DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK KATA PENGANTAR..................................................................................................i DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................v DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................................vi DAFTAR BAGAN.....................................................................................................vii DAFTAR GAMBAR................................................................................................viii DAFTAR DIAGRAM................................................................................................ix BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah..............................................................................1 B. Rumusan Masalah........................................................................................6 C. Tujuan Penelitian.........................................................................................7 D. Manfaat Penelitian.......................................................................................8 E. Definisi Istilah.............................................................................................8 F. Sistematika Penulisan................................................................................14 BAB II Peran Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Siswa......................................................................15 A. Pengertian Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil............................................15 B. Tujuan dan Manfaat Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil.............................23
C. Prinsip dan Langkah-Langkah Diskusi Kelompok Kecil..........................27 D. Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Diskusi Kelompok Kecil.............................30
E. Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis....................37 F. Pengembangan Berpikir Kritis................................................................. 41 G. Penerapan Diskusi dalam Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis..........................48 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN A. Pendekatan, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian...............................................54 B. Lokasi dan Subjek Penelitian....................................................................62 C. Profil Kolaborator......................................................................................65 D. Prosedur Penelitian ...................................................................................66 E. Analisis Data..............................................................................................72 BAB IV PEMBAHASAN .........................................................................................76 A. Pra Penelitian.............................................................................................76 B. Deskripsi Hasil Temuan............................................................................81 1. Perencanaan Tindakan I ......................................................................81 2. Pelaksanaan Tindakan I.......................................................................83 3. Observasi Tindakan I...........................................................................95 4. Refleksi Tindakan I.............................................................................96 5. Perencanaan Tindakan II...................................................................100 6. Pelaksanaan Tindakan II....................................................................102 7. Observasi Tindakan II.......................................................................115 8. Refleksi Tindakan II..........................................................................117 9. Perencanaan Tindakan III..................................................................121
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10. Pelaksanaan Tindakan III..................................................................123 11. Observasi Tindakan III......................................................................135 12. Refleksi Tindakan III.........................................................................136 13. Perencanaan Tindakan IV..................................................................140 14. Pelaksanaan Tindakan IV..................................................................142 15. Observasi Tindakan IV......................................................................149 16. Refleksi Tindakan IV.........................................................................150 17. Perencanaan Tindakan V...................................................................155 18. Pelaksanaan Tindakan V....................................................................157 19. Observasi Tindakan V.......................................................................164 20. Refleksi Tindakan V..........................................................................165 C. Penerapan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah....................................................................................................169 D. Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Setelah Diterapkan Metode Diskusi kelompok kecil .............................171 1. Lembar Kerja Siswa............................................................................172 2. Kegiatan Diskusi Kelompok................................................................175 3. Hasil Pos Tes.......................................................................................177 E. Tanggapan Siswa dan Guru dengan Penerapan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Untuk Mengembangkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Mata pelajaran Sejarah.........................................................180
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1. Kuesioner...........................................................................................180 2. Wawancara..........................................................................................183 F. Pembahasan Hasil Temuan.....................................................................187 1. Perencanaan Metode Diskusi Kelompok dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung...............................187 2. Pelaksanaan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung..................................................................189 3. Perubahan yang Terjadi Setelah Menerapkan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Pada Pembelajaran Sejarah di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung..................................................................192 4. Kendala-Kendala dalam Menerapkan Metode Diskusi dan Penanggulangannya....................................................................200 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .................................................204 DAFTAR PUSTAKA..............................................................................................209 LAMPIRAN RIWAYAT HIDUP
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DAFTAR TABEL 2.1 Indikator Berpikir Kritis........................................................................................49 3.1 Data, sumber data, teknik dan alat abntu pengumpulan data................................62 4.1 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan I...................................93 4.2 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan I....................................................97 4.3 Perbedaan Karakteristik Zaman Berdasarkan Kajian Arkeologi.........................106 4.4 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan II................................113 4.5 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan II.................................................118 4.6 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan III...............................132 4.7 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan III...............................................136 4.8 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan IV..............................147 4.9 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan IV...............................................151 4.10 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan V..............................162 4.11 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan V ..............................................166 4.12 Skor Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa........................................................................173 4.13 Skor Kegiatan Diskusi Kelompok.....................................................................175 4.14 Hasil Postes........................................................................................................178 4.15 Rekapitulasi Jumlah Siswa dan Skor Tiap Alternatif........................................180 4.16 Perubahan setelah Menerapkan Metode Diskusi...............................................192
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DAFTAR BAGAN 4. 1 Peta Konsep Pengertian Geologi..........................................................................84 4. 2 Pembagian Zaman BerdasarkanGeologi...............................................................85 4. 3 Peta Konsep Pengertian Arkeologi.....................................................................103 4. 4 Bagan Hasil Kebudayaan Zaman Batu...............................................................104
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
3.1 Model Spiral Penelitian Kelas...............................................................................56 4.1 Kondisi Ruang Kelas X-B Pra Penelitian..............................................................77 4.2 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan I...............................................................82 4.3 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan II............................................................101 4.4 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan III..........................................................122 4.5 Kehidupan masyarakat food gathering dan food producing................................124 4.6 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan IV..........................................................141 4.7 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan V...........................................................156 4.8 Kebudayaan Bacson-Hoabinh, Dongson dan Sa-Huyn.......................................159
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM 4. 1 Skor Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa.............................................................174 4. 2 Rata-Rata Lembar Kerja Siswa..............................................................174 4. 3 Skor Hasil Kegiatan Diskusi..................................................................176 4. 4 Skor Rata-Rata Kegiatan Diskusi...........................................................177 4. 5 Rata-Rata Postes.....................................................................................180 DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK KATA PENGANTAR..................................................................................................i DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................v DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................................vi DAFTAR BAGAN.....................................................................................................vii DAFTAR GAMBAR................................................................................................viii DAFTAR DIAGRAM................................................................................................ix BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................1 G. Latar Belakang Masalah..............................................................................1 H. Rumusan Masalah........................................................................................6 I. Tujuan Penelitian.........................................................................................7 J. Manfaat Penelitian.......................................................................................8 K. Definisi Istilah.............................................................................................8 L. Sistematika Penulisan................................................................................14
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BAB II Peran Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Siswa......................................................................15 C. Pengertian Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil............................................15 D. Tujuan dan Manfaat Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil.............................23
H. Prinsip dan Langkah-Langkah Diskusi Kelompok Kecil..........................27 I. Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Diskusi Kelompok Kecil.............................30 J. Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis....................37 K. Pengembangan Berpikir Kritis................................................................. 41 L. Penerapan Diskusi dalam Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis..........................48 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN F. Pendekatan, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian...............................................54 G. Lokasi dan Subjek Penelitian....................................................................62 H. Profil Kolaborator......................................................................................65 I. Prosedur Penelitian ...................................................................................66 J. Analisis Data..............................................................................................72 BAB IV PEMBAHASAN .........................................................................................76 E. Pra Penelitian.............................................................................................76 F. Deskripsi Hasil Temuan............................................................................81 21. Perencanaan Tindakan I ......................................................................81 22. Pelaksanaan Tindakan I.......................................................................83 23. Observasi Tindakan I...........................................................................95
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24. Refleksi Tindakan I.............................................................................96 25. Perencanaan Tindakan II...................................................................100 26. Pelaksanaan Tindakan II....................................................................102 27. Observasi Tindakan II.......................................................................115 28. Refleksi Tindakan II..........................................................................117 29. Perencanaan Tindakan III..................................................................121 30. Pelaksanaan Tindakan III..................................................................123 31. Observasi Tindakan III......................................................................135 32. Refleksi Tindakan III.........................................................................136 33. Perencanaan Tindakan IV..................................................................140 34. Pelaksanaan Tindakan IV..................................................................142 35. Observasi Tindakan IV......................................................................149 36. Refleksi Tindakan IV.........................................................................150 37. Perencanaan Tindakan V...................................................................155 38. Pelaksanaan Tindakan V....................................................................157 39. Observasi Tindakan V.......................................................................164 40. Refleksi Tindakan V..........................................................................165 G. Penerapan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah....................................................................................................169 H. Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Setelah Diterapkan Metode Diskusi kelompok kecil .............................171
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1. Lembar Kerja Siswa............................................................................172 2. Kegiatan Diskusi Kelompok................................................................175 3. Hasil Pos Tes.......................................................................................177 E. Tanggapan Siswa dan Guru dengan Penerapan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Untuk Mengembangkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Mata pelajaran Sejarah.........................................................180 1. Kuesioner...........................................................................................180 2. Wawancara..........................................................................................183 F. Pembahasan Hasil Temuan.....................................................................187 1. Perencanaan Metode Diskusi Kelompok dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung...............................187 2. Pelaksanaan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung..................................................................189 3. Perubahan yang Terjadi Setelah Menerapkan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Pada Pembelajaran Sejarah di Kelas X-B SMA Negeri 14 Bandung..................................................................192 4. Kendala-Kendala dalam Menerapkan Metode Diskusi dan Penanggulangannya....................................................................200 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .................................................204
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA..............................................................................................209 LAMPIRAN RIWAYAT HIDUP
DAFTAR TABEL 2.1 Indikator Berpikir Kritis........................................................................................49 3.1 Data, sumber data, teknik dan alat abntu pengumpulan data................................62 4.1 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan I...................................93 4.2 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan I....................................................97 4.3 Perbedaan Karakteristik Zaman Berdasarkan Kajian Arkeologi.........................106 4.4 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan II................................113 4.5 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan II.................................................118 4.6 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan III...............................132 4.7 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan III...............................................136 4.8 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan IV..............................147 4.9 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan IV...............................................151 4.10 Penilaian Kegiatan Diskusi dan Lembar Kerja Tindakan V..............................162 4.11 Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Tindakan V ..............................................166 4.12 Skor Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa........................................................................173
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4.13 Skor Kegiatan Diskusi Kelompok.....................................................................175 4.14 Hasil Postes........................................................................................................178 4.15 Rekapitulasi Jumlah Siswa dan Skor Tiap Alternatif........................................180 4.16 Perubahan setelah Menerapkan Metode Diskusi...............................................192
DAFTAR BAGAN 4. 1 Peta Konsep Pengertian Geologi..........................................................................84 4. 2 Pembagian Zaman BerdasarkanGeologi...............................................................85 4. 3 Peta Konsep Pengertian Arkeologi.....................................................................103 4. 4 Bagan Hasil Kebudayaan Zaman Batu...............................................................104
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
3.1 Model Spiral Penelitian Kelas...............................................................................56 4.1 Kondisi Ruang Kelas X-B Pra Penelitian..............................................................77 4.2 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan I...............................................................82 4.3 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan II............................................................101 4.4 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan III..........................................................122 4.5 Kehidupan masyarakat food gathering dan food producing................................124 4.6 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan IV..........................................................141 4.7 Kondisi Ruangan Kelas X-B Tindakan V...........................................................156 4.8 Kebudayaan Bacson-Hoabinh, Dongson dan Sa-Huyn.......................................159
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM 4. 1 Skor Hasil Lembar Kerja Siswa.............................................................174 4. 2 Rata-Rata Lembar Kerja Siswa..............................................................174 4. 3 Skor Hasil Kegiatan Diskusi..................................................................176 4. 4 Skor Rata-Rata Kegiatan Diskusi...........................................................177 4. 5 Rata-Rata Postes.....................................................................................180
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