STATEMENT OF THESIS ORIGINALITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
I am a student of International Relations Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Perlita Harapan,
Student Name
: Rina Regina
Student ID
: 04320090033
Department
: International Relations
Declare that the thesis, which I compiled, entitled “UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN DEALING WITH THE ISSUE OF RELIGION FREEDOM IN INDONESIA WITH THE PERIOD 2008-2012” is: 1) Made and finished by myself, by utilizing lecture materials, books, journals, press releases, electronic articles, and official websites which are stated in the references of my thesis 2) Not a duplication of other published paper works nor which has been used as the requirement of graduation on other universities, except the information parts, which were cited appropriately 3) Not a translated work from books or journals, which were cited as references of my thesis If it is proven that I do not fulfill all the requirenments of the previous statements, then this undergraduate thesis will not be considered as graduation requirement.
Karawaci,20 Febuary 2013 Declared By
Rina Regina
PELITA HARAPAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
THESIS SUPERVISOR APPROVAL UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN DEALING WITH THE ISSUE OF RELIGION FREEDOM IN INDONESIA WITH THE PERIOD 2008-2012
By : Name
: Rina Regina
Student ID
: 04320090033
Department
: International Relations
Has been examined, evaluated, and approved to be presented and defended in the comprehensive examination to obtain the Bachelor Dgree in Social Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of International Relations, Pelita Harapan University, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten. Karawaci, 20 February 2013 Approved by: Thesis Supervisor
Head of International Relations Department
(Dr. Drs. Victor Silaen, M. A.)
(Roy Vincentius Pratikno, B.Sc., M.M.)
Dean Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
(Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D.)
UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL
On Wednesday, 6 Febuary 2013, has been held a comprehensive test to fulfill the academic requirement to obtain Bachelor Degree in Social Science, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pelita Harapan, on half of:
Name
:
Rina Regina
Student ID
:
04320090033
Major
:
International Relations
This thesis entitled “UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN DEALING WITH THE ISSUE OF RELIGION FREEDOM IN INDONESIA WITH THE PERIOD 2008-2012” was evaluated by the examination board consisting of:
Name
Position
1. Pr Dr. Drs. Victor Silaen, M.A.of. , as Head/ Supervisor
Signature
______________
Aleksius Jemadu, Ph. D. 2. Mr.Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph. D.
, as Board Member
Indra V.A. Krishnamurti, S.So 3.
Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si., M.A
, as Board Member
______________
ABSTRAK Rina Regina (04320090033)
UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN DEALING WITH THE ISSUE OF RELIGION FREEDOM IN INDONESIA WITH THE PERIOD 2008-2012 (xvi + 96 halaman: 3 chart; 1 tabel; 112 apendiks)
Amerika Serikat merupakan negara adikuasa yang memiliki pengaruh sangat besar terhadap negara-negara di dunia. Nilai yang dipegang oleh Amerika Serikat telah meluas menjadi sebuah nilai universal yang mempengaruhi pandangan negara lain mengenai sesuatu yang dianggap penting. Salah satu yang menjadi fokus negara ini adalah hak asasi manusia, dimana pelanggaran terhadap hak asasi manusia mampu membuat Amerika Serikat ikut campur dalam pemberian sanksi bagi pelanggarnya. Penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh Amerika Serikat dalam menghadapi adanya pelanggaran agama yang ada di Indonesia, dimana puncak dari perhatian Amerika Serikat adalah kejadian yang terjadi di Monas pada tanggal 1 Juni 2008 yang diwakili oleh salah satu organisasi masa ektrimist Islam yang bernama Front Pembela Islam (FPI) yang menyerang Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan (AKKBB). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan dan menjelaskan motif dan tujuan AS mengintervensi Indonesia serta mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh dari intervensi tersebut terhadap tumbuhnya industry Amerika Serikat di Indonesia. Kepedulian Amerika Serikat terhadap Indonesia terutama mengenai kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan merupakan salah satu cara yang dipakai Amerika Serikat untuk memastikan adanya perkembangan industry di Indonesia. Gejala ektrimist dari FPI tersebut dibuktikan oleh pernyataan dan tindakan mereka yang selalu bersikap anarkis , data-data tersebut diperoleh dari dokumen resmi, seperti surat kabar dan situs intemet , sedangkan data-data yang mendukung adanya perkembangan industry Amerika di Indonesia merupakan bukti dari kesinambungan antara kedua variable. Referensi: 22 buku (1996-2011), 2 jurnal, 28 website, 1 wawancara.
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ABSTRACT Rina Regina (04320090033)
UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN DEALING WITH THE ISSUE OF RELIGION FREEDOM IN INDONESIA WITH THE PERIOD 2008-2012 (xvi + 96 pages: 3 charts; 1 table; 112 appendices)
United States of America is a hegemon country that has big influences toward another countries in the world. Values that are held by USA will definately becoming universal values that could influence another country toward something that considered as important values. One of USA’s focus is human rights, which the violation of human rights could make USA interfere to give sanction for the violator. This paper is try to analyze United States of America’s influences in facing the violation toward the freedom of religion and believe in Indonesia, where the main point was in the event of 1st June 2008 in Monas, which represented by Islamic Defenders Front(FPI) that attacked National Alliance for Freedom of Believe and Religion(AKKBB). The purposes of this paper is revealing and explaining the USA’s motivation intervenes Indonesia and knowing the sustainability of USA’s influence toward the development of USA’s industry in Indonesia. The USA’s concern to Indonesia especially toward the freedom of religion and believe is one of many ways that being used by USA to make sure its industry in Indonesia will develop gradually. The extremist phenomenon from FPI be noted by their statements and actions that always related to anarchist, the data is found by the formal documents such as newspapers and FPI’s blog, while the data that support there were the development of USA’s industry in Indonesia is the evidence of the sustainability between both variables. References: 22 books (1996-2011), 2 journals, 28 websites, 1 interview.
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PREFACE
Thanks to the Jesus Christ for all His endless blessing and guidance in conducting and finishing this paper. This report entitled “United States’s Foreign Policy in Dealing with the Issue of Religion Freedom in Indonesia with the Period 2008-2012” is consists the combination of knowledge and effort and is intended to accomplish the academic requirement of Pelita Harapan University in order to obtain Bachelor Degree in Social Sciences In finishing this paper, the author is very grateful for all the support and guidance from many people that the author realizes without their guidance, support, and prayers this thesis will never be completed. In this opportunity, the author would like to give the highest respect and thanks to following persons: 1. Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph. D. as the Dean of the Faculty of Social and Political Science for the care, knowledge, support during the author’s undergraduate study 2. Mr. Roy Vincentius Pratikno B.Sc., MM. as the Head of International Relations Major for the care, guidance, and support during the author’s undergraduate study 3. Dr. Drs. Victor Silaen, M. A. as the Coordinator of the Final Project and also as a Supervisor in completing this thesis. Thank you for your endless guidance, supports, time, patience, advice, and outstanding knowledge sharing so that this thesis could be well completed in timely manner
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4. Mr. Indra V.A. Krishnamurti, S.Sos., M. Asian St. and Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si. Mr. Irman Gumilang Lanti, Mr. Rully Mangunsong, Mr. Valentino Edy Hermawan, Mr. Bhatara Ibnu Reza, Mr. Sylvia Maladi, Mr. Tobias Basuki, Mr. Jerry Sambuaga, Mr. Agung Nugroho, and all lecturers that have supported and given valuable knowledge throughtout the three and a half year of author’s undergraduate study in International Relations Department, Universitas Pelita Harapan 5. Mrs. Dra. Suzie Sri Suparin S., MA, Ph. As Universitas Indonesia lecture for the information, inputs, helps, supports, and guindances for the author during her time in Universitas Indonesia. 6. Mrs. Fransisca Endah, Mr. Nalkukuh, Mrs. Helen Diana, Mrs. Esther Taruli, Ms. Vina and all other staffs of FISIP UPH that have given administrational support and help for the author during her study in UPH 7. Library Staffs of The Johannes Oentoro Library in UPH who have been so helpful during the writing and data collecting process of this thesis 8. Beloved Dad and Mom, authour’s sister Rika Ria, Agnes Asisi, and all of author’s beloved family for the endless and unconditional love, supports, prayers, and care during the writing process of this thesis 9. All fellow friends in International Relations Department especially from batch 2009, Jessica, Nico, Sherlie, Rosalina, Cindy, Jessivia, and so on for being such a helpful friends for the author during the process of writing and for all endless supports, cooperations, encouragements, friendship, and kindness
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10. All of the author’s friends, Jhony Kosasih, Salim Moses, Mr. Ary, Nobertus Atmadjie, and all St. Andreas’s friend for the endless and unconditional love, care, support, and prayers 11. All of the people which the author cannot mention their name one by one, thank you for the guidance, help, support, and prayers in the completion of this thesis
The author acknowledge that this thesis is still possessing many deficiencies and not perfect. Therefore, critics, inputs, and suggestions from readers are welcome and encouraged for further improvement in the future.
Karawaci, 20 Febuary 2013
Rina Regina
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TABLE OF CONTENT page
COVER STATEMENT OF THESIS ORIGINALITY THESIS SUPERVISIOR APPROVAL EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. v PREFACE ..................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... x LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiii LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Formulation of the Problems ............................................ 9 1.3 Research Purposes ............................................................ 10 1.4 Research Advantage ......................................................... 10 1.5 Thesis Organization .......................................................... 11
CHAPTER II ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review……...................................................... 15 2.2 The Theory of Neoliberlim ……...................................... 23 2.3 The Theory of Constructivism ……................................. 29 2.5 The Concept of Rights of Freedom and Belief ............... 31 2.6 The Concept of Foreign Policy.......................................... 33 2.7 The Concept of Hegemony ….......................................... 36 2.8 The Concept of Bilateral Relation .................................... 37 2.9 The Concept of US intervention ....................................... 39
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Scope of Research ............................................................ 41 3.2 Research Type and Method ............................................. 42 3.3 Types and Source of Data ................................................ 45 3.4 Data Collecting Technique ............................................... 46 3.4.1 Literature Review .................................. 46 3.4.2 Interview ……….................................... 49 3.5 Data Analysis Technique .................................................. 50
CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Data Analysis 4.1.1 United States of America’s Foreign Policy............. 51 4.1.2 George W Bush’s Foreign Policy………................ 54 4.1.3 Freedom of Religion and Belief in Bush era ......... 58 4.1.4 Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia ........ 62 4.1.5 Violation of Human Rights especially in the Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia ……..…….……….. 66 4.1.6 Monas Incident 1st June 2008 ……......................... 68 4.1.7 Islamic Front Defenders/ Front Pembela Islam ….. 71 4.1.8 Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan/ National Alliance for Freedom of Believe and Religion (AKKBB) .................................................. 81 4.2 Discussion 4.2.1 The Background of USA Intervention in Indonesia ………………………………………………. 86 4.2.2 United States of America’s Influence especially in the Freedom of Religion and Believe in Indonesia Theoretically…………………………………….……... 88 4.2.3 United States of America’s Influence especially in the Freedom of Religion and Believe in Indonesia Based on Fact……………………………………………………… 90 4.2.4 The Monas Case 1st June 2008 ................................ 94
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 1 Conclusion ...................................................................... 99 5.2 Recommendation ............................................................. 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AKKBB
National Alliance for Freedom of Believe and Religion/ Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan
AJI
Aliansi Jogjakarta untuk Indonesia
AKUR
Aliansi Kerukunan Umat Beragama
BBM
Bahan Bakar Minyak
DED
Dinamika Edukasi Dasar/ Dynamics of Elementary Education
ELSAM
Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Jakarta
FORLOG
Forum Dialog
FPI
Islamic Defenders Front /Front Pembela Islam
FSHKB
Forum Suara Hati Kebersamaan Bangsa/ Words of Nation Unity Forum
FUI
Forum Umat Islam/ Islamic People's Forum
GANDI
Gerakan Anti Diskriminasi Indonesia/ Indonesia AntiDiscrimination Movement
GAKTANA
Gerakan Anti Teror Atas Nama Agama
GGA
Gedong Gandhi Ashram
ILRC
International Legal Resource Center
IMF
International Monetary Fund
xiii
ITB
Institut Teknologi Bandung/ Bandung Technological Institute
Jarik
Jaringan Islam Kampus/ Islamic Network Campus
KPI
Koalisi
Perempuan
Indonesia/Indonesian
Women's
Coalition LBH
Lembaga Bantuan Hukum
LK3
Lembaga Kegiatan Konsultasi Keluarga
LPI
Laskar Pembela Islam/ Warriors Defenders of Islam
LSM
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat
Monas
Monumen Nasional/ National Monument
MMI
Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia
MUI
Majelis Ulama Indonesia/ Indonesian Ulema Council
NGO
Non Governmental Organization
NTB
Nusa Tenggara Barat
NU
Nahdlatul Ulama
PERCIK
Lembaga Persemaian Cinta Kemanusiaan
PN
Pengadilan Negri/ District Court
PP
Pengurus Pusat
PRKP
Lembaga Pusat Resolusi Konflik Poso
PURSHAM
Pusat Studi Hak Asasi Manusia
REDHAM
Relawan untuk Demokrasi dan Hak Asasi Manusia /Volunteers for Democracy and Human Rights xiv
UII
Universitas Islam Indonesia
USA
United States of America
Wantimpres
Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden/ Presidential Advisory Council
YA
Yayasan Ahimsa/ Ahimsa Foundation
YLBHI
Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia/ Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation
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LIST OF APPENDICES page Appendix A Monitoring List ............................................................................................
A-1
Proofread Approval I ...................................................................................
A-2
Proofreader’s I Curriculum Vitae ................................................................
A-3
Appendix B FPI Activities from 1998 - 2008 ....................................................................
B-1
Human Rights Reports ...................................................................................
B-2
Interview with Suzie Sudarman .....................................................................
B-3
Press Release about the Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia ..........
B-4
Appendix C Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................
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C
