44
SARAN •
Memasak ikan (terutama ikan jenis pelagis bebas seperti tuna, cakalang, dan tenggiri) dengan sempurna sebelum dikonsumsi untuk menghindari risiko zoonosis
•
Penelitian lanjutan dengan jumlah sampel dan titik pengambilan sampel lebih banyak untuk menyempurnakan pemetaan
•
Identifikasi parasit pada satwa perairan lainnya (lumba- lumba, paus, hiu, pari, dll) untuk menguatkan kemungkinan penggunaan ikan sebagai indikator pendugaan status kecacingan pada satwa perairan.
•
Melakukan analisis prevalensi/intensitas infestasi cacing parasitik pada satwa perairan lainnya untuk dibandingkan dengan prevalensi/intensitas pada ikan indikator.
•
Menggunakan teknik histopatologi dan juga imunohistokimia untuk mengidentifikasi infestasi cacing parasitik.
•
Menjajagi potensi penggunaan nematoda sebagai indikator biologis kondisi perairan dan juga kondisi satwa liar perairan.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Hadidjaja P, Ilahude HD, Mahfudin H, Burhanuddin, Hutomo M. 1978. Larvae of Anisakidae in marine fish of coastal waters near Jakarta, Indonesia [abstract]. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Jan;27(1 Pt 1):51-4.
Hilderbrand KS Jr, Price RJ, Olson RE. 2003. Parasites in Marine Fishes Questions and Answers for Seafood Retailers National Sea Grant College Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Hoekstra PF. et al. 2003. Trophic transfer of Persistent Organochlorine (OCs) within an Arctic Marine Food Web from the Souther Beaufort-Chukchi Seas. Environmetal Pollution (2003) 509-522 Ilahude HD, Hadidjaja P, Mahfudin H 1978. Survey on Anisakid larvae in marine fish from fish markets in Jakarta [abstract]. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1978 Mar;9(1):48-50. Kahn B. 2001. Komodo National Park Cetacean Survey; TNC, APEX Environment Karanth U, Nichols JD, 2002. Monitoring Tigers andTheir Prey – A Manual for researchers, managers, & conservationists in tropical Asia. India. Centre For wildlife Studies. Kennedy MW. 2000. Immune response to Anisakis simplex and other ascarid nematodes. Allergy 2000: 55: Suppl 59: 7±13 Køie M,. 2001. Experimental infections of copepods and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus with small ensheathed larvae of Anisakis simplex (Nematoda, Ascaridoide, Anisakidae). Parasitol Res 2000;87: 32-36 Kusumamihardja S. 1995. Parasit dan parasitosis pada hewan ternak dan hewan piaraan di Indonesia. Bogor. Pusat Antar Universitas. IPB Lopez-Serrano MC., Alonso-Gómez A, Moreno-Ancillo A, Dashner A, Suárez de Parga J., 2000; Gastroallergic anisakiasis: immediate hypersensitivity due to Anisakis simplex; Allergol Imunol Clin 2000;15: 230-236 Lusseau D. 2003. Effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts. Conserv. Biol. 17:1785-1793 Moravec F, Wolter J, Körting W. 1999. Some nematodes and acanthocephalans from exotic ornamental freshwater fishes imported into Germany. Folia Parasitologica 46: 296-310, 1999
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Morton A, Routledge R, Peet C, Ladwig, A. 2004. Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 147-157 Nabib R, Pasaribu FH. 1989. Bahan Pengajaran Patologi dan Penyakit Ikan. Bogor. Departemen Penididikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor
Noble ER, Noble GA. 1989. Parasitologi Biologi Parasit Hewan. Edisi ke-5. Wardiarto, penerjemah; Soeripto N. editor. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press. Terjemahan dari: Parasitology: The Biology of Animal Parasites 5th edition Orlandi PA, Chu DT, Bier JW, Jackson GJ,. 2002. Parasites and the Food Supply. Food Technology Vol 56 No 4. April Pascual S, Abollo E, Lopez A. 2000. Elemental analysis of cetacean skull lesions associated with nematode infections. Dis Aquat Org. Vol 42:71-75 Permin A, Hansen JW. 1998. Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites. Rome. Food And Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations Pet-Soede (editor), 2002; The Solor And Alor Islands Expedition Results; TNC, WWF, David And Lucille Packard Foundation Reeves RR, Smith BD, Crespo EA, di Sciara GN. 2003. Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises: 2002-210 Conservation Action Plan for World’s Cetacean. Switzerland-UK. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN Schopf LR, Hoffman KF, Cheever AW, Urban Jr JF, Wynn TA.. 2002. IL-10 Is Critical for Host Resistance and survival During Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection. The Journal of Immunology, 168: 2383–2392 Soulsby EJL. 1982. Helmithns, Arthropods, And Protozoa of Domesticated animals. Edisi ke-7. London. Bailiere-Tindall Strømnes E, Andersen K. 2003. Growth of whaleworm (Anisakis simplex, Nematodes, Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae) third-stage larvae in paratenic fish hosts. Parasitol Res (2003) 89: 335–341
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49
Lampiran 1. Daftar Temuan Cacing Parasitik dan Inang Kode Ikan
Klasifikasi
Genus 1
Ekuning 2
Nematoda
Procamallanus
Ekuning 20
cestoda
unidentified
Ekuning 3
Nematoda
Anisakis
Genus 2 Dichelyne
Stadium
Plerocercoid Pseudoterranova
Procamallanus
Zoonosis
Dewasa Larva 3
8
Dewasa Dichelyne
Dewasa Dewasa
ekuning 4
dewasa
Ekuning 5 Krapu 1
Anisakis
Pseudoterranova
Cestoda
Krapu 11
Larva 3
Bothriocephalus
plerocercoid
Krapu 19
plerocercoid Unidentified
plerocercoid
Nematoda
Capilaria
dewasa
Krapu 6
cestoda
Unidentified
plerocercoid
Krapu 8A
Nematoda
Procamallanus
Krapu 8E
Cestoda
Unidentified
Tuna 1
Trematoda
Echinochasmus
Dichelyne
Magnacetabulum
Plerocercoid Dewasa Haplosplanchnus
Philopinna
8
Dewasa Dewasa
Unidentified Acanthocephala
8
Dewasa Plerocercoid
Tuna 10
8
Plerocercoid
dewasa
Wardula
Monostomum
Dewasa
Leptorhynchoides
Rhadinorhynchus
Dewasa Dewasa Dewasa
Rhadinorhynchus Nematoda
Leptorhynchoides
Anisakis
Dewasa Larva 3
8
Larva 3 Tuna 12
Trematoda
Tuna 16
Acanthocephala
Tuna 18
Cestoda
Tuna 2
Nematoda
Anisakis
tuna 20
acanthocephala
Serrasentis
Cestoda
Bothriocephalus
Trematoda
Tetrochetus
trematoda
Unidentified
dewasa
Lecithocladium
dewasa
Anisakis
Larva 3
Leptorhynchoides
Rhadinorhynchus
Dewasa Dewasa
Tuna 23 Tuna 24 Tuna 3
Nematoda
sitiserkus Larva 3 Bulbosoma
dewasa plerocercoid
Pseudopecoeloides
Dewasa
Larva 3 Tuna 32
Trematoda
Hirudinella
Dewasa
Tuna 4
Cestoda
Unidentified
Procercoid
Nematoda
Anisakis
Larva 3
Tuna 5
Larva 3
Tuna 6
Trematoda
Tuna 7
Acanthocephala
Leptorhynchoides
Rhadinorhynchus
Dewasa
Nematoda Anisakis Tuna 9
Acanthocephala
Leptorhynchoides
8 8
Larva 3 Rhadinorhynchus
8g= zoonosis
Dewasa
8
50
Lampiran 2. Perhitungan Statistika – Analisis Korelasi Patologi dan Infestasi Cacing Parasitik
Analisis berdasarkan korelasi Pearson (r):
Lokasi
Persentase
Selat Sunda Bali NTT
70% 90% 100% r=
Lokasi
25% 70% 4% r=
Lokasi
85% 100% 79% r=
Selat Sunda Bali NTT
(0.36)
Persentase
Intensitas cacing
70% 90% 100%
1.88 3.38 5.42
r= INFEKSI SEKUNDER (BAKTERI) Intensitas cacing Lokasi 1.88 3.38 5.42
Selat Sunda Bali NTT
(0.39)
Persentase
Selat Sunda Bali NTT
0.84 0.94 0.9
0.74
Persentase
Selat Sunda Bali NTT
ENTERITIS (SEL RADANG) Prevalensi cacing Lokasi
r= PERUBAHAN UMUM Intensitas cacing Lokasi 1.88 3.38 5.42
Selat Sunda Bali NTT r=
0.96
Persentase
Prevalensi cacing
25% 70% 4%
0.84 0.94 0.9 0.58
Persentase
Prevalensi cacing
85% 100% 79%
0.84 0.94 0.9
0.61
51
Lampiran 3. Analisis Intensitas cacing parasitik dengan menggunakan Standard Error Mean (SEM)
2.50 5.00
2.00
Mean +- 2 SE Acanthocephala
Mean +- 2 SE Nematoda
4.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
Bali
NTT
Selat Sunda
Bali
Lokasi
NTT
Selat Sunda
Lokasi
2.00
Mean +- 2 SE Trematoda
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
Bali
NTT
Selat Sunda
Lokasi
SEM untuk masing- masing cacing parasitik di setiap lokasi. Perbedaan terlihat antara intensitas nematoda di NTT dan Selat Sunda dan Acanthocephala di semua lokasi. Intensitas trematoda sama di semua lokasi.
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Lampiran 4. Analisis Prevalensi Dengan Menggunakan Uji Proporsi
120%
Prevalensi (%)
100% 80% Prevalensi
60% 40% 20% 0% Selat sunda
Bali
NTT
Lokasi
Lokasi Selat sunda Bali NTT
Prevalensi Uji Proporsi (+/-) 84% 0.00375766 0.0613 94% 0.0019469 0.044124 90% 0.00242803 0.049275
12% 9% 10%
Prevalensi cacing parasitik pada semua jenis ikan di setiap lokasi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Uji proporsi memberikan error bar yang saling overlap antar lokasi.
53
Lampiran 5. Analisis box plot untuk Intensitas parasit pada semua jenis ikan per lokasi
10.00
34
Juml_Parasit
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Lembata
Lovina B
Selat Su
Lokasi
Intensitas cacing parasitik di setiap lokasi pengambilan sampel tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang besar dengan pencilan (outlier) pada kasus no 34 (Acanthocephala pada ikan tuna di Lembata NTT).
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Lampiran 6. Komposisi intensitas cacing parasitik dari setiap lokasi
Cestoda
4.00
Acanthocephala Trematoda Nematoda
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00 Selat Sunda
Bali
NTT
