Jurusan'Teknik'Industri' Semester'Gasal'2014/2015'
Interaksi Manusia – Mesin ! ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA Debrina Puspita Andriani e"Mail':'
[email protected]' Blog':'http://debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/'
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Sistem(Manusia(Mesin( Model(Hubungan(( Manusia(7(Mesin! Analisa(Sistem(Manusia(7(Mesin! Analisa(Kuantitatif(Sistem( Manusia(7(Mesin! 2(
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Manusia(vs(Mesin( Kecepatan((
Lambat(
Cepat(
Kekuatan(
Kecil,(terbatas,(berubah7ubah(
Dapat(diatur(dengan(baik,( bisa(diperbesar,(tetap(
Keseragaman(
Tidak(dapat(diandalkan,(perlu( di7monitor(
Seragam(/(standar,(cocok( untuk(pekerjaan(massal(
Memory!
Mengingat(segala(macam,( persepsi,(dasar(&(strategis(
Sesuai(perintah,(jangka( panjang(/(jangka(pendek(
Berpikir(
Induktif(baik(
Deduktif(baik(
Kalkulasi(
Lambat,(mungkin(ada(error,( kemampuan(koreksi(
Cepat,(tepat,(tidak(ada( koreksi(
Overload!
Degradasi,(kemampuan(turun( perlahan(
Kerusakan(tiba7tiba(
Kepintaran(
Kemampuan(adaptasi,( meramal,(menganalisa(
Keputusan(Ya/Tidak(sesuai( program(
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SISTEM' MANUSIA'MESIN' Kombinasi'1'atau'beberapa' manusia'dengan'1'atau' beberapa'mesin'yang' saling'berinteraksi'untuk' menghasilkan'output' berdasarkan'input'tertentu.' 4(
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MESIN' semua'objek'fisik'termasuk' peralatan,'perlengkapan,' fasilitas'&'benda"benda' yang'digunakan'manusia' dalam'melakukan' pekerjaannya' 5(
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Man(Machine(Interface((
MAN(
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MACHINE(
PERCEPTION(&(CONTROL( 6(
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Simple(Ergo(System(
e(
e(
H
H M
H ='Human' 01/10/2014(
M ='Machine'
e'='Environment' 7(
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Complex(Ergo(System( e(
e( M M M H M H ='Human' 01/10/2014(
H
H M
H H
M ='Machine'
e'='Environment' 8(
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PERFORMING(TASK( ENVIRONMENT(
Heat/Cold,+Noise,+Lighting,+Vibration,+etc+
Firmware(
Software"Loaded'Hardware'for' Proper'Identification' Hardware(
INPUT(
Display'Control,' Machine,' Equipment','etc'
TASK( Human(Operator(
Age,'Sex,'Education,' Experience,'etc'
Software(
Man,' Manuals,' Information ,'etc' (
OUTPUT(
Feedback( 01/10/2014(
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Model(Hubungan(( Manusia(7(Mesin'
Manual((
Man7Machine(System!
Semi&Automa,c!! Man&Machine!System!
Automa,c!
Man7Machine(System! 01/10/2014(
10(
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MANUAL(( MAN7MACHINE(SYSTEM( (Human)(
Sensing((
Information( Storage(
INPUT(
Action( OUTPUT(
Processing(
Feedback( 01/10/2014(
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SEMI7AUTOMATIC(( MAN7MACHINE(SYSTEM(
Information( Storage( Sensing(
Action( Processing(
Control Mechanism
INPUT(
Display
(Human)(
Process(
Feedback(
OUTPUT( 01/10/2014(
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AUTOMATIC( MAN7MACHINE(SYSTEM( (Machine)(
INPUT(
Sensing(
Information( Storage(
Action(
Process(
OUTPUT(
Human( ((Monitor)(
Control mechanism
Display
Processing(
Feed!back( 01/10/2014(
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M E C H A N I S M S( 01/10/2014(
Recording!display!!:'memberi'informasi'tentang'progress' dari'proses'kerja'yang'berlangsung'('kinerja'mesin')' ' Perception(:'operator'yang'menyerap'/'menangkap' informasi'dari'display'secara'visual' ' Interpretation!Decision!:'menginterpretasikan'dan' mengartikan'informasi'yang'masuk'dan'selanjutnya' membuat'keputusan' ' Handing!of!Controls!:'mengkomunikasikan'keputusan'yang' diambil'ke'sub"sistem'mesin'melalui'rancangan'mekanisme' kendali' ' Control!Display!:'memberikan'petunjuk'kepada'operator' hasil'dari'keputusan'dan'tindakannya.'Selanjutnya'mesin' akan'membawa'ke'dalam'bentuk'aktivitas'kerja' 14(
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Analisa(Sistem(( Manusia(7(Mesin( KUANTITATIF(:(
KUALITATIF(:( ! Peta'Manusia'"'Mesin'('Man+8+
! Pengembangan'model'
Machine+Process+Chart+)'
matematis.'
! Menentukan(berapa(jumlah(
! Lebih'teliti,'akurat,''dan'
mesin(/(fasilitas(kerja(yang( bisa(dioperasikan(oleh( seorang(operator.(
memasukkan'variabel'''''''''''''''''''''''' biaya'dalam'proses'analisanya.'
! Sederhana,'praktis'dan'cepat.' ! Kendala':'Ketelitian'dalam'
menggambar'peta'manusia" mesin'
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Analisa(Kuantitatif( Sistem(Manusia(7(Mesin'
Synchronous!Servicing! Completely!Random! Servicing! Combina,on!Servicing! 01/10/2014(
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Synchronous! Servicing' • Kondisi'kerja'ideal' • Operator'dan'mesin'bekerja'
secara'penuh'dalam'siklus' waktu'yang'tersedia.' • Operator'lebih'sering'berada'
dalam'kondisi'“idle”,'sehingga' untuk'itu'bisa'dibebani'kerja' dengan'melayani'operasi' mesin'yang'kedua,'ketiga,'dst" nya.'
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Synchronous! Servicing' !
' !
' ' '
18(
1'operator'menangani'>'1'mesin'' 'DALAM(KONDISI(IDEAL'"' SINKRON.' Formulasi(:'
N#=#
machine#time L#+#m = operator#time# L
'' 'Dimana':' 'N''=' 'Σ'mesin'yang'harus'dilayani'' ' '(unit'mesin)' 'L'''=' 'total'operator+servicing+time'' ' '(loading+&+unloading)'(jam)' 'm''='total'machining+time'(jam)' '' 01/10/2014(
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Synchronous!Servicing+ m/c(#(1( m/c(#(2(
m/c(#(3( m/c(#(4( m/c(#(5(
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St'
St'
Cycle'time'"'Ct' St'
St'
C t' St'
St'
C t' St'
St'
C t' St'
C t'
St'
St'='L'='service+time+(loading+&+unloading);'' Ct'='m'='cycle+time'atau'machining+time+ 19( www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id(
Synchronous!Servicing( !
Kondisi'ideal'sulit'untuk'bisa'dicapai;'bilamana'N'>'5'atau'N'<'5'(dari'contoh)' maka' akan' dijumpai' situasi' adanya' idle' atau' delay+ yang+ bisa' terjadi' pada' mesin'atau'operator.+
!
Kondisi' idle' atau' delay' bisa' terjadi' manakala' nilai' N' dari' perhitungan' akan' menghasilkan' bilangan' pecahan;' sedangkan' banyaknya' mesin' yang' harus' dioperasikan'merupakan'bilangan'bulat.'
!
Pertimbangan' manakah' yang' sebaiknya' “idle”?' (Idle( machine( or( idle( operator?)'
Formulasi' perhitungan' jumlah' mesin' yang' dioperasikan' oleh' seorang' operator' perlu' modifikasi' dengan' memperhitungkan' waktu( (w)( yang( diperlukan(oleh(operator(untuk(bergerak7pindah(dari(satu(mesin(menuju( ke( mesin( berikutnya.' ' Pada' formulasi' terdahulu,' dalam' kondisi' yang' ideal' waktu'(w)'dianggap'='NOL'(?)+ 01/10/2014( 20( www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id( !
Synchronous!Servicing( !
Dengan' memperhitungkan' waktu( bergerak7pindahnya( operator( (w);' maka' jumlah' mesin' yang' harus' dilayani' bisa' dihitung' dengan' formulasi' baru'sbb':'
' ' ' #
#
Nilai'N'merupakan'bilangan'bulat.''Bilamana'dijumpai'nilai'N'merupakan' bilangan'pecah'misalkan'N'='4.57);'maka'perlu'untuk'dibulatkan'kebawah' (N1'='4)'atau'dibulatkan'keatas'(N2'='N1'+'1'='5). ' '' Untuk' menetapkan' berapa' jumlah' mesin' yang' seharusnya' dioperasikan' oleh' seorang' operator' dapat' ditetapkan' berdasarkan' pertimbangan' (analisa' biaya)' yang' didasarkan' pada' The( Expected( Cost( (TEC)' yang' paling' ekonomis' dilihat' dari' aspek' idle/delay' costs' yang' terjadi' pada' mesin'atau'operator.'
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''''
L"+"m N"=" L"+"w
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The!Expected!Cost! !
The(Expected(Cost(:( ! CM'='machining'cost'(Rp/jam/mesin)' ! CO'='operator'cost'(Rp/jam/operator)' '
! !
N1(=(idle(mesin((($(),(waktu'siklus'"'waktu'siklus'mesin' N2(=(idle(operator(((%(),(waktu'siklus'"'waktu'siklus'operator'
(L + m)(C o + N1 .CM ) TECN1 = N1
' !
TECN2 = (L + w)(CO + N2 .CM )
Keputusan':'Pilih'jumlah'mesin'yang'memberikan'nilai'TEC(terkecil( ( ( (TECN1(<(TECN2("(Pilih(N1(( ( (TECN1>TECN2("(Pilih(N2(
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L AT I H A N( S OA L(
Berapakah'jumlah'mesin'yang'seharusnya'bisa'dilayani' oleh'seorang'operator,'bilamana'diketahui':''' " Waktu'yang'dibutuhkan'untuk'kegiatan'loading' &'unloading''adalah'1,41'menit.' " Waktu'yang'dibutuhkan'untuk'operator'bergerak' berpindah'dari'satu'mesin'ke'mesin'lainnya'0,08' menit.' " Waktu'permesinan'4,34'menit.' " Biaya'operator'Rp.'8500'/'jam/operator.' " Biaya'operasi'mesin''Rp.'15000'/'jam/mesin.'
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N1'='3';'N2'='4' TECN1
(L + m)(CO + N1 .CM ) = N1 (5,75/60)(8500 + 3x15000) = 3 = Rp.1.709
TECN2 = (L + w)(CO + N2 .CM ) = (1,49/60)(8500 + 4x15000) ='Rp.1.701 01/10/2014(
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P E N Y E L E S A I A N(
L&+&m 1,41&+&4,34 N&=& = = 3,86 L&+&w 1,41&+&0,08
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Completely!Random!Servicing! # Diaplikasikan'untuk'menghadapi'kondisi':' & Kapan'
suatu' fasilitas' kerja' memerlukan' pelayanan' operator'TIDAK(DIKETAHUI;'
& Berapa' lama' pelayanan' terhadap' fasilitas' kerja' tersebut'
harus'berlangsung'juga'TIDAK(DIKETAHUI.(
# Mesin'dapat'berhenti'(down)'karena:' ' Siklus'kerja'selesai'(dan'ada'proses'loading'atau'unloading+
yang'dilakukan'oleh'operator).'
' Mesin'rusak'sehingga'operator'harus'melakukan'
perbaikan'(maintenance+services)'
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Completely!Random!Servicing! #
Probabilitas'mesin'down'(memerlukan'pelayanan'operator)':'0,'1,'2,'3'…' n'(n'relatif'kecil).''
#
Kapan' pelayanan' dikehendaki' dan' berapa' lama' waktu' pelayanan' (service)'bersifat'acak'(random).'
#
Pendekatan'Distribusi!Binomial'digunakan'untuk'penyelesaiannya.'
#
Di"ASUMSI"kan'bahwa'mesin'akan'down'/'idle'secara''random''selama' siklus'kerja'berlangsung''
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#
p(=(probability(of(running(time(
#
q(=(probability(of(down/idle(time(
#
p(+(q(=(1( 26(
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Binomial(Distribution( Teorema(Ekspansi(Binomial'
(p + q)n = pn +
( )qp n 1
n−1
+
( )q p n 2
2 n−2
+ .... +
( )q p n x
x n− x
+ .... + qn
'Proporsi(waktu(mesin(yang(hilang((d):( ' ' Total)jam)kerja)mesin)yang)hilang × 100% ' Total)jam)kerja)mesin ' Jika' prosentase' jam' yang' hilang' ±( 10%( maka' dapat' dikatakan' bahwa'penugasan'sudah'baik.'' Sedangkan' bila' prosentase' jam' mesin' yang' hilang' terlalu' besar,' maka'dapat'ditambah'operator'yang'menangani'mesin'down.' 01/10/2014(
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C((O((N((T((O((H' Tentukan'porsi'minimal'dari' waktu'permesinan'yang'akan' hilang'untuk'pengoperasian'3( (tiga)(mesin'yang'harus' dilayani'oleh'seorang' operator'bila'diketahui':' •
Rata"rata'running+time+='60%'
•
Rata"rata'operator+attention+ time'='40%'(irregular+intervals).''
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Perhitungan(Distribusi(Binomial( ! Kemungkinan'(probabilitas)'adanya'mesin'running'(p)'
dan'down/idle'(q)'untuk'3(mesin(yang'harus'dilayani' oleh' seorang' operator' dapat' ditunjukkan' sebagai' berikut':'
'(p'+'q)n' '='(p'+'q)3'' '
'='p3'+'3p2q'+'3pq2'+'q3'
'''''''''''''
'='(0.60)3'+'3(0.60)2(0.40)'+'3(0.60)(0.40)2'+'(0.40)3'
'''''' '
'='(0.216)'+'(0.432)'+'(0.288)'+'(0.064)'
'''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''
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Tree!Diagram! Mesin(1''''''Mesin(2''''''''Mesin(3''''''''''''''Probabilitas( R'='0.60'
R'='0.60'''''''''''(0.60)(0.60)(0.60)'='0.216'''''''''''''''' D'='0.40'''''''''''(0.60)(0.60)(0.40)'='0.144'
D'='0.40'
R'='0.60'''''''''''(0.60)(0.40)(0.60)'='0.144' D'='0.40'''''''''''(0.60)(0.40)(0.40)'='0.096'
R'='0.60'
R'='0.60'''''''''''(0.40)(0.60)(0.60)'='0.144' D'='0.40'''''''''''(0.40)(0.60)(0.40)'='0.096'
D'='0.40'
R'='0.60'''''''''''(0.40)(0.40)(0.60)'='0.096' D'='0.40'''''''''''(0.40)(0.40)(0.40)'='0.064'
R'='0.60'
D'='0.40'
1.000' 01/10/2014(
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Proporsi(Waktu(Hilang( ! Dari'perhitungan'tersebut'diatas,'maka'proporsi'waktu'mesin'down/idle'
bisa' ditentukan.' ' Waktu' yang' hilang' untuk' melayani' 3' mesin' dapat' dihitung'sebagai'berikut:' #'mesin' down/idle'
Probability(
Jam'mesin'yang'hilang'' karena'1'operator'
Jam'mesin'yang'hilang' karena'2'operator'
0'
0.216'
0'
0'
1'
0.432'
''0*)'
0'
2'
0.288''
(1)(0.288)(8)'='2.304'
0'
3'
0.064'
(2)(0.064)(8)'='1.024'
(1)(0.064)(8)'='0.512'
*)+Karena+hanya+1+(satu)+mesin+yang+down+maka+operator+dapat+melayani+mesin+tersebut,+sehingga+secara+
keseluruhan+tidak+ada+mesin+yang+“down/+idle”.+ +
• 'Proporsi'waktu'permesinan'yang'hilang'karena'hanya'1'(orang)'operator'saja' yang'ditugaskan'melayani'3'(tiga)'mesin'=''(2.304'+'1.024)' x'100%'='13.9%' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3'x'8' 01/10/2014(
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The!Expected!Cost! Asumsi':' • Biaya'operator'='Rp'10.000/jam' • Biaya'permesinan'='Rp'80.000/jam' • Output'produksi'='250'unit/jam' '''''''''''''''''''''''
Untuk(1(operator(:( Produksi'selama'8'jam'='(24'–'3,328)'x'250'='5168'unit' Biaya'selama'8'jam'='(10000'x'8)'+'(80000'x'3'x'8)'='Rp'2.000.000' Biaya'per'unit'='2000000'/'5168'='Rp'386,9' Untuk(2(operator(:( Produksi'selama'8'jam'='(24'–'0,512)'x'250'='5872'unit' Biaya'selama'8'jam'='(10000'x'8'x'2)'+'(80000'x'3'x'8)'='Rp'2.080.000' Biaya'per'unit'='2080000'/'5872'='Rp'354,2' Untuk(3(operator(:( Produksi'selama'8'jam'='(24'–'0)'x'250'='6000'unit' Biaya'selama'8'jam'='(10000'x'8'x'3)'+'(80000'x'3'x'8)'='Rp'2.160.000' 01/10/2014( Biaya'per'unit'='2160000'/'6000'='Rp'360' 32(
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Asumsi':' Biaya'tenaga'kerja'langsung':'Rp'12.500/jam' Biaya'permesinan':'Rp'85.000/jam' Output'produksi':'300'unit/jam'
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LATIHAN( SOAL(
Tentukan' minimum' prosentase' dari' waktu' permesinan' yang' akan' hilang' dan' jumlah' operator' optimum' untuk' menangani' 4' (empat)' mesin,' bila' rata"rata' running+ time+ 70%' dan' rata"rata' operator+attention+time'sebesar'30%.'
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Combination! Servicing!+ • • • •
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Servicing'Time'"'Constant( Machine'Down'Time'"' Random( Sebuah'tipikal'umum'dari' sistem'manusia'mesin.' Problem'teori'antrian' (Queuing+Theory)'yang'bisa' dijumpai'cara' penyelesaiannya'dalam' riset'operasi'(Operation+ Research)'
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“The best way to predict the future is to invent it”
- Alan Kay -
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