Luchtkwaliteit: een Europees perspectief Conferentie Luchtkwaliteit Brussel, 5 december 2014 Dr Hans Bruyninckx Executive Director European Environment Agency
EEA rapporten 2014
Luchtverontreiniging – een ernstig gezondheidsprobleem
Haast alle economische activitieten zijn ‘drivers’ van emissies van polluenten
• Electriciteitsproductie • Transport
• Industriële productie • Landbouw
• Afvalverwerking • Verwarmingsinstallaties • …
Luchtverontreiniging is ook schadelijk voor ecosystemen en draagt bij aan klimaatverandering
Belangrijk onderscheid: uitstoot reducties vs. reducties in concentraties
Emissies van de meeste polluenten zijn verminderd
EU Member States have made progress in cutting emissions of most air pollutants (2003-2012)
Source: EEA
Maar, blootstelling aan verontreiniging blijft een gezondheidsprobleem Urban population exposed to concentrations above EU limit/target values
Source: EEA
Urban population exposed to concentrations above WHO air quality guidelines
Ondanks reducties in particulate matter (PM) emissies, zijn PM concentraties nog niet op een ‘veilig’ niveau Share of urban population exposed to dangerous levels of particulate matter in Europe
3 out of 10 exposed to exceedances of the EU daily limit value
9 out of 10 exposed to exceedances of the WHO guideline value
PM concentraties overschrijden systematisch EU limieten in grote delen van Europa
Huidige PM concentraties – het belangrijkste milieurisico voor ‘premature deaths’ in Europa
Air Quality Standards for annual PM2.5 concentration
WHO AQG
Source: Utrecht University
US EPA Standard
EU Limit Value
Schade door luchtverontreiniging (2010)
• Damage cost of mortality – at least EUR 330 billion • Direct economic damage - EUR 15 billion from workdays lost
• Direct economic damage - EUR 4 billion in healthcare cost • Direct economic damage - EUR 3 billion crop yield loss Source: EC, 2013: Impact assessment for new policy package to clean up Europe's air.
Gezondheids- en milieukosten door verontreiniging van industriële faciliteiten (2008-2012)
Source: EEA
Health and environmental costs of air pollution: damages caused by facilities in countries 2008-2012
Source: EEA
Kosten naar industriële sector 2008-2012
Source: EEA
Totale kosten naar type polluent (2008-2012)
Source: EEA
Kosten van luchtverontreiniging door industriële faciliteiten, 2008-2012 – België (top 10) Rank
Facility
City
45
TOTAL RAFFINADERIJ
Antwerpen
56
ARCELOR MITTAL
Gent
109
ARCELORMITTAL UPSTREAM sa (COKE FONTE)
Ougree
110
ESSO RAFFINADERIJ
Antwerpen
231
BASF
Antwerpen
284
AGC FLAT GLASS EUROPE
Moustier-Sur-Sambre
285
ELECTRABEL CENTRALE RODENHUIZE
Gent
312
ELECTRABEL CENTRALE LANGERLO
Genk
346
ELECTRABEL CENTRALE RUIEN
Kluisbergen
372
HOLCIM BELGIQUE sa
Obourg
Source: EEA
Drivers for emissions of nitrogen oxides Nitrogen oxides (NO x)
EU-28 Emissions by sector - 2012
NO x emissions and projections 20 000
Energy use & supply excl. transport (50%)
18 000 16 000
Road transport (39%)
14 000
Gg NOx
12 000
Other transport (6%)
10 000 8 000
Industrial processes (3%)
6 000 4 000
Agriculture (2%)
2 000
0 1990
Waste (0%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
NOx emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (0%)
Nitrogen oxides (NO x)
Belgium Emissions by sector - 2012
NO x emissions and projections
Gg NOx
400 350
Energy use & supply excl. transport (35%)
300
Road transport (49%)
250
Other transport (6%)
200 150
Industrial processes (10%)
100 Agriculture (0%)
50 0 1990
Source: EEA
Waste (0%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
NOx emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (0%)
Drivers for emissions of sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
EU-28 Emissions by sector - 2012
SO 2 emissions and projections 30 000
Energy use & supply excl. transport (92%)
25 000
Road transport (0%)
Gg SO2
20 000 Other transport (2%)
15 000
Industrial processes (5%)
10 000
Agriculture (0%)
5 000 0 1990
Waste (0%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
SO2 emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (0%)
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
Belgium Emissions by sector - 2012
SO 2 emissions and projections
Gg SO2
400 350
Energy use & supply excl. transport (78%)
300
Road transport (0%)
250
Other transport (2%)
200 150
Industrial processes (20%)
100 Agriculture (0%)
50 0 1990
Source: EEA
Waste (0%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
SO2 emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (0%)
Europese antwoorden?
• Beter implementatie (national emission ceilings and AQ limits). • Verdere significante reducties zijn noodzakelijk: nieuwe wetgeving • Co-benefits klimaat- en energiebeleid • Investeren in betere kennis.
Thank you
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Drivers for emissions of fine particulate matter Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
EU-28 Emissions by sector - 2012
PM2.5 emissions and projections 2 500
Energy use & supply excl. transport (69%)
Gg PM2.5
2 000
Road transport (15%)
1 500
Other transport (2%)
1 000
Industrial processes (9%)
500
Agriculture (3%)
0 1990
Waste (1%)
1995
2000
PM2.5 emissions
2005
2010
2015
2020
MS projections
Other (2%)
GP 2020 red. commitments
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
Belgium Emissions by sector - 2012
PM2.5 emissions and projections 50
Energy use & supply excl. transport (72%)
45 40
Road transport (13%)
Gg PM2.5
35 30
Other transport (2%)
25 20
Industrial processes (10%)
15 10
Agriculture (2%)
5
0 1990
Waste (0%)
1995
2000
PM2.5 emissions GP 2020 red. commitments
Source: EEA
2005
2010
MS projections
2015
2020 Other (1%)
Drivers for emissions of ammonia Ammonia (NH3)
EU-28 Emissions by sector - 2012
NH3 emissions and projections 6 000
Energy use & supply excl. transport (1%)
5 000
Road transport (2%)
Gg NH3
4 000 Other transport (0%)
3 000
Industrial processes (1%)
2 000
Agriculture (93%)
1 000 0 1990
Waste (2%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
NH3 emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (1%)
Ammonia (NH3)
Belgium Emissions by sector - 2012
NH3 emissions and projections 140
Energy use & supply excl. transport (4%)
120
Road transport (1%)
Gg NH3
100 80
Other transport (0%)
60
Industrial processes (2%)
40 Agriculture (90%)
20 0 1990
Source: EEA
Waste (3%)
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
NH3 emissions
MS projections
NECD 2010 ceiling
GP 2020 red. commitments
Other (0%)
NO2 concentration trends
EU
Source: EEA
Belgium
PM10 concentration trends
EU
Belgium
PM10 annual mean (µg/m3) 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Traffic
Source: EEA
Urban
Rural
Other
O3 concentration trends
EU
Belgium O3 annual mean of 8h-max (µg/m3) 100 90 80 70 60
50 40 30 20 10 0
Traffic
Source: EEA
Urban
Rural
Other
