1 GREEN ECONOMY AND LOCALLY APPROPRIATE MITIGATION ACTIONS IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT Assessment on Mainstreaming Green Economy into RPJMD of Central Java Province Prepared for: GIZ Prepared by: Rukuh Setiadi January 2016 Project/ Contract Number: GE LAMA-I/83209714
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DAFTAR ISI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RINGKSAN EKSEKUTIF BAB 1: PENGANTAR 1.1. Latar Belakang 1.2. Tujuan dan Sasaran 1.3. Lingkup Studi 1.4. Metodologi
BAB 2: KERANGKA EKONOMI HIJAU
2.1. Framework Ekonomi Hijau dalam Perspektif Regional 2.2. Model-model opsi kebijakan dalam mendorong ekonomi hijau 2.3. Pemetaan Capaian Ekonomi Hijau 2.3.1. Kesesuaian Rencana Pembanguanan Daerah 2.3.2. Tahapan Transformasi 2.4. Indikator-Indikator Ekonomi Hijau 2.5. Pengarusutamaan Ekonomi Hijau: Substantif dan Teknis
BAB 3: EVALUASI DAN TEMUAN STUDI 3.1. Aspek-aspek Ekonomi Hijau di Jateng 3.1.1. Kabupaten Banyumas 3.1.2. Kabupaten Banjarnegara 3.1.3. Kabupaten Purbalingga
3.2. Kesesuaian Visi dan Misi RPJMD dengan Ekonomi Hijau 3.3. Kesesuaian Program dan Indikator Eksisting
BAB 4: INTEGRASI EKONOMI HIJAU DALAM KERANGKA PEMBANGUNAN JATENG 4.1. Opsi Indikator Ekonomi Hijau
4.2. Keterkaitan Antara Provinsi dan Kabupaten dalam Kerangka Ekonomi Hijau 4.3. Pengarusutamaan Ekonomi Hijau dalam RPJMD 4.3.1. Membangun Kesadaran Adanya Keragam Nilai dan Faham 4.3.2. Membangun Pengetahuan yang Mendalam Atas Sub-sistem Kebijakan 4.3.3. Membangun dan Terus Memperluas Jejaring 4.3.4. Berpartisipasi Mengawal Proses Kebijakan dan Mainstreaming
BAB 5: PENUTUP REFERENSI
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report covers three main themes of green economy in Central Java Province. The first theme is an objective assessment on how green is land-based economic sectors (e.g. agriculture, plantation and forestry) in the Province of Central Java. In performing this this task, an assessment framework was designed, and then it was employed in three districts, namely: Banyumas, Purbalingga and Banjarnegara. The assessment framework consists of two main elements, namely: (1) the conformity assessment between the district medium term development plans with green economy ideas and (2) the assessment of transformation phase (from research to the real green investment) that has been achieved by each district. So far, none of the vision, mission, and development policy which are set out in the district medium term development plans, use explicit or specific words or phrases such as green economy, low-carbon economy, green growth, or resource efficiency. Development vision of the districts is dominated by the idea to achieve 'welfare and justice'. Yet, they forget one of the main objectives of the green economy, which is associated with the notion of 'environmental protection and climate stabilization'. Based on the assessment of the stages of green economy transformation, a coherent result was also obtained. Development programs concerning land-based sectors in these three districts are already above average or "somewhat green". They have not achieved the maximum or "totally green", in the sense of not giving a sharp focus on development goals within the green economy perspective. The second theme concerns to the formulation of green economic indicators. Despite the importance to monitor progress in the region, these indicators are also expected to be useful to harmonize the development paths between levels of government (provincial and municipal / district) in the transformation towards a greener economy. These green economic indicators are formulated with a more integrative approach, ie by combining or integrating at least two indicators or metrics into a single indicator. Adapting to the conceptual approach of UNEP (2012), green economic indicators of Central Java are framed into three categories: (1) issues and environmental targets, (2) policy interventions, and (3) social welfare, economy, and justice. Then, these three categories are translated into several sub-categories as follow: 1. Management of Climate Change 2. Ecosystem Management 3. Efficiency of Natural Resources and Environment 4. Implementation Price Instruments: Taxes, Subsidies, and User Charge 5. Application of Rules: Standards, Certification, and Green Procurement 6. Mainstreaming
4 7. Green Investments: Training, Infrastructure, and Conservation 8. Improving Employment Opportunities 9. Opening Equal Access to Resources 10. Improving the Quality of Health 11. Well being
The third theme underlines the process of mainstreaming green economy in the district medium term development plans. The key driver for mainstreaming containes in the four generic steps in influencing the policy process (Weible, Heikkila, deLeon, & Sabatier, 2012). These four generic measures include: 1. Develop awareness of the diverse values or ideology of the green economy 2. Develop in-depth knowledge on a sub-system policy to be mainstreamed 3. Build and continue to expand green economy networks 4. Participate in the process of green economic policies in a long period of time However, these four-steps must be integrated with: (1) the political elements in the context of local government system (Law 2/2015) such as considering pre-election, election, and post-election at the district level. (2) The administrative elements in the context of national development planning system (Law 25/2004). Through this approach, a guide to the process of mainstreaming green economy at the districts level is produced. It is a flexible guide to be used by the agents of change or the local actors, in various Indonesian districts given any political stage.
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RINGKSAN EKSEKUTIF Laporan ini memberikan focus pada tiga tema utama ekonomi hijau di Jawa Tengah. Tema pertama menyangkut pengukuran secara lebih obyektif dan akurat tentang seberapa hijau sektor ekonomi berbasis lahan (pertanian, perkebunan, dan kehutanan) di Provinsi Jateng. Untuk menjalankan tugas ini sebuah kerangka penilaian diujicobakan di tiga kabupaten yaitu: Kabupaten Banyumas, Purbalingga, dan Banjarnegara. Kerangka penilian tersebut terdiri atas dua elemen utama, yaitu: (1) penilaian kesesuaian antara rencana pembangunan daerah dengan gagasan ekonomi hijau dan (2) penilaian tahapan transformasi (dari riset hingga ke investasi nyata) yang telah dilampaui oleh setiap kabupaten. Sejauh ini tidak ada satupun visi, misi, dan arah kebijakan pembangunan yang tertuang di rencana pembangunan jangka menengah daerah (RPJMD) secara eksplisit dan spesifik menggunakan kata atau istilah seperti ekonomi hijau (green economy), ekonomi rendah karbon (low carbon economy), pertumbuhan hijau (green growth), ataupun efisiensi sumberdaya alam (resource efficiency). Visi-visi yang ada didominasi dengan gagasan menuju ‘kesejahteraan dan keadilan’. Namun melupakan salah satu tujuan utama dari ekonomi hijau, yang terkait dengan gagasan ‘perlindungan lingkungan dan stabilisasi iklim’. Ditinjau dari analisis tahapan transformasi, hasil yang konsisten juga diperoleh. Program-program pembangunan pada land-based sector di ketiga kabupaten ini sudah diatas rata-rata atau “agak hijau”, namun belum maksimal atau “benar-benar hijau”, dalam arti belum memberikan focus yang tajam pada tujuan-tujuan pembangunan dalam kerangka ekonomi hijau. Tema kedua berhubungan dengan perumusan indikator ekonomi hijau. Disamping untuk memantau kemajuan wilayah, indikator tersebut juga diharapkan berguna untuk mengharmoniskan gerak pembangunan antar tingkat pemerintahan (provinsi dan kota/kabupaten) dalam menuju transformasi ekonomi yang lebih hijau. Pengembangan indikator ekonomi hijau dibangun dengan pendekatan yang lebih integratif, yaitu dengan menggabungkan atau mengintegasikan setidaknya dua atau lebih indikator sekaligus menjadi satu kesatuan indikator capaian. Secara konseptual, indikator ekonomi hijau Jawa Tengah mengadaptasi pendekatan UNEP (2012). Indikator tersebut dibingkai dalam tiga kategori yaitu: (1) isu dan target lingkungan, (2) intervensi kebijakan, dan (3) kesejahteraan sosial, ekonomi, dan keadilan. Selanjutmya, ketiga kategori tersebut dijabarkan dalam 11 sub-kategori yang meliputi: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Penanganan Perubahan Iklim Manajemen Ekosistem Efisiensi SDA dan Lingkungan Penerapan Instrumen Harga: Pajak, Subsidi, User Charge
6 5. Penerapan Peraturan: Penetapan Standard, Sertifikasi, dan Green Procurement 6. Pengarusutamaan (mainstreaming) 7. Investasi Hijau: Training, Infrastruktur, Konservasi 8. Mendorong Kesempatan Kerja 9. Membuka Akses terhadap Sumberdaya secara Adil 10. Perbaikan Kualitas Kesehatan 11. Kesejahteraan Non-Material (well being) Tema ketiga menggarisbawahi proses pengarusutamaan ekonomi hijau dalam RPJMD. Kunci pengarusutaman terdapat pada empat langkah generik dalam mempengaruhi proses kebijakan (Weible, Heikkila, deLeon, & Sabatier, 2012). Empat langkah generic yang dimaksud diatas meliputi: 1. Membangun kesadaran adanya beragam nilai (values) atau faham (ideology) atas ekonomi hijau 2. Membangun pengetahuan yang mendalam atas sub-sistem kebijakan yang akan diarusutamakan 3. Membangun dan terus memperluas jejaring ekonomi hijau 4. Berpartisipasi dalam proses kebijakan ekonomi hijau pada kurun waktu yang panjang Namun demikian, empat langkah tersebut diintegrasikan dengan: (1) elemen-elemen politis dalam konteks sistem pemerintahan daerah (UU 2/2015) seperti adanya pra pilkada, pelaksanaan pilkada, maupun pasca pilkada. (2) elemen-elemen administrative dalam sistem perencanaan pembangunan nasional (UU 25/2004). Melalui pendekatan ini, dihasilkan suatu panduan proses pengarusutamaan ekonomi hijau yang lebih fleksibel untuk dipakai oleh agen-agen perubah atau aktor lokal, di berbagai daerah kabupaten/ kota pada tahapan politis manapun.
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