DAFTAR PUSTAKA Bear, F.E. (1964), Chemistry of The Soil, 2nd edition, Reinhold Publishing, New York, page 47-51, 131-133, 242-287, 296-299, 475-478, 495, 500-501. Bossio, D.A., Scow, K.M., Gunapala, N., Graham, K.J. (1998) Determinants of Soil Microbial Communities: Effects of Agricultural Management, Season, and Soil Type on Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles. J. Microb Ecol 36, 1–12. Buurman, P., Van Lagen, B., Velthorst, E.J. (1996) Manual for Soil and Water Analysis, Backhuys Publishers Leiden, Leiden, Netherland, page 5-10, 14-21, 5861. Franke-Whittle, Ingrid H., Klammer, Susanne H., Insam, Heribert. (2005) Design and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the investigation of compost microbial communities. J. Microbiological Methods 62, 37-56. Harborne, J.B. (1993) Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, 4th edition, Academic Press, London, page 17-26. Horiuchi, J.I., Ebie, K., Tada, K., Kobayashi, M., Kanno, T. (2003) Simplified method for estimation of microbial activity in compost by ATP analysis. Bioresource Technology 62, 95-98. Howeler, M., Ghiorse, W.C., Walker, L.P. (2003) A quantitative analysis of DNA extraction and purification from compost. J. Microbiological Methods 54, 37-45. Ishii, K., Fukui, M., Takii, S. (2000) Microbial Succession during a Composting Process as Evaluated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis. J. of Applied Microbiology 89, 768-777. Jusuf, E., Pikoli, M.R., Subroto, M.A. (2003) Isolasi dan karakterisasi mikroba pendegradasi kayu untuk proses pengomposan limbah industri pengolahan kayu. PIT PERMI. Koschinsky, S., Peters, S., Schwieger, F., Tebbe, C.C. (1999) Applying molecular techniques to monitor microbial communities in composting processes. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Leifeld, J., Siebert, S., Kogel-Knabner, I. (2002) Changes in the chemical composition of soil organic matter after application of compost. European Journal of Soil Science 53 (2), 299. Pagans, E., Barrena, R., Font, X., Sanchez, A. (2005) Ammonia emission from the composting of different organic wastes. Dependency on process temperature. Chemosphere. Article in press. Principles and Practice : Compost Sampling for Lab Analysis. Woods End Research Laboratory Incorporated.
33
Richardson, M.L. (1991) Chemistry, Agriculture and the Environment, The Royal Society of Chemistry, page 121-130, 209-219. Riffaldi, R., Levi-Minzi, R., Pera, A., Bertoldi, M.d. (1986) Evaluation of compost maturity by means of chemical and microbial analysis. Waste Management and Research 4, 406-425. Ryckeboer, J., Mergaert, J., Coosemans, J., Deprins, K., Swings, J. (2003) Microbiological aspect of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin. Journal of Applied Microbioogy 94 (1), 127. Schutter, Mary E., Dick, Richard P. (2000). Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) methods for Characterizing Microbial Communities. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 64, 1659–1668. Schwab, B.S., Ritchie, C.J., Kain, D.J., Dobrin, G.C., King, L.W., Palmisano, A.C. (1994) Characterization of Compost from a Pilot Plant-Scale Composter Utilizing Simulated Solid Waste. Waste Management and Research 12, 289-303. Smars, S., Beck-Friis, B., Jonsson, H., Kirchmann, H. (2001) An advanced experimental composting reactor for systematic simulation studies. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 78 (4) 415-422. Smidt, E., Lechner, P. (2005) Study on the degradation of organic matter in waste by meansof thermal analyses. Thermochimica Acta, 438. 22-28. Steger, Kristin., Jarvis, Asa., Smars, Sven, Sundha, Ingvar. (2003) Comparison of signature lipid methods to determine microbial community structure in compost. J. Microbiological Methods 55, 371– 382. Sugiharto, A., Rahayu, S.H. (2003) Laju perkembangan mikroba dalam proses pembentukan kompos. PIT PERMI. Suprihatin, A., Prihanto, D., Gelbert, M. (1999) Sampah dan Pengelolaannya, PPPGT / VEDC Malang. Suriawiria, U. (2002). Pupuk Organik Kompos dari Sampah: Bioteknologi Agroindustri, Humaniora Utama Press, Bandung, halaman 2-3, 5-7, 11-14, 26-29, 32-33. Tognetti, C., Mazzarino, M.J., Laos, F. (2007) Improving the quality of municipal waste compost. Bioresource Technology 98, 1067-1076. Yang, Zh.H., Xiao, Y., Zheng, G.M., Xu, Zh.Y., Liu, Y.Sh. (2007) Comparison of methods for total community DNA extraction and purification from compost. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 918-925. Zhou, J., Bruns, M.A., Tiedje, J.M. (1996) DNA Recovery from Soils of Diverse Composition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (2), 316-322.
Lampiran A
Pembuatan Reaktor Sampah
Bahan yang diperlukan :
Alat yang diperlukan :
Gentong plastik kapasitas 100 L
Gergaji paralon
Pipa PVC diameter 2,5 inci
Bor kecil
Selotip pipa
Reaktor Sampah skala medium : 1. Bentuk reaktor sampah didesain terlebih dahulu di kertas beserta ukuran yang sesuai.
Gambar 1. Desain reaktor
Gambar 2. Mengukur gentong
Gambar 3. Melubangi Gentong
35 2. Pada gentong plastik dilubangi dengan diameter 2,5 inci dan diteruskan hingga tembus ke sisi satunya. Tiap lubang diukur dengan jarak tinggi sekitar 5-10 cm dan posisi lubang yang masing-masing berjarak 60o melingkari gentong plastik.
Gambar 4. Memasukkan pipa PVC
Gambar 5. Memasukkan pipa ke lubang lain
3. Pipa PVC dipotong sepanjang 80 cm kemudian dimasukkan ke masingmasing lubang yang telah dibuat pada gentong plastik. 4. Sambungan antara pipa PVC dan gentong plastik dilapisi dengan selotip pipa.
Gambar 6. Pipa PVC dalam tiap lubang
36
Gambar 7. Reaktor sampah jadi
Lampiran B
Tempat Pembuangan Sementara Cibangkong
Dokumentasi Tempat Pengkomposan di TPS RW 11 Cibangkong Praktisi pengkomposan : Bapak Suwardjiman
Alamat dan nomer kontak : Tempat Pengkomposan RW 11 Cibangkong, Bandung, Jawa Barat Telp. 022 - 7330040
Gambar 1. Tumpukan sampah yang dikomposkan
Gambar 2. Pile sampah disusun menurut waktu masuknya
38
Gambar 3. Sampah yang baru masuk ke TPS
Gambar 4. Sampah berumur 3 hari
39
Gambar 5. Sampah berumur 7 hari
Gambar 6. Sampah berumur 14 hari
40
Gambar 7. Sampah berumur 21 hari
Gambar 8. Sampah berumur 28 hari
41
Gambar 9. Pengambilan data temperatur
Gambar 10. Proses pengkomposan dengan sistem fresh debris
42
Gambar 11. Kompos jadi yang telah diayak dan siap dikemas
Gambar 12. TPS RW 11 Cibangkong
Gambar 13. Tim pemulung di TPS RW 11 Cibangkong