeringen / Fondsvorming Overstap op zoutminnende gewassen
Sturen brakke stromen
Tegengaan brakke grondwaterkwel
Compartimenteren brakke kwelgebieden
Overstap op zoutminnende aquacultuur
Peilverhoging in watergangen / polder
Zonering op basis van beschikbaarheid zoet water
Waterwinning in het watervoerend pakket onder de Holocene deklaag
Concentreren brakke kwel door doorprikken/ verdiepen slootbodems
Interne watervoorziening door seizoensberging
Dichten van wellen Concentreren van kwel langs de randen van diepe polders
Kreekruggen / strandwallen
Waterlevering
Diepe aquifers door zoet water injectie Dubbel slootpeil
5
3
Waterakkoorden en waterovereenkomsten externe aanvoer
4
2
1
De Casestudies binnen Groene Ruggengraat
(Focus deze ppt)
Wat betekenen scenario’s voor inlaat?
(KWA)
Watervraag glastuinbouw
1601 bedrijven 3225 ha Water nodig: 28 Mm3 Watervraag (1000 m3) 3000
Watertekort (1000 m3)
2500
Maandneerslag (1000 m3) 3000
2000
2000 1000 1500 0 1
1000 -1000
500
-2000
0 1 -500
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 -3000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Thanks for your attention For further information: - on the fresh water supply programme: http://knowledgeforclimate.climateresearchnetherlands.nl/climateprooffreshwatersupply -
on Deltares and Delta research: USB stick
