PERANAN PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA DALAM PEMBERANTASAN KELOMPOK LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY DI AFRIKA
Disusun sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana pada jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin
oleh: BAMA ANDIKA PUTRA E 131 09 992
JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN POLITIK UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN 2013 i
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ABSTRAKSI
Bama Andika Putra, E 131 09 992, Peranan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army di Afrika, di bawah bimbingan Muh. Nasir Badu selaku pembimbing I, dan Burhanuddin selaku pembimbing II, Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui peranan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam upaya pemberantasan kelompok pemberontak Lord’s Resistance Army dan kendala yang dihadapi dalam pencapaian tersebut. Untuk mencapai tujuan yang dimaksud di atas, maka metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah tipe penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah studi pustaka. Adapun untuk menganalisa data, penulis memakai teknik analisis kualitatif, dan untuk pembahasan masalah penulis memakai teknik penulisan deduktif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) sebagai kelompok pemberontak yang awal mulanya di Uganda Utara, kini telah menyebar hingga ke Republik Demokratis Congo, Sudan Selatan, dan Republik Afrika Tengah. Motif LRA yang tidak jelas dalam penyebaran teror, memberikan kesulitan tersendiri dalam pemberantasannya. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa telah berkontribusi dalam membatasi ruang gerak, mengurangi jumlah, dan telah melemahkan kelompok LRA secara signifikan. Pendekatan politis, pendekatan militer, dan pemanfaatan radio lokal dan selebaran sebagai anjuran melarikan diri dari LRA telah dijalani. Pasukan Perdamaian, dan negosiasi kerjasama dengan Uni Afrika telah menjadi pendekatan militer utama, yang langsung melakukan pengejaran terhadap LRA. Sementara kendala yang PBB hadapi diantara lain adalah agenda LRA yang tidak menjadi prioritas, terbatasnya mandat dari pasukan perdamaian, serta adanya kesulitan akses terhadap wilayah-wilayah terpencil tempat LRA bertahan hidup.
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ABSTRACT
Bama Andika Putra, 2012. Role of the United Nations in the Elimination of Lord’s Resistance Army in Africa. International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science. Hasanuddin University. First Advisor : Muh. Nasir Badu. Second Advisor : Burhanuddin. The objective of this research is finding the role of the United Nations in the elimination of the Lord’s Resistance Army in Africa, and to find the obstacles faced in elimination. The method of research used is descriptive research. Technique of data collecting is library research. Qualitative analysis is used in analyzing the data, and Deductive as the technique of writing. Result of the research showed that Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) as a rebellion group firstly based in Uganda, have spreaded in 4 different states which is South Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic. The motive of the LRA and the horrid human rights abuse conducted, have led United Nations to engage on several engagements to eliminate the group. The research showed that United Nations had a central role in limiting the movements of the group, decrease numbers, and overall pressed the LRA significantly throughout 2008 until 2012. Engagements in politics, military and other supporting mechanisms have been conducted. Negotiation with African Union eventually led the direct engagement to eliminate the group showed progress. Challenges though are still faced, like the complication of the Security Council priorities, access towards LRA affected areas, and the limited mandate of the peacekeeping forces. Key Words: International Organizations, United Nations, Conflict, Rebellion Group, Descriptive Research.
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur ke hadirat Allah S.W.T. yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, berkah, dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulisan skripsi ini dapat penulis rampungkan. Skripsi ini merupakan salah satu syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk pemerolehan gelar sarjana dalam Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin. Penulisan skripsi ini telah melewati berbagai rintangan dan hambatan, mulai dari pengumpulan data dan saat-saat ketika harus berkonsultasi dengan pembimbing skripsi. Tetapi semua rintangan dan hambatan tersebut Alhamdulillah dapat penulis lalui dengan satu tekad, skripsi ini harus rampung sesegera mungkin, meraih gelar sarjana, dan pada akhirnya menghadapi kehidupan nyata di luar kampus yang tentu akan jauh lebih sulit dibanding penulisan ini (welcome world of unemployment). Skripsi ini penulis persembahkan sepenuhnya untuk kedua orang tua penulis, Big Daddy Prof Asmuddin Natsir dan Mom Asiah Patu yang tanpa kenal lelah melimpahkan kasih sayangnya kepada penulis. Dan untuk Gita Vita Soraya the coolest sister evaaaa yang selalu hadir dalam kehidupanku dan memberi warna, memotivasi, saling mengingatkan, saling berbagi, God knows how much I love you all and don’t worry, I’ll find a job soon enough, serta seluruh keluarga besar. Menyadari sepenuhnya dengan segala keterbatasan ilmu dan pengalaman yang penulis miliki, maka penulis mengatakan bahwa skripsi ini masih memiliki banyak kekurangan dan masih harus dibenahi. Oleh sebab itu, dengan segala kerendahan hati yang penulis miliki, kritik dan saran yang membangun dalam perbaikan skripsi ini sangat penulis harapkan. Saat-saat penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menyadari begitu banyak yang turut andil di dalamnya, yang tanpa mereka semua, penulis tidak akan sampai pada tahap ini. Oleh sebab itu, penulis ingin menghaturkan beriburibu rasa terimakasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada : 1) Bapak Rektor Universitas Hasanuddin beserta jajarannya. 2) Bapak Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UNHAS beserta jajarannya. 3) Bapak Muhammad Nasir Badu, S.Sos, M.Hum selaku Pembimbing I sekaligus sebagai Pembimbing Akademik, Bapak Burhanuddin, S.IP, M.Si selaku Pembimbing II, atas segala bimbingan dan arahannya yang sangat membantu dari awal hingga rampungnya penulisan skripsi ini. 4) Bapak-bapak dan ibu-ibu pendidik Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional atas transfer ilmu yang luar biasa bermanfaatnya bagi penulis sejak terdaftar jadi mahasiswa; Pak Aspie, Kak Gego, Ibu
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Puspa, Ibu Isdah, Pak Ucheng, Pak Adi, dan semua yang penulis tidak dapat sebutkan satu persatu. Staf akademik yang senantiasa membantu kelengkapan berkas maupun administrasi penulis, khusus kepada Bunda dan Kak Rahma, terimakasih untuk segenap bantuannya selama ini. Richard Demas Aris My brother from another mother yoo. Thanks a lot bro for all the support during college years. Best friend from high school until now, I’ll see you in the top success of our careers dude. Hubungan Internasional ’09. This name sucks, we should have had a name, rather than being ‘not allowed’ by seniors. If you know what I mean. Thanks to Satky my proposal and thesis defence partner. You better be a model designer in future. PikarPakarPikir the lele mustache. Great mate in competitions, and soon enough you’ll get a girlfriend.. which is serious with you ofcourse. Aldy‘jhie’ the singer. STOP SINGING, Thesis thesis thesisss! Benji my partner in crime yoow, good luck with thesis. Slow but sure gangsta! Terimakasih kepada semua boys of IR 09, Tio (Tukang batunya Buton ke Amerika), Riri, Rizky YNWA, Faiz, angko’vinseng, khaliq, langgam, izhaq, ikki, apip, ridho, efri, dan semua boys of IR 2009. You guys rock! Terimakasih juga kepada semua girls of IR 2009 which I can’t mention one by one. International Relations 2009, it’s my honour to be in classrooms together with you all, working day and night working on tasks amd many great things. I’m sure many of us will meet again in the future, remembering these great days we had for 3 years together and say, I’m back to my old family. Love you guys. Hasanuddin English Debating Society. My god where do I start. I was born there, I grew up there, and I would be nothing without all of you guys. The most intelligent minds I’ve ever met in my life! So Mister Speaker, my gratitude speech shall consist of two major ponts, firstly (damn I’ll miss debating), thanks a lot seniors Ka’Mamat, Ka’Achi, Bos Duta Muda Alwin (RELEASE THE BEAST INSIDE YOU!), Ka’ Asle, Ka’ Emiral, Ka’Akbar (drama making mate), Ka’ Rizky, Ka’Rina, Ka’ Yuda (Big Daddy), Ka’Biondi, Ka’Amel, Ka’ Tholib, Ka’Jaya, and all other seniors of HEDS. Thanks also for my juniors and fellow mates Maman (geto toh mas), Erwin (abang kumiska), Mita (perawat galau), Fahmi (THE NEXT MAWAPRES AND BIG THING), Kharji (THE NEXT AKBAR (?) Juri maksudnyaa), Tilla, Ayu kecil, Agor, Aumi, and all other awesome juniors of HEDS. Ingat MUBES sudah dekat, ingat program-program kerjanya! UNHAS MUN Club. Starting from zero (for the sake of worldmun formality) then developed becoming one of the most prominent MUN Clubs in Indonesia, yang SecGennya sekarang gagah luar biasa (lol). Thanks a lot guys, Komandan Aca (tentukan hati dan sikap, cari kerja cepat komandan!), Sabir Sabide (Sabidenya mo saya. Masih nempel
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di pasporka ini? hahah), Mikel (presiden ALSA jie), Riyad holder of Guinness World of Records being 5 month pregnant and still not getting out, Kyo, Ayuris, Ibod, Iona, Firda, Bon, Aini and all other UNHASMUNCLUB members. Stay here guys, this is the only place you’ll be able to develop your diplomatic skills in UNHAS. Seriously dudes. 10) Log In Solidarity 09 teman-teman SMAN 15 Makassar angkatan 09, the best friends I have even until now! Nongkrong till Die brows, Arham, Habel, Ardi Bekam, Junet, Anto, Chiwank, Ipul, Fahrul, Awaf (jaga baik baik itu Zippo), Firman Jimbo, Wahyudi, Ajek, Dwiko, Mujhi (Yesterday, kita kan selalu bersama), Toing, Fadlan, Harto, Kinkin, Ngakan, and all Libels ’09 alumnee. You guys totally rock, great place to be when stressed out after competitions. Thanks guys, you guys are really great. 11) Dudes from the INTERNATIONAL INTERNSHIP Malaysia-Thailand (wettss), selain HI 09, Azlan (the funniest kid I’ve ever met), Erwin, Maman, Pacarnya Toing, Meike, Dayan. KKN yang mantap sanrego! 12) Buddies from Model United Nations (4 time champion, but more thankful for the friends I’ve made). Ruben (Lomba apalagi nih bro mau disikat?), Satrio Libyanto (Kapan kapan nongkrong di Lobby Hotel lagi bro), Agantara (congrats working in UN dude), Mas Wahyu, Dmitry (bule Rusia gaul), dan semua teman-teman alumni JakartaMUN 2011 (You guys are still the coolest MUN buddies ever!). 13) Last but not least, kepada semua Peacekeepers yang ada di negaranegara konflik Lord’s Resistance Army. Menjaga wilayah konflik adalah tugas berat, namun kehadiran kalian telah membawa perdamaian yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh warga sipil. Pasukan Perdamaian PBB, jangan pernah berhenti dalam menjaga perdamaian global.
Makassar,
Maret 2013
Bama Andika Putra
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................ HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... HALAMAN PENERIMAAN TIM EVALUASI ........................................... ABSTRAKSI ..................................................................................................... ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .....................................................................................................
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................. A. Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................... B. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah ......................................................... C. Tujuan dan Kegunaan Penelitian ....................................................... D. Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................ E. Metode Penelitian ..............................................................................
1 1 8 10 10 17
BAB II TELAAH PUSTAKA ......................................................................... A. Organisasi Internasional .................................................................... B. Resolusi Konflik ................................................................................ C. Collective Security .............................................................................
20 20 33 45
BAB III ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL DAN KELOMPOK LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY ....................................................................... A. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ............................................................. A.1 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ......................... A.2 Keberadaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Afrika .................... B. Uni Afrika .......................................................................................... B.1 Uni Afrika dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian di Afrika ................ B.2 Respon Uni Afrika Terhadap Lord’s Resistance Army ................ C. Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army ................................................... C.1 Sejarah Lord’s Resistance Army .................................................. C.2 Resolusi Keamanan Terhadap Lord’s Resistance Army ..............
55 55 55 67 78 77 85 87 87 102
BAB IV PERANAN PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA DALAM PEMBERANTASAN LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY .................... A. Kontribusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Dalam Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army tahun 20082012 .................................................................................................... B. Kendala Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Dalam Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army tahun 20082012 ....................................................................................................
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BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN-SARAN ....................................................... A . Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... B . Saran-saran ........................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Ramsbotham, Oliver, Tom Woodhouse dan Hugh Miall. 2011. Contemporary Conflict Resolution; Third Edition. Cambridge : Polity Press Salmon, Trevor C. dan Mark F. Imber. 2008. Issues In international Relations; 2nd Edition. New York : Routledge Sarooshi, Danish. 1999. The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security; The Delegation by the UN Security Council of It’s Chapter VII Powers. New York : Oxford University Press Starke, J.G. 1986. Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Bandung : Justitia Study Group Bandung Sutterlin, James J. 2003. The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security; A Challenge to be Met (2nd ed). USA : Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. Suwardi, Sri Setianingsih. 2004. Pengantar Hukum Organisasi Internasional. Jakarta : Penerbit Universitas Indonesia Thakur, Ramesh dan Albrecht Schnabel. 2001. United Nations PeaceKeeping Operations; Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagements. USA : United Nations Press Turner, Thomas. 2007. The Congo Wars; Conflict, Myth and Reality. London : Zed Books Ltd. United Nations Department of Public Information. 2011. Basic Facts About the United Nations. New York : United Nations Vasquez, John A. 2009. The War Puzzle Revisited. New York : Cambridge University Press Wallensteen, Peter dan Carina Staibano. 2005. International Sanctions; Between Words and Wars in the Global System. New York : Frank Cass White, Nigel D. 2005. The Law of International Organizations; Second Edition. UK : Manchester University Press Wilkinson, Paul. 2007. International Relations; A Very Short Introduction. New York : Oxford University Press
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United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo dan Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2009. Summary of Fact Finding Missions on Alleged Human Rights Violations Committed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in the Districts of Haut-Uele and BasUele in Orientale Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2012. Letter Dated 25 June 2012 from the Secretary-General Adressed to the President of the Security Council. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2008. Resolution 1812 (2008), Adopted by the Security Council at its 5882nd meeting on 30 April 2008. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2011. Resolution 1991 (2011) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6568th Meeting on 28 June 2011. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2011. Resoultion 1996 (2011), Adopted by the Security Council at its 6576th Meeting on 8 July 2011. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2012. Report of the Secretary-General on the Activities of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa and on Areas Affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army. New York : United Nations United Nations Security Council. 2011. Report of the Secretary-General on the Lord’s Resistance Army-affected areas Pursuant to Security Council Press Statement. New York : United Nations
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Invisible Children dan Resolve LRA Tracker. 2011. LRA Crisis Tracker; Annual Security Brief 2011. Linda M. Keller. 2008. Achieving Peace with Justice: The International Criminal Court and Ugandan Alternative Justice Mechanisms. Connecticut Journal of International Law Vol 23:209. Mareike Schomerus. 2007. The Lord’s Resistance Army in Sudan: A History and Overview, Institute of International Studies HSBA Working Paper 8. Paul D. Williams. 2011. The African Union’s Conflict Management Capabilities. Council on Foreign Relations October 2011. Paul D. Williams. 2010. Enhancing Civilian Protection in Peace Operations: Insights from Africa. The Africa Center for Strategic Studies September 2010.
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Key Statistics, http://theresolve.org/key-statistics. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2012. New UN Report Highlights Lord’s Resistance Army Atrocities Against Children, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42163&Cr=LRA&Cr1. Diakses tanggal 20 November 2012. Role of the Security Council in Peacekeeping Operations. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/rolesc.shtml. Diakses tanggal 6 Januari 2013. The Lord’s Resistance Army. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/lra.htm. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2012. The LRA in Congo, CAR, and South Sudan. www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/lra/congo-car-south-sudan. Diakses tanggal 20 Januari 2012. What is Peacekeeping? http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/peacekeeping.shtml. Diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2013.
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