DAFTAR PUSTAKA Alexopoulus CJ , CW Mims and M Blackwell. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4rded . John Wiley & Son. Chichester New York Anonim, 2004. Demam berdarah, demam pemilu dan negeri demam. Kompas. Sabtu, 18 Februari 2004 Apperson CS, BA Federici, FR Tarver, and W Steward.1992. Biotic and abiotic parameters associated with an epizootic of Coelomomyces punctatus in a larval population of the mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 60 : 219-228 Barson G, N Renn and Bywater. 1994. Laboratory evaluation of six species of entomophatogenic fungi for control of the house fly (Musca domestica L), a pest of intensive animal units. J.Invertebr. Pathol 61: 107-113 Beneke ES, AL Rogers. 1970. Medical Mycology Manual.3t h ed. Laboratory procedure for study of contaminant fungi. Min neapolis. Burges s Publishing Company. 10-20 Borror DJ, CA Triplehom and NF Johnson. 1992. Pengenalan pelajaran serangga. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. hal. 670 – 674 Brady BL. 1981. Fungi as parasites of insects and mites. Commenwealth Institute of Biological plant and health protection. Gustav Fishers. Verlag. Stutgart. New York Brey
PT. 1985. Observations of in vitro gametangial copulation and oosporogenesis in Lagenidium giganteum. J. Invertebr. Pathol.45 : 276281.
Butt TM., C Jackson and N Magan. 2001. Fungi as biocontrol agents. Progress, Problem and Potential . CAB International. Campbell MC and JL Stewart. 1990. The Medical Mycology – Handbook. A. Wiley Medical Publication. John Wiley&Sons. New York. Campbell CK, EM Johnson and DW Warnock. 1996. Identification of pathogenic fungi. Public Health Laboratory Service. 61 Colindale Avenua. London. Chan YC, KL Chan, and BC Ho. 1972. Integrate control of Ae. species in Singapore : Public Health Education, Law Enforcement and surveillance. In : Vektor control in Southeast Asia Proceeding of the first SEAMEO workshop. Singapore, August 17-18, 1972, 78-143 pp Chen K. 2004. Http//www.swara.net/id/view.headline.php/ID=2047 (7 Juli 2002)
73
Cheng TC. 1974. General Parasitology. Academic Press. New York. London. 821-881 pp Couch JH and SV Romney . 1973. Sexual reproduction in Lagenidium giganteum. Mycologia 65. 250-252 pp. Cuda JP, JA Homby , B Cotterill and M Cattell . 1997. Evaluation of Lagenidium giganteum for biocontrol of Mansonia mosquito in Florida (Diptera: Culicidae). Biological Control 8 no 2 : 124-130 pp Dean DD and AJ Domnas . 1983. The extracellular proteolytic enzymes of the mosquito parasitizing fungus Lagenidium giganteum. Exp. Mycol. 7: 31-39 pp Domnas AJ, PE Giebel and TM Innis. 1974. Biochemistry of mosquito infection : Preliminary studies of biochemical change in Culex quinguiefasciatus following infection with Lagenidium giganteum. J. Invertebr.Pathol.24 : 293-304 pp Domnas AJ, AR Shipley and B Hinks. 1976. Sterve requirements for zoospora production by the mosquito parasite Lagenidium giganteum. In: Proc. ns. Int. Colleg. Inv. Pathol. and Annu. Meet. Soc. Inv. Pathol. (Kingston, Canada). 427 pp Domnas AJ, JP Sebro and BF Hick. 1977. Sterol requirement for zoospora formation in the mosquito parasitizing fungus Lagenidium giganteum. Mycologia, 69 : 875-886 pp. Domnas AJ, SM Fagan and S Jaronski. 1982. Factor influencing zoospora production in liquid culture of Lagenidium giganteum ( Oomycetes : Lagenidiales). Mycologia, 74 : 820-825. Dwidjoseputro D. 1978. Pengantar Mikologi. 2ed Penerbit Alumni. Bandung Elliot P, M Hendrie, B Kinghts and W Parker. 1964. A sterol growth factor requirement in a fungus nature (London), 203: 427-428 Federici BA. 1981. Mosquito control by the fungi Culicinomyces, Lagenidium and Coelomomyces. In Microbial Control of pests dan Plant Diseases. 555-572. Academic Press. New York. Fisher FMT and NB. Cook. 1998. Fundamental of Diagnostic Mycology. W.B. Saunders. Gubler DJ. 1997. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever history and resurgence as a global public health problem. In Gubler DJ and G. Kuno. Colorado, 175-191 pp
74
Halstead SB. 1997. Epidemiology of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Cab International 198 Madison Avenue, New York. USA. 23-44 pp Humber RA. 1998. Entomopathogenic fungal identification. ASP/ESA Join Annual Meeting (Serial on line). http://www.ppru.cornell.edu/mycology/insect-mycology.html. (7 Juli 2002) Hyeong JJ, ST Chung and HK Wen. 2002. Characterization of phytochemicals stimulatory to sexual reproduction in Phytophtora coctorum and P. parasitica. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin 43: 203-210 Jaronski S, RC Axtell , SM Fagan and AJ Domnas . 1983. Invitro production of zoosporas by the mosquito pathogen Lagenidium giganteum ( Oomycetes Lagenidiales) on solid media. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 44 : 305-309 Jaronski S and RC Axtell. 1982. Effect of organic water pollution on the infectivity of fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenediales) for larvae Culex quinguefasciatus (Diptera : Culicidae): field dan laboratory evaluation. J. Med. Entomol 3: 255-262 Kerwin JL and RK Washino . 1983. Sterol induction of sexual reproduction in Lagenidium giganteum. Exp. Mycol.7: 109-115 Kerwin, JL, CA Simmons, and RK. Washino. 1986. Oosporogenesis by Lagenidium giganteum in liquid culture. J. Invertebr. Pathol 47 : 258-270 Kerwin JL and RK Washino. 1987. Ground and aerial application of the asexual stage of Lagenidium giganteum for control of mosquitoes associated with rice culture in the central valley of California: Field trials with L. giganteum. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Assoc.3(1) : 59-64 Kerwin JL, DA Dritz and RK Washino.1988. Nonmammalian safety for Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes : Lagenidiales). J. Econ. Entomol. 81:158-171 Kerwin JL, DA Dritz, and RK Washino. 1990. Confirmation of the safety of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes : Lagenidiales) to mammals. J. Econ. Entomol. 83 : 374-376 Kerwin JL, DA Dritz, D Deborah and RK Washino. 1994. Pilot scale production and aplication in wildlife ponds of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes : Lagenidiales). J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc.10:451-455 Kerwin Jl, AR Tuininga, AM Wiens, JC Wong, IJ Torvic and ML Conrath. 1995. Isoprenoid mediated changes in the glycerophospholipid molecular species of the sterol auxotrophic fungus Lagenidium giganteum. Microbiology 141(3) : 399-410
75
Kerwin JL. 2000. Lagenidium giganteum http://www.Nysaes. Cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ pathogens/ L. giganteum. html (30 September 2000) Kerwin JL. 2004. Lagenidium giganteum. In Manual of techniques in insect pathology. LA Lacey. Editor Academic Press Limited. London. 252 pp Kettle DS. 1984. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. A Willey-Interscience Publication. New York Larone DH. 1976. Medical Important Fungi A Guide to Identification. Harper and Row Publisher . New York Levine ND. 1990. Buku Pelajaran Parasitologi Veteriner. Penerjemah : Gatut Ashadi, editor Wardiarto. Yogyakarta. UGM Press. Terjemahan dari Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology. Lord JC and DW Roberts. 1985. Solute effects on Lagenidium giganteum zoospore motility and bioassay reproducity. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 46 : 160165 Lord JC and DW Roberts. 1986. The effects of culture medium quality and host passage on zoosporogenesis, oosporogenesis and infectivity of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes : Lagenediales). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48 : 355-361 Lord JC and DW Roberts. 1987. Host age as a determinant of infection rates with the mosquito pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes : Lagenidiales). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 50 : 70-71 Lori BN and RL Anderson. 1994. Aquatic safety of Lagenidium giganteum : Effects on freshwater fish and invertebrates. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64 : 228233. McCoy CW, RA Samson and DG Boucias . 1988. Entomogenous Fungi In CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides. Microbial Insecticides. Part A. Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi.(CM Ignoffo. Ed.) Vol 5. 151-236 pp McCray EM, CJ Umphlett and RW Fay . 1973. Laboratory studies on a new fungal pathogen of mosquitoes. Mosq. News 33, 54-60 Melvin S, Fuller and A Jaworski. 1987. Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publishing Corporation. Athens, GA 30607. Merriem TL and RC Axtell. 1982. Salinity tolerance of two isolat of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes:Lagenidiales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. J. Med. Entomol. 19 : 338-393
76
Mian LC and MS Mulla.1983. Factor influencing activity of the Microbial Agent B. sphaericus against mosquitoes Larvae. Bull Soc Vektor Ecol 8(2):128-134 Misman R. 1989. Pengaruh pH terhadap pertumbuhan koloni cendawan Lagenidium giganteum Couch. patogen nyamuk Demam Berdarah. Laporan hasil penelitian Pusat Antar Universitas Bidang Ilmu Hayati. Institut Teknologi Bandung. Misman R, Purnomowati dan AR Maharning. 1990. Pengaruh media tanam ekstrak biji bunga matahari, biji kedelai dan media telur air (EWM) terhadap pertumbuhan dan sporulasi Lagenidium giganteum Couch serta infektifitasnya terhadap larva nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Laporan hasil penelitian Fakultas Biologi. Universitas Jendral Soedirman. Purwokerto. Muchlastriningsih E, S Susilawati, DS Hutauruk, dan Wasiyo. 2001. Analisis hasil pemeriksaan spesimen penderita tersangka DBD pada Kejadian Luar Biasa di Surabaya, 1998. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No:126,14-16 Munif A. 1990. Infestasi cendawan pada larva dan pupa nyamuk Anopheles dan Culex di tiga kondisi perairan berbeda dan kemungkinan penggunaannya untuk pengendali hayati. Thesis. Program Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Nakane S, A Tukumura, K Waku and T Sugiura. 2001. Hen egg yolk and white contain high amounts of lysophosphatidic acids growth factor like lipids distin ct molecular species compositions. Lipid 36(4) : 413-419 Natalia T. 2000. Isolasi cendawan patogen dari larva nyamuk demam berdarah (Ae. aegypti) dan pemanfaatannya sebagai agen pengendali hayati. Skripsi. Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA - Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Partana L, JS Partana, MD Thahir . 1970. Haemorrhagic Fever Shock Syndrome in Surabaya, Indonesia. Kobe. J Med Sci. 16-189 Phillips KM, DM Ruggio, JI Toivo, MA Swank and AH Simpkins. 2002. Free and esterified sterol composition of edible oils determined by solid -phase extraction and gas liquid chromatography. J.Food Comp. Anal., 15 : 123124 Reed LJ and H Muench. 1938. A simple method for estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27 : 437-497. Rhodain F and L Rosen. 1997. Mosquito vectors and Dengue virus-vektor relationships. Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Cab International 198 Madison Avenue, New York. USA. 45-113 pp
77
Rice CM. 1990. Overview of Flavivirus molecular biology and future vaccine development via recombinant DNA. SE Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Hlth. 21(4) : 670-677 Sauci SW. 2004. Food composition and nutrition tabels. Medpharm Publishers Stuttgart Scholte EJ, BGJ Knols, RA Samson and W Takken. 2004. Entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control : A Review. J. Insect Science 4(19) : 24 Soedarta. 1989. Entomologi Kedokteran. Penerbit buku kedokteran ECG. Surabaya. Stoskopf MK. 1993. Fish Medicine. WB Saunders Company Harcourt Brace Jovonovich, Inc. Philadelphia. Sur B, V Bihari, A Sharma and AK Joshi. 2002. Studies on physiology, zoospore morphology and entomopathogenic potential of the aquatic Oomycete : Lagenidium giganteum. Mycophatologia 154(1) : 51-54 Sutaryo, RU Siti dan W Djoko. 1996. Produksi antibodi monoklonal virus Dengue Serotipe -3 untuk deteksi spesifik virus Dengue Serotipe-3 pada penderita DBD dan vektornya. Kerjasama Fakultas Kedokteran dengan proyek Puspitek Kantor Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi. Syahrurachman A. 1993. Flaviviridae. Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Binarupa Aksara. 354-378. Tanada Y and HK Kaya. Fungal Infections dalam Insect Pathology. Academic Press.Inc : 319-387 Tampubolon MP. 1992. Studi fluktuasi populasi dan distribusi Ae. aegypti dan Ae. albopictus di Kabupaten Bogor. Proceeding Seminar Nasional Hasil penelitian Perguruan Tinggi, tanggal 5-6 Februari 1992 di Cisarua, Bogor. Buku IV Bidang Biologi, Kesehatan dan MIPA 1993. Hal. 91-100. Vuillemin. 1912. Beauveria spp {serial on line}. fungus.org/thefungi/Beauveria.html. (7 Juli 2002)
http://www.doctor
Westaway EG. and J Blok. 1997. Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of flaviviruses. Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Cab International 198 Madison Avenue, New York. USA. 147-173 pp WHO. 1985. Data sheet on the biological control agent. WHO/VBC/753. Rev. 1. VBC/BCDS/79.02. Rev.1 : 1-21 William WS. 1961. A Monograph of the Genus Aphanomyces. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Blackburg, Virginia.
78
Winzierl RT , Henn and PG Koehler. 2000. Microbial Insectisides. http:// www.google.com .(7 Juli 2002) Yap HH and NL Chong. 1995. Handbook : Biology and control of how schold pest (Vector control research unit school of biological science). Universit i Sains Malaysia 12-18 pp Zattau CW and T McInnis. 1985. Life Cycle and Mode of Leptolegnia Chapmanii (Oomycetes) Parasitizing Ae. aegypti. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 50 : 134-145
79
LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 : Penghitungan statistik untuk membandingkan 3 media dalam menghasilkan berat kering koloni L. giganteum Perlakuan
Ulangan I 0,0049 0,0172 0,0150
Media A Media B Media C
II 0,0060 0,0095 0,115
III 0,0035 0,0190 0,0072
IV 0,0105 0,0185 0,085
V 0,0042 0,0095 0,0010
Sig
Respon Df
Mean Square
F
Between Groups
Sum of Squares 8.218E-04
2
4.109E-04
1.008
Within Groups
4.891E-03
12
4.076E-04
Total
5.713E-03
14
Treat
N
Media A Media B Media C Sig
5 5 5
.394
Subset for alpha =.05 1 5.82E-03 1.47E-02 2.40E-02 .201
Lampiran 2: Penghitungan statistik untuk membandingkan 3 media dalam menghasilkan oospora L.giganteum Perlakuan Media A Media B Media C
Ulangan I 2,0 x 10 3 4,4 x 10 3 5,1 x 10 5
II 1,7 x 10 3 4,0 x 10 3 4,9 x 10 4
III 2,1 x 10 3 4,1 x 10 3 5,0 x 10 4
IV 2,3 x 10 3 4,3 x 10 3 5,3 x 10 4
Respon
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Sum of Squares 6.152
Df
Mean Square
F
2
3.076
35.934
.770
9
8.560E-02
6.922
11
Sig
Duncan Treat Media A Media B Media C Sig
Subset for alpha + .05 1 2 3.3025 3.6200 4.9550 1.000
N 4 4 4
80
.000
Lampiran 3 : jumlah kematian larva pada berbagai konsentrasi oospora Percobaan I No Hari ke1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Larva mati/konsentrasi (ml) 0 1 1 *
0,1 2 2 3 3 2 6 4 *
0,2 3 3 4 4 5 6 *
0,3 1 3 5 4 2 3 4 3 *
0,4 4 7 1 5 2 5 1 -
0,5 4 6 5 1 4 5 -
0,6 2 4 7 5 1 6 -
0,7 1 5 7 6 5 1 -
0,8 5 5 3 4 4 3 1 -
0,9 4 6 6 7 2 -
1.0 6 6 4 2 6 1 -
0,8 1 7 5 1 3 5 2
0,9 7 6 7 2 2 1 -
1.0 6 9 4 2 4 -
*pupa Percobaan II No Hari ke0 1 5 2 6 1 3 7 4 8 1 5 9 6 10 7 11 8 12 9 13 10 14 11 15 *
Larva mati/konsentrasi (ml) 0,1 2 4 3 2 2 4 4 *
0,2 2 6 4 1 9 *
0,3 3 3 6 3 3 5 1 *
0,4 1 5 5 4 5 4 1 -
*pupa
81
0,5 6 5 4 2 7 1 -
0,6 6 4 10 3 2 -
0,7 1 10 7 5 -
-
Percobaan III No Hari ke0 1 5 2 6 3 7 1 4 8 1 5 9 6 10 7 11 8 12 9 13 10 14 11 15 -
Larva mati/konsentrasi (ml) 0,1 2 1 1 3 3 1
0,2 4 2 2 4 4 *
0,3 1 3 6 1 2 4 6 * *
0,4 8 3 4 2 1 5 2
0,5 2 3 7 7 1 4 1 -
0,6 1 6 5 7 2 4 -
0,7 10 6 7 2 -
0,8 5 9 3 7 1 -
0,9 10 5 9 *
1.0 -
0,8 10 3 7 1 3 1 -
0,9 10 5 7 1 1 *
1.0 1 5 12 1 3 1 1 1 -
8 7 4 3 1 2 -
*Pupa Percobaan I V No Hari ke0 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10 7 11 3 8 12 9 13 10 14 11 15 *
Larva mati/konsentrasi (ml) 0,1 2 2 2 3 *
0,2 1 5 2 2 6 4 *
0,3 1 6 5 10 * *
0,4 8 2 2 4 6 -
*Pupa
82
0,5 3 5 7 6 1 3 -
0,6 3 4 10 3 4 *
0,7 3 6 6 7 3 -
Lampiran IV : Jumlah rata -rata kematian larva Ae. aegypti pada berbagai konsentrasi
No Hari ke1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 *Pupa
Larva mati/konsentrasi (ml) 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 *
0,1 2 4 7 10 12 12 18 22 *
0,2 3 6 10 14 19 19 25 *
0,3 1 4 9 13 15 18 22 25 *
0,4 4 11 12 17 19 24 25 -
0,5 4 10 15 16 20 25 -
0,6 2 6 13 18 19 25 -
0,7 1 5 12 18 23 24 24 25 -
0,8 5 10 13 17 21 24 25 -
0,9 4 10 16 23 25 -
1.0 6 12 16 18 24 25 -
Lampiran V : Jumlah kematian larva mulai hari kelima sampai 12 No
Konsentrasi oospora/ml
Jumlah larva mati
Jumlah larva hidup
Kontrol
2
23
1
4,2 x 102
12
13
2
8,4 x 102
19
6
3
1,26 x 103
22
3
4
1,68 x 103
19
6
5
2,1 x 103
25
0
7
2,52 x 103
25
0
8
2,94 x 103
24
1
9
3,36 x 103
24
1
10
3,78 x 103
25
0
11
4,2 x 103
25
0
83
