DAFTAR ISI
Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL........................................................................................
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................
ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ................................................................................
iii
PRAKATA ......................................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................
xii
DAFTAR TABEL ...........................................................................................
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................
xiv
INTISARI ........................................................................................................
xv
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN ....................................................... ...................
1
1.1. Latar Belakang..........................................................................
1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah….................................................................
3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................
3
1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ..............................................................
3
1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ............................................................
4
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian.. ..................................................................
5
1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis ..........................................................
5
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ....................................................... .........
6
2.1. Staphylococcus aureus ............................................................
6
2.1.1. Taksonomi ...................................................................
6
vii
2.1.2. Morfologi .....................................................................
6
2.1.3. Pembiakan ........................................................ ...........
8
2.1.4. Struktur Antigen ........................................................ ..
8
2.1.5. Kekebalan dan Respon Imun Tubuh terhadap Infeksi Bakteri ........................................................ .................
11
2.1.6. Patogenesis ........................................................ ..........
12
2.2. Jintan Hitam ...................................................................... .......
14
2.2.1. Sinonim ........................................................................
14
2.2.2. Taksonomi ...................................................................
14
2.2.3. Morfologi ........................................................ .............
15
2.2.4. Kandungan Kimia Jintan Hitam ...................................
17
2.3. Mekanisme Kerja Zat Aktif Jintan Hitam (Nigella sativa L.) sebagai Antimikroba ................ ...............................................
19
2.4. Mekanisme Kerja Antimikroba ..............................................
20
2.5. Mekanisme Kerja Ciprofloxacin .............................................
22
2.6. Kerangka Teori ........................................................................
24
2.7. Kerangka Konsep… .................................................................
25
2.8. Hipotesis ...................................................................................
25
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................... .......
26
3.1. Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian… ...........................
26
3.2. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ...........................................
26
3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian…....................................................
26
3.2.1.1. Variabel Bebas … ...........................................
26
3.2.1.2. Variabel Tergantung ........................................
26
3.2.2. Definisi Operasional… .................................................
26
viii
3.2.2.1. Ekstrak Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella sativa L.). .
26
3.2.2.2. Ciprofloxacin ..................................................
27
3.2.2.3. Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus .............
27
3.3. Populasi dan Sampel……….....................................................
28
3.3.1. Populasi Penelitian………. .........................................
28
3.3.1.1. Populasi Target ...............................................
28
3.3.1.2. Populasi Terjangkau .......................................
28
3.3.2. Sampel Penelitian…… .................................................
28
3.3.2.1. Kriteria Inklusi ................................................
28
3.2.2.2. Besar Sampel ..................................................
29
3.4. Instrumen dan Bahan Penelitian ...............................................
29
3.4.1. Instrumen Penelitian .....................................................
29
3.4.2. Bahan Penelitian…… ...................................................
30
3.5. Cara Penelitian…......................................................................
30
3.5.1. Sterilisasi Alat ..............................................................
30
3.5.2. Persiapan Hewan Coba ................................................
30
3.5.3. Persiapan Bahan Uji ....................................................
31
3.5.3.1. Ekstraksi Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella sativa L.) ............................................................. .........................
31
3.5.3.2. Dosis Ciprofloxacin .........................................
32
3.5.3.3. Membuat Kepekatan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ......................................... ................................
32
3.5.4. Cara Penelitian .............................................................
32
3.5.5. Pengambilan Sampel Bakteri .......................................
34
3.5.6. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri .............................................
34
3.6. Alur Penelitian ..........................................................................
35
3.7. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian…...............................................
36
ix
3.7.1. Tempat Penelitian ........................................................
36
3.7.2. Waktu Penelitian ..........................................................
36
3.8. Analisa Hasil….........................................................................
36
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .......................................................
37
4.1. Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................
37
4.2. Pembahasan .............................................................................
40
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................
47
5.1. Kesimpulan ...............................................................................
47
5.2. Saran .........................................................................................
48
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................
50
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................
54
BAB V
x
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
APC
: Antigen Presenting Cell
DNA
: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
GM-CSF
: Granulocyte Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
HDL
: High Density Lipoprotein
IFN
: Interferon
IL
: Interleukin
KHM
: Kadar Hambat Minimal
LDL
: Low Density Lipoprotein
MAF
: Macrophage Activating Factor
MHC-II
: Major Histocompatibility Complex-II
MSA
: Manitol Salt Agar
PMN
: Polimorfonuklear
PTSAgs
: Pyrogenic Toxin Superantigens
Th
: T helper
TNF
: Tumor Necrosis Factor
TSS
: Toxic Shock Syndrome
TSST-1
: Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Struktur Dinding Bakteri Gram Positif ......................................
7
Gambar 2.2. Struktur Dinding dan Antigen Staphylococcus aureus ..............
10
Gambar 2.3. Bunga Nigella sativa L. .............................................................
16
Gambar 2.4. Biji Nigella sativa L. ..................................................................
16
Gambar 4.1. Rata-rata Jumlah Koloni Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus antar Kelompok ................................................................................
xii
38
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 4.1.Rata-rata dan Standar Deviasi Jumlah Koloni Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus antar Kelompok ................................................................ Tabel 4.2.Normalitas Sebaran Data Jumlah Koloni Staphylococcus aureus..
38 39
Tabel 4.3.Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Jumlah Koloni Staphylococcus aureus antar Kelompok Perlakuan dengan Uji Pos Hoc LSD .................
xiii
40
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1.
Hasil uji statistik deskriptif jumlah koloni Staphylococcus aureus antar kelompok perlakuan ..........................................
Lampiran 2.
Hasil uji normalitas data dan homogenitas varian jumlah koloni Staphylococcus aureus antar kelompok perlakuan .......
Lampiran 3.
55
Hasil uji normalitas data dan homogenitas varian jumlah koloni Staphylococcus
aureus
antar
kelompok
perlakuan
(setelah
transformasi ke Natural log) ................................................ Lampiran 4.
54
57
Hasil uji beda rata-rata jumlah koloni Staphylococcus aureus antar kelompok perlakuan dengan uji One-way Anova dan Post Hoc LSD ..................................................................
59
Lampiran 5.
Dokumentasi Penelitian ...........................................................
Lampiran 6.
Hasil Penelitian Penghitungan Jumlah Koloni Staphylococcus aureus ......................................................................................
Lampiran 7.
Lampiran 9.
64
Surat Keterangan Penelitian di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK Unissula ..............................................................................
Lampiran 8.
61
Surat
Keterangan
Penelitian
di
PAU
(Pusat
65
Antar
Universitas) UGM Yogyakarta ................................................
66
Ethical Clearance ....................................................................
67
xiv
