DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................
i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .........................................................................
ii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................
iv
KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................
v
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................
viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL.............................................................................................
xix
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ......................................................................................
xx
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang..........................................................................
1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................
7
1.3
Tujuan Dan Manfaat.................................................................
7
1.4
Batasan .....................................................................................
8
BAB II TINJAUAAN PUSTAKA 2.1
Objek Rancangan......................................................................
9
2.1.1 Pengertian Pusat Pendidikan dan Terapi .........................
9
2.1.2 Pengertian Autis ..............................................................
10
2.1.2.1 Penyebab Autis ....................................................
11
2.1.2.2 Ciri-ciri secara Umum Penderita Autis ...............
12
2.1.2.3 Gangguan Autis secara Umum ............................
15
2.1.2.4 Gejala Autis Berdasarkan Usia............................
17
2.1.3 Penangan Autis ................................................................
18
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2.2
2.1.3.1 Metode Penanganan Autis ...................................
18
2.1.3.2 Teknik Dasar Penangan Autis .............................
20
2.1.3.3 Tujuan Terapi Autis .............................................
20
2.1.3.4 Jenis-jenis Terapi Autis .......................................
21
2.1.4 Kurikulum Pendidikan Autis ...........................................
23
2.1.4.1 Pedoman Materi Program Kurikulum .................
23
2.1.5 Pusat Pendidikan dan Terapi Autis ..................................
28
2.1.5.1 Fasilitas yang Dibutuhkan...................................
29
2.1.5.2 Sarana dan Prasarana Penderita Autis .................
30
2.1.5.3 Persyaratan Perabot Penderita Autis ...................
30
2.1.6 Teori Dasar Perancangan.................................................
31
2.1.6.1 Teori Ruang .........................................................
31
a. Elemen Ruang.................................................
33
b. Elemen Dekoratif dan Perabot ........................
34
2.1.6.2 Teori Bentuk ........................................................
35
2.1.6.3 Teori Warna .........................................................
36
2.1.6.4 Teori Persepsi ......................................................
38
2.1.7 Faktor Kenyama nan Thermal..........................................
43
2.1.7.1 Penghawaan.........................................................
43
2.1.7.2 Pencahayaan........................................................
44
2.1.7.3 Akustik ................................................................
45
2.1.7.4 Sirkulasi...............................................................
46
Karakteristik Lahan..................................................................
48
2.2.1 Lingkungan Alamiah.......................................................
48
ix
2.3
2.4
2.2.1.1 Potensi Tapak ......................................................
48
a. Iklim................................................................
48
b. Vegetasi...........................................................
48
c. Topografi.........................................................
49
d. Tanah...............................................................
49
e. Air ...................................................................
49
f. View................................................................
50
g. Kebisingan......................................................
50
2.2.2 Lingkungan Buatan.........................................................
50
a. Batas Tapak.................................................................
50
b. Penzoningan ...............................................................
50
c. Pola Sirkulasi..............................................................
51
d. Fasad Bangunan..........................................................
51
e. Utilitas ........................................................................
51
Tema Perancangan....................................................................
51
2.3.1 Tinjauan Behavior dari Sudut Teori Arsitektur ...............
51
Studi Banding ...........................................................................
55
2.4.1 Studi Banding Objek (Pusat Pendidikan dan Terapi Autis
55
2.4.2 Studi Banding Tema (Behavior) .....................................
61
2.4.3 Surabaya International School (SIS)...............................
64
BAB III METODE PERANCANGAN 3.1
Ide Rancangan..........................................................................
66
3.2
Identifikasi Permasalahan.........................................................
66
3.3
Pengumpulan Data....................................................................
66
x
3.4
Analisis .....................................................................................
68
3.5
Sintesis......................................................................................
68
3.6
Skema Proses Perancangan ......................................................
68
BAB IV ANALISIS PERANCANGAN 4.1
Analisis Tapak .........................................................................
70
4.2
Latar belakang Pemilihan Tapak Perancangan ........................
72
4.2.1 Kondisi Fisik Tapak.........................................................
73
4.2.2 Kondisi Eksisting Tapak..................................................
75
Potensi Tapak............................................................................
79
4.3.1 Kebisingan.......................................................................
79
4.3.2 Matahari ..........................................................................
81
4.3.3 Vegetasi...........................................................................
82
4.3.4 Pola Penataan Masa .........................................................
83
4.3.5 Sirkulasi...........................................................................
85
4.3.6 Angin ...............................................................................
87
4.3.7 View ................................................................................
89
Analisis Objek Perancangan.....................................................
91
4.4.1 Analisis Fungsi Bangunan...............................................
91
4.4.2 Aktivitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang .....................................
92
4.4.3 Analisis Kedekatan dan Sirkulasi Antar Ruang ..............
97
4.5
Analisis Pengguna ....................................................................
98
4.6
Analisis Sistem Utilitas ............................................................
100
4.6.1 Pengadaan Air Bersih ......................................................
100
4.6.2 Sistem Pembuangan Air Kotor ........................................
102
4.3
4.4
xi
4.6.3 Sistem Komunikasi Listrik, Telepon, dan CCTV ............
103
4.6.4 Sistem pemadam Kebakaran ...........................................
103
4.7
Analisis Bentuk ........................................................................
104
4.8
Analisis Sistem Struktur ...........................................................
115
BAB V KONSEP PERANCANGAN 5.1
Konsep Dasar Perancangan......................................................
108
5.2
Konsep Tema Perancangan Environmental Behavior ..............
109
BAB VI APLIKASI PERANCANGAN 6.1
6.2
Perfection .................................................................................
143
6.1.1 Perletakan........................................................................
143
6.1.2 Pencapaian.......................................................................
144
6.1.3 Sirkulasi...........................................................................
145
6.1.4 View .................................................................................
146
6.1.5 Vegetasi............................................................................
147
6.1.6 Tata massa........................................................................
148
6.1.7 Struktur ............................................................................
149
6.1.8 Utilitas .............................................................................
150
Continuity.................................................................................
151
6.2.1 Perletakan........................................................................
151
6.2.2 Pencapaian.......................................................................
152
6.2.3 Sirkulasi...........................................................................
153
6.2.4 View .................................................................................
153
6.2.5 Vegetasi............................................................................
154
6.2.6 Tata Massa dan Ruang.....................................................
154
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6.3
6.4
6.2.7 Struktur ............................................................................
155
6.2.8 Utilitas .............................................................................
156
Transformation .........................................................................
157
6.3.1 Perletakan........................................................................
157
6.3.2 Pencapaian.......................................................................
158
6.3.3 Sirkulasi...........................................................................
158
6.3.4 View .................................................................................
159
6.3.5 Vegetasi............................................................................
160
6.3.6 Tata massa........................................................................
161
6.3.7 Fasad Struktur..................................................................
161
6.3.8 Utilitas .............................................................................
162
Safety........................................................................................
163
6.4.1 Perletakan........................................................................
163
6.4.2 Pencapaian.......................................................................
164
6.4.3 Sirkulasi...........................................................................
164
6.4.4 View .................................................................................
165
6.4.5 Vegetasi............................................................................
166
6.4.6 Zoning Tata Massa dan Ruang ........................................
166
6.4.7 Struktur ............................................................................
167
6.4.8 Utilitas ............................................................................
167
BABVIII PENUTUP 7.1
Kesimpulan...............................................................................
168
7.2
Saran .........................................................................................
169
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................
170
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1
Hukum kesamaan (law of similarity) .......................................
40
Gambar 2.2
Hukum ketertutupan.................................................................
40
Gambar 2.3
Hukum kesinambungan............................................................
41
Gambar 2.4
Hukum Bidang dan Simetri......................................................
41
Gambar 2.5
Teori Sirkulasi Ruang ...............................................................
47
Gambar 2.6
Tampak depan Heaven`s Kids ..................................................
56
Gambar 2.7
Denah ruang Heaven`s Kids .....................................................
56
Gambar 2.8
Denah ruang lt 1 .......................................................................
57
Gambar 2.9
Denah ruang lt 3 .......................................................................
57
Gambar 2.10 Denah ruang lt 2 .......................................................................
57
Gambar 2.11 Elemen ruang (lantai) ...............................................................
58
Gambar 2.12 Elemen ruang (dinding) ............................................................
58
Gambar 2.13 Elemen ruang (ceilling) ............................................................
59
Gambar 2.14 Ruang belajar integratif ............................................................
59
Gambar 2.15 Ruang terpai one on one ...........................................................
62
Gambar 2.16 Classical class ..........................................................................
62
Gambar 2.17 Classical class ..........................................................................
63
Gambar 2.18 Music class ...............................................................................
63
Gambar 2.19 Perpustakaan.............................................................................
64
Gambar 2.20 Ruang kelas ..............................................................................
65
Gambar 3.1
Tampak depan sekolah River`s Kid ..........................................
67
Gambar 3.2
Sekolah Autis Laboratorium UM .............................................
67
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Gambar 4.1
Peta Rencana Struktur Pusat Pelayanan ...................................
Gambar 4.2
Siteplan tapak dan hubungannya terhadap fasilitas pemerintahan 71
Gambar 4.3
Dimensi dan bentukan lahan ....................................................
75
Gambar 4.4
Dimensi dan Bentukan Lahan ..................................................
76
Gambar 4.5
Partisi Pagar Masif ...................................................................
77
Gambar 4.6
Vegetasi sebagai Pembatas Lingkungan ..................................
78
Gambar 4.7
Pemanfaatan Kontur Tanah sebagai Batas................................
78
Gambar 4.8
Kombinasi pagar dan vegetasi sebagai pembeda .....................
79
Gambar 4.9
Jenis vege tasi yang dimanfaatkan pada tapak ..........................
79
Gambar 4.10 Pemanfaatan space berupa sungai............................................
80
Gambar 4.11 Sketsa penzoningan..................................................................
81
Gambar 4.12 Pemilihan jenis vegetasi peneduh.............................................
81
Gambar 4.13 Penggunaan material kaca pada bangunan...............................
82
Gambar 4.14 Vegetasi sebagai komponen pembentuk lingkungan................
83
Gambar 4.15 Penataan masa secara linier (Gestal`s Theory) .........................
84
Gambar 4.16 Penataan masa secara grid ........................................................
84
Gambar 4.17 Penataan masa kombinasi (linier dan grid) .............................
85
Gambar 4.18 pemanfaatan ramp bagi pengguna cacat (disable people) .......
86
Gambar 4.19 Aksen bentuk pada eksterior jalan............................................
86
Gambar 4.20 Kombinas ramp dan tangga normal..........................................
87
Gambar 4.21 pola sirkulasi ngin pada bangunan ...........................................
88
Gambar 4.22 Bentukan atap ...........................................................................
88
Gambar 4.23 Pemanfaatan selasar sebagai pelindung....................................
89
Gambar 4.24 Dimensi dan Bentukan Lahan ..................................................
90
xv
70
Gambar 4.25 Bentukan Tangki Air.................................................................
101
Gambar 4.26 Hydran dan Sprinkle .................................................................
103
Gambar 4.27 Rancangan Hydrant Taman ......................................................
104
Gambar 4.28 Potensi Penggunaan Warna dan Bentukan yang Sederhana .....
105
Gambar 4.29 Contoh pemakaian struktur batu kali........................................
106
Gambar 4.30 Contoh rancangan struktur atap ...............................................
107
Gambar 5.1
Konsep Pola Tata Masa dan Dimensi Bangunan.....................
114
Gambar 5.2
Jenis Vegetasi yang dipergunakan pada tapak ..........................
116
Gambar 5.3
Konsep Safety dalam bentukan perabot ruang .........................
123
Gambar 5.4
Lampu Daylighting...................................................................
124
Gambar 5.5
Bahan Vinyl pada Lantai ..........................................................
124
Gambar 5.6
Desain atap bertingkat untuk menghindari difraksi suara ........
125
Gambar 5.7
Hindari bentukan bangunan monumental.................................
125
Gambar 5.8
Detail jalan setapak dengan sisi safe (aman) pada sisi samping berupa rumput...........................................................................
126
Konsep sirkulasi linier ..............................................................
126
Gambar 5.10 Konsep sirkulasi linier ..............................................................
127
Gambar 5.9
Gambar 5.11 Desain taman dan kolam perancangan sebagai media terapi suara................................................................................
128
Gambar 5.12 Konsep penghawaan alami melalui kisi-kisi............................
129
Gambar 5.13 Aplikasi bentukan tangki air sebagai media belajar anak autis
130
Gambar 5.14 Potongan dinding......................................................................
131
Gambar 5.15 Aplikasi peredam bunyi pada ruang ........................................
131
Gambar 5.16 Aplikasi Struktur Membran Sebagai Atap Bangunan...............
132
xvi
Gambar 6.1
Tinjauan Batas Tapak dalam Konsep perfection ......................
143
Gambar 6.2
Tinjauan Lokasi Dekat dengan Fasilitas Pemerintahan............
144
Gambar 6.3
Tinjauan Aksebilitas terhadap Lokasi.......................................
144
Gambar 6.4
Aplikasi Entrance pada Rancangan..........................................
145
Gambar 6.5
Aplikasi Pergola Parkir.............................................................
145
Gambar 6.6
Aplikasi Taman Bermain dan Gasebo ......................................
146
Gambar 6.7
Aplikasi taman air.....................................................................
146
Gambar 6.8
Aplikasi padang rumput dan taman..........................................
147
Gambar 6.9
Aplikasi kisi-kisi jendela dengan kaca Steno ...........................
147
Gambar 6.10 Aplikasi konsep continue (pemilihan vegetasi dan penempatan) pada rancangan.........................................................................
148
Gambar 6.11 Aplikasi penzoningan tata masa………………… ...................
148
Gambar 6.12 Aplikasi pondasi batu kali dengan material lokal.....................
149
Gambar 6.13 Aplikasi beberapa fasad lengkung pada rancangan..................
149
Gambar 6.14 Aplikasi sistem air bersih .........................................................
150
Gambar 6.15 Aplikasi sistem air kotor...........................................................
150
Gambar 6.16 Aplikasi sistem hydrant ............................................................
151
Gambar 6.17 Aplikasi desain tempat sampah beroda di salah satu bangunan kelas ..........................................................................................
151
Gambar 6.18 Outdoor area sebagai media belajar dan terapi autis ................
152
Gambar 6.19 Outdoor area sebagai media belajar dan terapi autis ................
152
Gambar 6.20 View luar berupa hamparan rumput sebagai wahana terapi.....
153
Gambar 6.21 Interior area sebagai media belajar dan terapi autis .................
153
Gambar 6.22 Aplikasi Vegetasi (Konsep Continuity) ....................................
154
xvii
Gambar 6.23 Outdoor Area sebagai Media Belajar dan Terapi Autis ............
155
Gambar 6.24 Aplikasi Struktur Atap Membran pada Galery.........................
155
Gambar 6.25 Aplikasi Material Rumbia pada Ruang Terapi .........................
156
Gambar 6.26 Sistem Utilitas Kawasan...........................................................
157
Gambar 6.27 Dominasi Lahan Hijau pada Lay Out Plan...............................
157
Gambar 6.28 Ramp Baiu Pengguna Divable People .....................................
158
Gambar 6.29 Pembagian Dua Entrance .........................................................
159
Gambar 6.30 Salah Satu Sudut Ruang Luar sebagai Media Belajar..............
159
Gambar 6.31 Aplikasi warna dan bentuk pada ruang terapi One On One .....
159
Gambar 6.32 Aplikasi vegetasi dengan ketinggian berbeda ..........................
160
Gambar 6.33 Aplikasi vegetasi sebagai media belajar anak autis..................
160
Gambar 6.34 Transformasi dimensi bangunan...............................................
161
Gambar 6.35 Transformasi struktur atap bangunan .......................................
161
Gambar 6.36 Transformasi material atap .......................................................
162
Gambar 6.37 Sistem distribusi air bersih .......................................................
162
Gambar 6.38 Faktor kedekatan dengan fasilitas keamanan pemerintah........
163
Gambar 6.39 Penggunaan marka jalan demi keselamatan pengguna jalan....
163
Gambar 6.40 Transformasi kemiringan kontur tapak.....................................
165
Gambar 6.41 Transformasi kemiringan kontur tapak.....................................
165
Gambar 6.42 Penggunaan ruang kaca sebagai perantara view. .....................
166
Gambar 6.43 Penzoningan tata masa .............................................................
166
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1
Pembagian Kelas Pembelajaran Metode ABA..............................
27
Tabel 2.2
Kebutuhan Fasilitas dan Ukuran ..................................................
30
Tabel 2.3
Pengaruh warna pada psiklogis anak ...........................................
37
Tabel 4.1
Analisis Aktifitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang ......................................
92
Tabel 4.2
Analisis Kebutuhan dan Besaran Ruang Anak Autis ....................
94
Tabel 4.3
Analisis Kebutuhan dan Besaran Ruang Terapis/pengajar, Sta, dan pengguna lainnya ...........................................................................
95
Tabel 4.4
Analisis Pengguna dan Sifat Ruang ..............................................
97
Tabel 4.5
Analisis Hubungan Ruang.............................................................
100
Tabel 4.6
Sistem Pembuangan Air Hujan .....................................................
103
Tabel 5.1
Perancangan kenyamanan thermal pada ruang terapi ...................
130
xix
DAFTAR DIAGRAM/BAGAN
Diagram 4.1
Analisis Fungsi Objek .................................................................
69
Diagram 4.2
Analisis Aktifitas Anak Autis ......................................................
93
Diagram 4.3
Analisis Aktifitas Terapis/pengajar .............................................
93
Diagram 4.4
Analisis pengguna .......................................................................
98
Diagram 4.5
Sistem pembuangan air kotor......................................................
102
Diagram 4.6
Sistem pembuangan air hujan.....................................................
104
Diagram 6.1 Sistem pembuangan air kotor .....................................................
156
xx
