THESIS
POWER AND SOLIDARITY SEMANTIC IN THE TRANSLATION OF TERMS OF ADDRESS IN PUPPET SHADOW SCRIPT LUBDAKA
NI MADE NUNIK SAYANI NIM 1390161007
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2015
POWER AND SOLIDARITY SEMANTIC IN THE TRANSLATION OF TERMS OF ADDRESS IN PUPPET SHADOW SCRIPT LUBDAKA
Thesis for obtaining Master Degree In the Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program, Udayana University
NI MADE NUNIK SAYANI NIM 1390161007
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2015 ii
APPROVAL SHEET
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED ON OCTOBER 28th, 2015
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D. NIP 195412241983031001
Dr. I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, M.A. NIP 195709111980032001
Acknowledged by
Head of Master Program Linguistic Department Postgraduate Program Udayana University
Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University
Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. NIP 195212251979031004
Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S.(K) NIP 195902151985102001
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This Thesis Has Been Examined on October 28th, 2015
The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No : 3574/UN14.4/HK/2015 Date : 28 Oktober 2015
Chairman : Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D. Members : 1. Dr. I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, M.A. 2. Prof. Dr. I Made Budiarsa, M.A. 3. Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. 4. Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum.
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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini: Nama
: Ni Made Nunik Sayani
NIM
: 1390161007
Program Studi
: Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana
Judul Tesis
: Power and Solidarity Semantic in the Translation of Terms of Address in Puppet Shadow Script Lubdaka
Dengan ini, menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah / tesis ini bebas plagiat.
Apabila di kemudian hari terbukti plagiat, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai dengan Peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 dan Peraturan Perundang – Undangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, 28 Oktober 2015
Ni Made Nunik Sayani
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to dedicate my sincerest gratitude and praise to God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for Your infinite blessings and love, the spirit and motivation through all of my prayers, and the incredible strength and endurance You give me to pull off through the completion of my thesis entitled “Power and Solidarity Semantic in the Translation of the Terms of Address in Puppet Shadow Script Lubdaka”. This thesis is composed as a partial fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. In this greatest opportunity I would like to extend my gratitude and commendation to Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D as my first supervisor and Dr. I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, M.A. as my second supervisor for the tireless assistances, support, ideas, and many other contributions during the completion of this thesis. Furthermore, the expression of regard also goes to the Rector of Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD, the Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp. S(K)., and the Head of Master Program, in Linguistic Department, Postgraduate Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. There is also gratitude I would express to the members of examiner board, consisting of Prof. I Made Budiarsa, Dr. Ida Ayu Puspani, and Dr. Frans I Made Brata for the inputs, criticisms, and suggestion for this thesis. I also would like to
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express my gratitude to all of the professors, lecturers, and staffs in Linguictics Department Udayana University for the kind support, lesson, and experiences. Next are the expressions of gratitude to the most precious people: 1. My parents I Wayan Sinder and Ni Ketut Joni for your endless love, support, and motivation during my study. There is no one can compare to your cheer and motivation especially when I must get through ups and downs; I must work fulltime at the office and study at the same time with such distance from our home, my office, and the campus with the overwhelming jobs to do and got sick multiple times, you both always cheered me up and ensure me that I can finish my study in the proper time. This degree is presented to no one but you. 2. All the lecturers in Translation Studies Udayana University; thank you very much for the knowledge, inspirations, and motivation throughout my study, especially Mr. Frans I Made Brata, thank you very much for your help and inspiration regarding to the translation studies and the topic of my thesis. 3. My super friends Adhitya Permana, Teges Triguna, Eko Suputra, Risa Pratiwi, Waskita, Gek Wulan Novi, Restu Sumaranama, Ayu Kartika, Lilik Arikusuma, Gung Shinta Satwika, Gina Windrahanny, and all of my classmates in Translation 2013. Thank you very much for your support and motivation. Especially for Adhitya, thank you for the limitless support and non-stop asking and demands to write my thesis every day and also all the cheering-ups. 4. My sincerest gratitude for the Vice Rector for Cooperation Affairs Udayana University Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D, the head of Academic Bureau Drs. Ketut Amoga Sidi, and the head of Cooperation Department, Dra. Hamidiah vii
Yunus for the very kind understanding and support during my study. The gratitude also goes to all of my colleagues in cooperation and academic department of Udayana University, Mrs. Mejiarthi, Mr. Nyoman Maharta, Ms. Devi, Mr. Jaya, and others, thank you for the understanding, support, and motivation. It is such a blessing to work with you all. I am very happy that I’m working for my beloved university with such great colleagues. 5. The staff in Linguistic Department, Mrs. Agung, Mr. Ebuh, Ms. Komang, Mr. Sadra, and Mr. Bagus for your very kind help and cooperation, all the cheers and laughter; every time I visit the office I feel like home. Thank you for all the help in completing the process of administration. Our department is very lucky to have the cheerful and helpful staff like you all. 6. My workmate Dian Agustina, Gek Dian Krisnandari, Sri Sumarthini, Ade Dian, Agus Wirajaya, and others, thank you very much for your motivation and teasing that makes me get through my study. I am really glad to have friends like you all. For Agus and Sri, please graduate soon so we can throw the party! 7. To my best friends for life, my spirit, my smile, my sunshine, Rocky and Dido. Thank you for the silly things you’ve done that makes me smile every time, for your genuine love and faithfulness, endless companion, and everything, it makes me feel motivated every time I see your faces. Please always stay healthy and happy, keep brighten up my days.
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ABSTRAK Masyarakat Bali adalah masyarakat yang mengedepankan Budaya sebagai aset utama. Bahasa bali memiliki tingkat tutur kesopanan yang sangat ketat terutama dalam penggunaan istilah sapaan, sementara Bahasa Inggris tidak memilkinya. Ciri khas dari Bahasa bali inilah yang menjadi tantangan bagi penerjemah dalam menemukan padanan yang tepat untuk istilah sapaan dalam Bahasa bali ke dalam Bahasa inggris, atau sebaliknya. Bahasa inggris tidak menggunakan tingkat tutur seperti Bahasa Bali. Hal ini dengan kuat mempengaruhi semantik kekuasaan dan solidaritas dalam terjemahan tingkat tutur. Kondisi ini juga mungkin menyebabkan adanya pergeseran pada faktor linguistik dan budaya guna menciptakan terjemahan yang sepadan. Pergeseran dalam terjemahan menjadin tidak dapat dihindari karena perbedaan ini, terutama dalam hal gramatikal dan sudut pandang. Makalah ini berfokus pada analisa bagaimana kesan semantik kekuasaan dan solidaritas disampaikan dalam terjemahan istilah sapaan dari Bahasa Bali ke Bahasa Inggris dalam teks dan pergeseran tipe apa saja yang ditemukan dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah tersebut dari Bahasa Bali ke Bahasa Inggris dalam naskah wayang kulit dan terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Inggris cerita Lubdaka dalam buku berjudul The invisible Mirror of Siwaratri Kalpa (2008). Naskah ini digunakan karena mengandung banyak terjemahan istilah sapaan dari Bahasa Bali ke Bahasa Inggris yang sangat menarik utnuk dianalisa berdasarkan perbedaan sistem linguistik dan budaya yang ada dalam Bahasa bali dan Inggris. Studi ini termasuk dalam studi pendekatan kulitatif dan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif diterapkan dalam studi ini. Untuk mengumpulkan data, digunakan metode pengamatan dan dokumentasi. Studi ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dalam menganalisa data. Hasil dari analisis data disajikan dengan menggunakan teknik formal. Untuk diskusi pertama, ditemukan bahwa istilah sapaan dalam Bahasa Bali memiliki lebih banyak variasi dibandingkan Bahasa Inggris. Contohnya, ketika mengucapkan “saya” (kata ganti orang pertama) dalam Bahasa Bali, terdapat beberapa cara mengucapkannya tergantung siapa yang mengucapkan atau kepada siapa diucapkan, dimana diucapkannya, tujuan dari diucapkannya, dan konteks situasi kapan percakapan tersebut berlangsung. Dalam hubungannya secara vertikal, semantik kekuasaan dan solidaritas menjadi hilang dari istilah sapaan ketika keseluruhan hubungan hormat menghormati menjadi netral. Namun, semantik kekuasaan dan solidaritas dalam terjemahan Bahasa Inggris masih dapat dilihat pada konteks situasi, peran pembicara dalam cerita, dan mengacu pada dialog sebelumnya daripada bentuk istilah sapaannya saja yang mana dapat membingungkan.
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Pada diskusi kedua, pergeseran pada terjemahan terdapat pada aspek gramatikal (trasnposisi dan sudut pandang (modulasi). Ada empat tipe pergeseran yang termasuk ke pergeseran secara gramatikal; pergeseran struktural, pergeseran kelas, pergeseran unit, dan pergeseran intra-sistem. Sementara itu, ada 3 tipe pergeseran yang ditemukan yang termasuk dalam pergesaran sudut pandang; pemampatan makna leksikal, pengurangan makna leksikal, dan pergeseran guna menegaskan orang kedua. Kata Kunci: kekuasaan dan solidaritas, pergeseran terjemahan, sistem sapaan
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ABSTRACT Balinese is a society that emphasizes culture as a major asset. Balinese language has a very strict politeness level especially in the use of terms of address, while English does not have any. This characteristic of Balinese language becomes a challenge for translators in finding the closest natural equivalent of Balinese terms of address in English or vice versa. English language does not use speech level like Balinese language. This strongly influences the power and solidarity semantic in the translation of terms of address. This condition also may cause shifts both in linguistic and cultural factors to make the translation equivalent. Shifts in translation are unavoidable because of these differences, specifically in grammatical and point of view. This study is focused on analyzing how does the sense of power and solidarity semantic conveyed in the translation of the terms of address from Balinese into English in the text and what types of shifts occurred in translating those terms of address from Balinese into English in a puppet shadow script and its translation into English of the Lubdaka story in the book The Invisible Mirror of Siwaratri Kalpa (2008). This script is used because it contains many translations of terms of address from Balinese into English which is very interesting to be analyzed based on the different linguistic system and culture of Balinese and English language. This study belonged to qualitative study approach and used descriptive method. Descriptive qualitative approach was applied. To collect the data, observation method and documentation method were applied in this study. This study applied the descriptive method in analyzing the data. The results of the analysis were presented by using formal technique of presenting the analysis. For the first discussion, it is found that terms of address in Balinese language has more variations than English language. For example, in saying “I” (1st person pronoun) in Balinese, there are various way in saying it regarding to who is speaking/speaking to, where it is used, what is the purpose in saying it, and context of situation when the conversation was held. In vertical relation (affect and appreciation), the power and solidarity semantic is gone from the terms of address as the entire honorific – non honorific relations become neutral. However, the power and solidarity semantic in the English translation still can be seen from the context of situation, the role of participants in the story, and referring to previous dialogues rather than from the terms of address only, which can be confusing. In the second discussion, shifts in translation in the data occurred in grammatical (transposition) and in point of view (modulation). There are four types of shifts that belong to the grammatical shifts: structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Meanwhile, there are three types of shifts found that belongs to the shift in point of view: lexical dense shift, lexical loose shift, and shift to emphasize the 2nd person. Keywords: power and solidarity semantic, shift, terms of address.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INSIDE COVER ............................................................................................................ i PREREQUISITE OF MASTER DEGREE .................................................................. ii APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................... iii THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ............................................................................... iv SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ............................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ xii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF PICTURES .................................................................................................. xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Background of the Study .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Problems of the Study ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Aims of the Study ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Significance of the Study.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5 Scope of Discussion ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1 Review of Literatures ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Concepts ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.1 Balinese Terms of Address ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.2 Power and Solidarity Semantic ................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.3 Equivalence in Translation........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Theoretical Framework .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.1 Appraisal Theory ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2 Theory of Shifts in Translation ................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.1 Transposition Shifts .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.1.1 Structure Shift ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.1.2 Unit Shift. ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.1.3 Class shift. ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.1.4 Intra system Shift ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.2 Modulation Shift................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.2.1 Lexical dense .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.2.2 Lexical loose ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3.2.2.3 Emphasizing 2nd person role........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Research Model ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. xii
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1 Research Approach ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Research Location ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3 Data Source ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4 Research Instrument ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.7 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER IV POWER AND SOLIDARITY SEMANTIC AND TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN THE TERMS OF ADDRESS FROM BALINESE INTO ENGLISH IN LUBDAKA SHADOW PUPPET SCRIPT .................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1 The Story of The Shadow Puppet Script Lubdaka ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 Power and Solidarity Semantic Conveyed in the Translation of the Terms of Address from Balinese into English in the Text ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1 Power Semantic in the Translation of the Terms of Address .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1.1 Affect ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1.2 Appreciation ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.2 Solidarity Semantic in the Translation of the Terms of Address ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.2.1 Judgment ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3 Shift occurred in the translation of terms of address in The Invisible Mirror of Siwaratri Kalpa. ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1 Transposition Shift .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1.1 Structure Shift ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1.2 Unit shift ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1.3 Class Shift ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.1.4 Intra System Shift ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2 Modulation Shift ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2.1 Lexical Dense ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2.2 Lexical Loose ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.2.3 Emphasizing the 2nd Person ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1 Conclusion ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Suggestion ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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LIST OF TABLES
Balinese Terms of Address Variations....................................................................................... 16 Attitude in Appraisal Theory ..................................................................................................... 21
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LIST OF PICTURES
Overview of Appraisal Theory Framework ............................................................................... 20
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A1
: Addresser
A2
: Addressee
A3
: Someone who is spoken about
C
: Complement
Dia.
: Dialogue
Mono.
: Monologue
No.
: Number
P
: Predicate
Pg.
: Page
S
: Subject
SL
: Source Language
T
: Tu
TL
: Target Language
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V
: Vous
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