CONTENTS
PREFACE LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS CONTENTS GLOSSARY
i vi vii xii
CHAPTER I Regional Development Policy and Local-Head Elections Kazuhisa Matsui
1
1. Introduction 2. Basic Framework 2.1. Changes in the Indonesian Government System 2.2. Changes in the Process of Development Planning 2.3. Several Questions 3. Development Policy of Eastern Indonesia 3.1. Before the 1990s: Regional Development under the Government 3.2. 1990-1998: Look East with the Eastern Indonesia Development Council 3.3. Post New Order: Era of Local Initiatives with Confusion 4. Decentralization and Local-Head Elections 4.1. Decentralization and Democratization in the Regions 4.2. Local-Head Elections in Decentralization: Positive or Negative? 5. Democratization Paradox 5.1. ‘Government Autonomy’ and ‘Citizen Autonomy’ 5.2. Communication between Local Government and Peoples 5.3. Local-Head Elections: Results from Democratization with Formality 5.4. Local-Head Leadership: ‘Manager’ or ‘King’? 6. Conclusion
1 4 4 5 8 9 10 11 13 15 15 16 18 18 19 21 23 25
CHAPTER II Regional Development Planning in Democratization Era: A Perspective of Gowa District, South Sulawesi Abdul Madjid Sallatu
29 vii
1. Introduction 2. Main Provision of Regional Development Planning Drafting 2.1. Drafting Norms 2.2. Structure and Mechanism 2.3. Regional Development Planning Documents 3. Planning Viewpoint: From Gowa District Perspective 3.1. General Viewpoint 3.2. Government Administration Dimension 3.3. Development Implementation Dimension 4. Directions of Planning Policy of Gowa District 5. Regional Development Planning Documents of Gowa District 5.1. Long-term Regional Development Planning 5.2. Medium-term Regional Development Planning 6. Concluding Remarks
29 31 32 34 34 37 37 40 41 44 46 46 48 50
CHAPTER III Poverty Alleviation Policy and District-Head Election: Case of Tana Toraja District, South Sulawesi T. R. Andi Lolo
53
1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.2. Why This Study Necessary? 1.3. The Scope of the Study 1.4. Basic Assumption 1.5. The Study Method 2. Autonomy Principles and District Development Policy in Local Government Laws 2.1. Brief History of Local Government Laws in Indonesia 2.2. Some References 3. Empirical Data on the Development Policy in Tana Toraja 3.1. Under the Law No. 22/1999 3.2. Under the Law No. 32/2004 3.3. The Annual Budget 3.4. The Implementation of Decentralization at the Lowest Government Units 3.5. Implementation of Decentralization Principle in Managing Regional Original Revenue (PAD)
53 53 54 54 54 55
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56 56 61 61 61 63 64 64 65
4. How is the Policy Direction to Alleviate the Poverty in Tana Toraja? 4.1. The Protocol 4.2. Analyzing the Variables 5. Final Notes 5.1. Conclusion 5.2. Autonomy in United State 5.3. What Should be Done?
66 66 67 72 72 73 74
CHAPTER IV Development Policy of Bone Bolango District, Gorontalo: Before and After the Local-Head Election Fenty Puluhulawa
77
1. Introduction 2. Establishment of Bone Bolango District 3. Administration of the Local-Head Election 4. Implementation of Local Development (Before and After the Local-Head Election) 4.1. Condition before Direct Local-Head Election 4.2. Condition after Direct Local-Head Election 5. Concluding Remarks
77 79 81 83 83 87 99
CHAPTER V Political Process, Public Policy, and Peace Building Process: Case of Ambon City, Maluku Tonny D. Pariela
101
1. Introduction 2. Dynamics of the Maluku Conflict and Ambon City 2.1. Implications of the Transformation “Wave” 2.2. Brief Description of Ambon City, Maluku Conflict, and Its Impact 2.3. Background of the Political Process, Public Policy and Peace Building 3. Political Process and Public Policy (Before 2006) 3.1. The General Elections in 1999 3.2. The Elections of the Mayor and Vice Mayor of Ambon City in 2001 3.3. Public Policy in 2001-2006
101 102 102 104 106 107 107 109 110
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4. Political Process and Pro-Peace Public Policy (After 2006) 4.1. The 2006 Local-Head Elections 4.2. Public Policy in 2006-2011 5. Analytical Implications: Political Process and Public Polices of Ambon City 6. Concluding Remarks
116 116 117 118 121
CHAPTER VI Papua Special Autonomy: Impact of General Election and Direct Local-Head Elections Mohammad A. Musa’ad
125
1. Introduction 2. Perspective of Papua Special Autonomy 2.1. Understanding the Essence of Papua Special Autonomy 2.2. Papua Special Autonomy Law Construction 3. Contradictive Policy 3.1. Dimension of Law Validity 3.2. Dimension of Integrity 3.3. Dimension of the Contents and the Structure 3.4. Dimension of Financing 4. Papua Special Autonomy after 2004 General Election and 2005 Direct Local-Head Elections 4.1. Implication of 2004 General Election toward Papua Special Autonomy 4.2. Implication of Direct Local-Head Elections towards Papua Special Autonomy 5. Conclusion
125 130 130 132 135 136 136 138 138 140 140 142 148
CHAPTER VII Regional Fiscal Policy for the North Sulawesi Economy under the Regional Autonomy Era S. L. H. V. Joyce Lapian
153
1. Introduction 2. The Guidelines for Regional Policy of North Sulawesi 2.1. Era of Law No. 22/1999 and Law No. 25/1999 2.2. Era of Law No. 32/2004 and Law No. 33/2004
153 155 155 156
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2.3. Comparative Analysis 3. Regional Economy Analysis 3.1. Economic Development in North Sulawesi 2003-2006 3.2. Main Economic Phenomenon in North Sulawesi 4. Regional Fiscal Analysis 4.1. North Sulawesi Financial Management in 2003-2006 4.2. Fiscal Policy Phenomenon in North Sulawesi 5. Impact of Fiscal Policy towards the Economy 5.1. APBD 2003 Contribution towards Real Sectors and Money Circulation 5.2. APBD 2004 Contribution towards Real Sectors and Money Circulation 5.3. APBD 2005 Contribution towards Real Sectors and Money Circulation 5.4. APBD 2006 Contribution towards Real Sectors and Money Circulation 5.5. Leverage Capacity Analysis 6. Concluding Remarks
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157 158 158 161 163 163 170 170 170 172 173 173 175 175
GLOSSARY
AKUM APBD Baperjakat Bappeda Bappenas BPS DAK DAP DAU DP-KTI DPC DPD DPD DPP DPR DPRD DPRP DPW GBHD GBHN GRDP HDI HPI IBT IDT Inpres ISEI JPS KAPET
Arahan dan Kebijakan Umum / General Policy Direction Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah / Regional Annual Budget Badan Pertimbangan Jabatan dan Kepangkatan / Position and Rank Consideration Board Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah / Regional Development Planning Agency Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional / National Development Planning Agency Badan Pusat Statistik / Central Bureau of Statistics Dana Alokasi Khusus / Special Allocation Fund Dewan Adat Papua / Papua Customary Board Dana Alokasi Umum / General Allocation Fund Dewan Pengembangan Kawasan Timur Indonesia / Eastern Indonesia Development Council Dewan Pimpinan Cabang / Branch Leaders Council Dewan Pimpinan Daerah / District Leaders Council Dewan Perwakilan Daerah / Regional Representative Council Dewan Pimpinan Pusat / Central Leaders Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat / House of Representatives Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah / Local Parliament Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua / Papuan People’s Representative Council Dewan Pimpinan Wilayah / Regional Leaders Council Garis-Garis Besar Haruan Daerah / Regional Policy Guidelines Garis-Garis Besar Haruan Negara / National Policy Guidelines Gross Regional Domestic Product Human Development Index Human Poverty Index Indonesia Bagian Timur / Eastern Part of Indonesia Inpres Desa Tertinggal / Presidential Instruction on Backward Villages Instruksi Presiden / Presidential Instruction Ikatan Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia / Indonesian Association of Economic Graduates Jaringan Pengaman Sosial / Social Safety Net Kawasan Pemgembangan Ekonomi Terpadu / Integrated Economic Development Areas xii
KBI KONI KPU KPUD KSPKB KTI MK MRP MPR Musbangdes Musrenbang NAD NIT NKRI NPM PAD PDIP Perda Pilkada Poldas PPP RPJPD Propeda Propenas RAPBD Renstrada Repelita Repelitada RIS RKP RKPD
Kawasan Barat Indonesia / Western Region of Indonesia Komite Olah Raga Nasional / Indonesian National Sports Committee Komitre Pemilihan Umum / General Election Committee Komitre Pemilihan Umum Daerah / Local Election Committee Komite Solidaritas Pembentukan Kabupaten Baru / Solidarity Committee of the Establishment of New District Kawasan Timur Indonesia / Eastern Region of Indonesia Mahkamah Konstitusi / Constitutional Court Majelis Rakyat Papua / Papuan People’s Council Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat / People’s Consultative Assembly Musyawarah Pembangunan Desa / Village Community Meeting Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan / Development Planning Meeting Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Negara Indonesia Timur / State of East Indonesia Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia / Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia New Public Management Pendapatan Asli Daerah / Regional Original Revenue Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan / Indonesian Struggling Democratic Party Peraturan Daerah / Regional Ordinance Pemilihan Kepala Daerah / Local-Head Election Pola Dasar / Basic Principle Partai Persatuan Pembangunan / United Development Party Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah / Regional Long Term Development Plan Program Pembangunan Daerah / Regional Development Program Program Pembangunan Nasional / National Development Program Rancangan Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah / Draft of Regional Annual Budget Rencana Strategis Daerah / Regional Strategic Plan Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun / Five-Year National Development Plan Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun Daerah / Regional Five-Year Development Plan Republik Indonesia Serikat / United States of Republic Indonesia Rencana Kerja Pemerintah / Annual Government Working Plan Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah / Annual Local Government Working Plan xiii
RPJMD RPJMN RPJPD RPJPN RTRW SKPD SPPN UDKP UNTEA
Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah / Regional Medium-term Development Plan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional / National Medium-term Development Plan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah / Regional Long-term Development Plan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional / National Long-term Development Plan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah / Regional Spatial Plan Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah / Local Apparatus Working Unit Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional / National Development Planning System Unit Daerah Kerja Pembangunan / Development Work Meeting United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
xiv
