Development of New and Renewable Energy Sources In Indonesia: In Sight of Biomasses Base Utilization
Dr. Dwi Susilaningsih Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesia Institute of Sciences Jl Raya Bogor Km 46 Cibinong Bogor Indonesia 16911 Tel. +62-21-8754587 Fax. +62-21-8754588 Email;
[email protected] or
[email protected] Website;http://www.biotek.lipi.go.id
LIPI11-A5.0
SALAM 2 JAKARTA 2012-Dec-13
OUTLINE I. PREFACE II. 1st GENERATION OF RNE III. 2nd GENERATION OF RNE IV. 3rd GENERATION OF RNE
V. CLOSING REMARK
I. PREFACE ENERGY: Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation" is an indirectly observed quantity that is often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems. However in the new term its including the chemical, thermodynamic and biological system.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: is the sustainable provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It consist the whole aspects of social live style( green living), technology, green environment (Clean Air Policy, Climate Change, Ecology), energy security and renewable energy sources. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. BIOENERGY: is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Continue
NRE & The Development By 2050, one-third of the world's energy will need to come from solar, wind, and other renewable resources. Energy generation (technology); First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery technologies, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. Product Bioenergy (Fuel); First-generation biofuels, primarily consisting of ethanol and biodiesel, are derived from sugars, starches, and oils, and the crops used to create these fuels compete with food crops for the use of agricultural land and water. Second-generation biofuel production is that focus on the extraction of energy from lignocellulosic biomass sources. Third-generation biofuels are derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria. Forth-generation is the biofuel derivate from the molecular engineering materials.
Hydrogen
4st generation
Molecular Engineering
DIAGRAM OF BIOFUEL GENERATION
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Biofuel adalah setiap bahan bakar baik padatan, cairan ataupun gas yang dihasilkan dari bahan-bahan organik (tanaman, hewan dan mikroba). Biofuel dapat dihasilkan secara langsung (proses fotosintesa atau metabolisme) atau secara tidak langsung dari limbah industri, komersial, domestik atau pertanian. Ada beberapa cara untuk pembuatan biofuel seperti ekstraksi langsung dari tanaman (jarak, nyamplung, sawit); proses fisika seperti pembakaran limbah organik kering (seperti buangan rumah tangga, limbah industri dan pertanian); dan fermentasi seperti fermentasi limbah basah (seperti kotoran hewan) tanpa oksigen untuk menghasilkan biogas(mengandung hingga 60 persen metana), atau fermentasi tebu atau jagung untuk menghasilkan alkohol dan ester; dan tanaman hutan (menghasilkan kayu dari tanaman yang cepat tumbuh sebagai bahan bakar).
http://biofuelindonesia.blogspot.com/
II. 1st GENERATION OF BIOFUEL Continue
Perkembangan Generasi Pertama Biofuel Di Indonesia
Biofuel Development
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Palm Jatropha Sugarcane Cassava Microalgae
Source : Dept. ESDM Continue
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Source: Dept. ESDM
Source : Dept. ESDM
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Source : Dep. ESDM
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BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS Availability of Biofuel Development Blue Print Availability of Biofuel Development Regulations Biodiesel (B-5), has been sold in 20 gas stations in Jakarta and 12 gas stations in Surabaya Bioethanol (E-5), which is known as Bio-Premium has been sold in Malang and Jakarta. Started December 2006 Bio-Pertamax has been sold in 1 gas station in Jakarta Started of Energy Self Sufficient Village using Biofuel Commitments of Investosr to develop Biofuel (January 2007) Biofuel Producers, among others : - PT. Eterindo Jawa Timur - PT. Molindo Raya - PT. Lampung Destileri - PT. Energi Alternatif Indonesia - PT. Sumi Asih - PT. Platinum - PT. Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia Continue
Development of 2nd Generation of Bioethanol:
Cellulose-based Ethanol
Biology of bioconversion of solar energy into biofuels. Solar energy is collected by plants via photosynthesis and stored as lignocellulose. Decomposition of the cellulosic material into simple 5- and 6-carbon sugars is achieved by physical and chemical pretreatment, followed by exposure to enzymes from biomass -degrading organisms. The simple sugars can be subsequently converted into fuels by microorganisms.
Source: http://www.nature.com/scitable/
III. 2nd Biofuel Generation •
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Second generation biofuels are broadly speaking the biofuel technologies still in the pipeline. It is these sustainable biofuels that will provide the source for the future. Some of the new technologies focus on increasing yields from plantderived fuels; others look at the application of microbiological research to improve energy efficiency and range of renewable feedstocks for biofuel production. The Biofuel Research Centre focuses on 2nd Generation biofuels produced by microbial fermentation of non-food crops. These carbon-rich lignocellulosic materials are renewable and widely available. Sources include agricultural waste such as corn stover, straw and bagasse; industrial waste such as sawdust and paper pulp; woody biomass from forestry; municipal solid waste including household food and garden waste and paper products; and specific non-food energy crops such as switchgrass. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is attractive and even more so if biomass which is otherwise regarded as waste can be used as the substrate. In this case, the overall energy yield and carbon footprint will be improved compared to first generation biofuels as there is no need to cultivate and harvest the crops. How we best harness this energy stored within lignocelluloses may provide the Continue
Development of Process Eco-materials
Lignin
Resin 18-25 %
Biomass
Hemicellulose 18-25%
Xylose
Saccharification
Fermentation Pretreatment : Bio-treatment
Cellulose 40-50 %
Glucose
Chemical treatment
Simultaneous Sacharification and Fermentation (SSF)
Steam treatment
Ethanol 25-35 % Continue
Genetically modified Plant for Bioethanol Case: Paraserianthes falcataria Increase the productivity Increase the cellulose content
Reduce the lignin content
wt
Transg.
Reduce the hemicellulose content Courtesy: Enny Sudarmnowati & Sri Hartati Continue
Energy from Municipal Solid Waste Installed capacity 10 MW in Suwung, Bali
26 MW in Bekasi, West Java 10 MW in Surabaya, East Java (2012)
10 MW in Bandung, West Java (2012) Source
Local municipal solid waste In Bali and Bekasi using GALFAD Technology from PT Navigat Organic Energy Indonesia
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IV.
nd 3
Generation of Biofuel Algal Fuel Fuel Production Options from Microalgal Cell Components
Biorefinary Algae
Comparison algae and other oil sources Continue
Perkembangan Generasi ke-3 Biofuel di Indonesia
Algae Sebagai Sumber Energi Algae mempunyai kandungan lipida, tepung, hidrokarbon dan evolusi hidrogen sebagai hasil metabolisme selnya Keunggulan budidaya algae sebagai sumber energi; pertumbuhan cepat, menggunakan sedikit air dibanding pertanian, mengkonversi sinar matahari dan CO2 menjadi makananya sendiri, mudah dibudidayakan, seluruh prosesnya tidak menimbulkan polusi lingkungan
Kekurangan budidaya algae; merupakan komoditi baru, membutuhkan teknologi pemanenan yang membutuhkan daya listrik tinggi, proses pasca panen, proses kimia untuk mendapatkan energi yang diinginkan
Screening marine microalgae for specific purposes The screening methods are developed by our laboratory Commercial interest ~ Function Starch production High CO2 tolerant High density culture Chl. d production Polysaccharide SOx tolerant Low pH (tolerant) PUFA production Hydrocarbon production Lipid accumulator Hydrogen production
Source variation Tropical isolates Symbionts Hot spring isolates Marine sediments Continue
Candidate of hydrocarbon producing microalgae Botryococcus sp.
Reference image dari Broock, 2003
Botryococcus?
Figure of Dry weight an lipid content of selected microalgae
Chlorophyceae 3% of yield 3% of yield
Chromophyceae
Chromophyceae
Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
Bar scale:10 m
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol. 33 No. 2, 2008
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Candidate lipid depositor microalgae On-line journal of Biotechnology Research in Tropical Region, vol 2, October 2009.
Growth and lipid production of selected strains (Ntreated)
Screening Process Co-research with IPB, Lambung Mangkurat Univ. & P2 Physic LIPI
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Photobioreactor
Teach the people how to Cultivate the algae for feed.
Algal biodiesel project Continue
Cultivation in the semi pilot-plant
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Coming Soon: Generasi ke 4 Biofuel
Hydrogenosome pada sel bakteri, alga dan cyanobakteria
Organ respirasi Mitokondria
Clossing Remark • • •
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Indonesia has realize the mandatory of blending the fossil fuel with NRE
The 1st biofuel generation is already sale in the market The 2nd biofuel generation is in between application and evaluation in the market The 3rd biofuel generation is still in the laboratory studies THANK YOU
