CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter was talking about code mixing that is done in Selebes Gorontalo Radio Station. This present research is absolutely concentrated on using descriptive research. I describe broadcasters’ sounds in radio. It is meant that I analyze broadcasting occurred in radio. It specifically emphasizes to code mixing used in radio, and it is concentrated on analysis of how broadcasters in radio are. It is acquired from the data of recorded audio and interview that is researched in three broadcasters in Formula Indonesia program of Selebes Gorontalo Radio Station. Therefore, the result of research could be described as follows:
4.1. Data Analysis As being stated in methodology of research that the data which analyzed within broadcasters’ speech, the most things that relating with code mixing were found when broadcasters began to open Formula Indonesia in radio. The situation was captured through broadcasts on air. In this research, it is basically seen from broadcasters’ ways to passive interact on air. They were aware to use code mixing when interaction is on air. Those are some obvious changes in the situation that are drawn in interaction. The broadcasters who are the subjects of this research were found that they used code mixing when they were answer from the question that I had given in interview.
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It is actually indicated for the broadcasters on air. The indication was analyzed when interaction occurred by using Indonesia language as the language used in radio. Therefore, the occurrence of code mixing in radio is seen from broadcasters’ interacts. In addition, it uses Indonesia language in interacts. The ways in using Indonesia language inside has been the part of analysis. I emphasizes an understanding of broadcasters’ interact in mixing language in interacts. It is not only analyzed by seeing the mistake done on air, particularly using code mixing in interacts, but it also emphasizes to broadcasts psychological aspects. It was seen from how they expressed things on their mind. I analyzes broadcaster’s response when they are on air. It is adjusted by the situation found on their expression. It is started from program opening to ending. Therefore, the broadcasters’ thinking process in using code mixing on radio could be the main analysis of this research. 4.1.1. The Types of Code Mixing Used on Radio It is clearly defined in the chapter II about code mixing and its types. As been described in Holmes (1992:35) that code mixing is the use of two or more languages in conversation. A speaker sometimes switches code within a domain or social situation. Even speakers who are very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases and words for a purpose in conversation. So, code mixing occurs when a speaker is momentarily unable to remind a term, it is mixed up with other language, or it is mixed by using mother tongue.
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The use of code mixing in communication is frequently used in different types. Suwito (in Pateda, 2001:148) explained that the types of code mixing consist of 1) The using of words, 2) the using of phrase, 3) the using of baster, 4) the using of repeating word, 5) the using of synonym or idiom, 6) the using of clause. I analyzed the data by classifying them based on their form as proposed by Suwito (in Pateda, 2001:148). 4.1.1.1.
Word (C.M.1.)
The small unit of a sentence is called word. This small unit of sentence can stand alone and contain of meaning (Finoza 2001:84). Word is classified into eight groups, which are noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, exclamation, and preposition. These word classification mostly speak when broadcasters is on air. They pronounced it perfectly and use it to be inserted in their speech and they perfectly pronounce them like in English pronunciation rule. How they insert some English words as follows: 1.
… Bagaimana kabar anda pagi ini? Good? …
2.
… bahagia sekali jika jawaban anda adalah Yes! I am good. Well …
3.
… Jangan pindah channel sobat selebes …
4.
… Sayuran yang serba green …
5.
… Mungkin karena sensasi fresh yang saya rasakan …
6.
… boleh di traditional market atau di supermarket …
7.
… Di situasi seperti sekarang, weekend, libur lebaran …
8.
… dan ingredient yang akan digunakan …
9.
… pilek dan influenza, menular dari satu orang …
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10. … melalui droplet atau titik-titik air kecil … 11. … segmen dunia kesehatan, today Selasa 6 Sepetember 2011 … 12. … anda jatuh sakit plus beberapa hal yang harus … 13. … kuman saja didudukan toilet kantor. So, tempat yang disangka … 14. … perhatian pada keyboard, mouse, handle telepon, staples … 15. … Gunakan sanitizer berbahan dasar alkohol … 16. … Hey! What about your shoes? Pastikan anda … 17. … also hindari menyentuh mulut … 18. … meja kantor, vacuum cleaner, parfum, sponge pembersih, sepatu … 19. … saat anda care dengan kebersihan, automatically anda telah ... 20. … anda memang capable di posisi yang telah dipercayakan … 21. … perusahaan anda. So, do your best! Sobat selebes senang rasanya … 22. … beberapa orang, maybe termasuk anda … 23. … memiliki kebiasaan login ke facebook … 24. … untuk sekedar mengecek notifications terbaru disana… 25. … Di bumbui pula dengan smiley… 26. … Senin seolah menyita waktu refreshing aku … 27. … mengklik next untuk melihat koleksi … 28. … Cuaca yang friendly dan tentu saja pagi yang beraroma … 29. … Bayangkan moment luar biasa itu … 30. … Anyway di Gorontalo jasa … 31. … tidak popular. Berbeda dengan kondisi … 32. … gaya hidup anda and di level sosial mana …
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33. … di Formula Indonesia segmen trend dan perilaku … 34. … coba combine dua parfum yang berbeda … 35. … karakter anda, and also andalkan naluri … 36. … gunakan lotion yang memiliki aroma sama dengan parfum … 37. … beraroma ringan seperti lavender, citrus atau … 38. … mengenai relationship bagaimana cerita anda? … 39. … menikah adalah urusan yang complicated … 40. … salah satunya adalah butuh dukungan financial … 41. … now banyak wanita berumur hampir kepala empat … 42. … umur anda expired untuk melangsungkan pernikahan … 43. … jika masih comfort dengan kondisi single anda saat ini … There are 22 nouns that are used in Formula Indonesia such as: channel, supermarket, weekend, ingredient, droplet, keyboard, mouse, staples, sponge, handle, sanitizer, notifications, smiley, login, moment, trend, level, lotion, lavender, citrus, relationship, and comfort. Dealing with example above Suwito (1986:77) add that the speaker uses code mixing to make variation of speech, such as the noun of weekend, chart the above example. It means that they use the variation of speech in order to present interesting and attractive program. There are no pronoun that used by the broadcasters when they on air. It seems they feel not comfortable using the word pronoun when they mixing the code. The broadcaster speaks mostly Indonesia, but some time they insert some English adjective. The reason why they use these adjectives are due to the fact that
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they are familiar and attractive for the listener ever they use these adjectives in high frequency. There are 11 words categorized in adjevtive such as: good, green, fresh, capable, refreshing, next, friendly, popular, complicated, financial, single. I found that there are many verbs that used by the broadcasters to enchanted the content of the program while they was on air. The English verbs they use in several program one the English verb that has relation with the topic being talked by the broadcaster or the listeners. There are three verbs that used such as; care, combine, expired. There are many kind of adverb found in English, such as; adverb of place, adverb of manner, and adverb of time. Based on the data this thesis find there are some English adverb used by broadcasters. Researcher found there are four adverbs that used by the broadcasters such as; today, automatically, maybe, now. Based on the analysis, the most frequent adverb occur is adverb of time. The broadcaster have some technique to make the program to be vivid one of technique they use is by connecting the word in speech by using conjunction. They use conjunction to relate words in their speech. In Formula Indonesia, I found there are three conjunction that used when they was on air, such as: and, also, so. The word so was used three times in different topics while the word also was used two times. It is indicated that the most common conjuction that usually used when people mixing the code are “so” and “also”. Before starting the main sentence, the broadcasters usually use the English exclamation to make the speech to be more expensive. I found that broadcasters of Formula Indonesia were used four exclamations words that are: well, yes, hey,
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and anyway. The exclamation that broadcaster used one supposed to express some thing to be more expressive and vivid. A preposition has important position in a sentence. The broadcasters of Selebes Gorontalo Radio Station sometime use English preposition in broadcasting in the hope of making interesting and various speeches. There are one preposition that researcher found in recording that is word “plus”. The minimum of the using preposition clearly indicated that the broadcaster did not master preposition itself. 4.1.1.2.
Phrase (C.M.2.)
Dealing with the theory that a phrase is a group of two or more related words that does not certain both a subject and a predicate (Finoza, 2001: 29). This phrase is found in many forms. There are phrases that used in Formula Indonesia such as: 1.
One o one Selebes Radio modern lifestyle and entertainment station …
2.
… bahagia sekali jika jawaban anda adalah Yes! I am good. Well …
3.
… Itu dia sobat selebes a song from Elfa’s singers …
4.
… seorang international expert dalam bidang gizi …
5.
… boleh di traditional market atau di supermarket …
6.
… Ini merupakan salah satu dari banyak creative ways yang …
7.
… Julie Negrin dalam bukunya yang very popular itu …
8.
… dia persiapkan bersama anda. It’s a miracle.
9.
… berjumlah 49 kuman per inci persegi. Incredible numbers …
10. … welcome back, it’s Formula Indonesia …
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11. … meja kantor, vacuum cleaner, parfum, sponge pembersih, sepatu … 12. … perusahaan anda. So, do your best! Sobat selebes senang rasanya … 13. … Anda lelah dan harus bekerja? Wake up! … 14. … Selamat pagi sobat selebes. What’s up? … 15. … ini merupakan the first step, langkah awal … 16. … anda memanfaatkan jasa beauty advisor … 17. … Mereka berkata it’s simple, tidak perlu ribet hanya … 18. … bahwa ini merupakan a classic reason … 19. … make sure anda memiliki alasan … 20. … jika our lovely grandma dulu punya momongan … In the opening session, there is some of code mixing could be found in spoken form. When broadcaster A opened the program, there were some English words, which are used inside. To begin the program, broadcaster A used English by saying ‘modern lifestyle and entertainment station’. They prefer use “modern lifestyle” than “trend masa kini”. Thus, I just predicted that this word has been used in order to show style in every expression. This case is also become the reason why other phrases was used by the broadcasters while they delivered some topic in Formula Indonesia. 4.1.1.3.
Baster (C.M.3.)
Baster or hybrid is composed by part of word that was mixed by the speaker (Hornby, 1995: 585) It mean that hybrid is the mixed of different language. In this case the hybrid used by the broadcaster of Selebes Gorontalo Radio Station. The influence one show in the following example:
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… saya mengunderline pernyataan aku lelah… There is one mentioned by him in English. He used the word ‘mengunderline’. This word is ungrammatical because he used the word by mixing it into English. These baster consist of Indonesian affixes and English word, it means that is a forming transformational word, a word contain English and Indonesian component. This is due to the fact that Indonesian affixes one so receptive that they can be mixed with English word. The Indonesian affixes used one: me-, di-, and ber-. There are other types of baster, which are baster of phrase and baster of pronunciation and spelling (naturalization). However, the kind of baster that the broadcasters use is Indonesian affixes + English words. 4.1.1.4.
Repeating Word (C.M.4.)
Repeating word is the morphemic process that repeated the basic form both completely partial, and also with the change of sound (Chaer, 1994:182). The words being reduplicated here are adjective-adjective, verb-verb and adverbadverb. Here one example this thesis find from the data. One o one Selebes Radio modern lifestyle and entertainment station … To begin the program, the broadcaster A used English by saying ‘One o one Selebes Radio which is the substantive meaning of one hundred one (101), but zero has become letter “O”. This kind of transformation is has a purpose to make the greetings more variety. The broadcasters reduplicate the English word by following Indonesian words reduplication rule.
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4.1.1.5.
Idiom (C.M.5.)
Idiom is the unit of speech that the meaning can not predictable from the each of meaning both lexical and grammatically (Chaer, 1994:296). The other term of idiom is the language single utterance that the meaning can not elaborated indirectly from the each of words. (Finoza, 2001:105) in conclusion idiom is phrase or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of it individual words and which must be learned as a whole unit. The explanation shows that idiom creates new meaning that is different from the real meaning of each word. The example of the used of idiom in the script is: … buah hati anda menjadi penyuka sayuran. Check it out …. The meaning of check it out is to find out about, see if it is okay while the literal meaning is check it out means as ‘cek keluar’. Otherwise, the real meaning could actually be meant as ‘keluar dari topik itu’. 4.1.1.6.
Clause (C.M.6.)
According to Avery and Ehrlich (1987:14) clause is consist have a subject and verb clause can also consist of object or indirect object of complement or modifier. Clauses that the broadcaster use has here are clauses that show the change of situation or topic, this thesis divides them into three groups, such as; English clause as the main clause, Indonesian clause as the main clause, and mixed sentence. Here some examples this thesis find from the data. 1.
… berbahan dasar alkohol to keep them clean and fresh …
2.
… satu lagi sobat selebes, wash your hand …
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3.
… Sobat Selebes, welcome back, it’s Formula Indonesia …
4.
… Sobat selebes this is the end of Formula Indonesia segmen dunia …
5.
… perusahaan anda, so, do your best! Sobat selebes senang rasanya …
6.
… mengapa kalimat I hate Monday ini bisa …
7.
… aku lelah, aku butuh istirahat tapi I have to work…
8.
… sobat selebes, drink your mineral water secara teratur …
The clause that the broadcasters used here basically spoken in Indonesian, but it’s supported by the inserting of English clause in the speech. Finally this can be said that Indonesian clause take position as the main clause while English take position as the sub-clause. From the whole total used in Formula Indonesia in which it is divided into five programs, most broadcasters used CM.1 on air. The broadcasters used 49 words in the program. Next, the broadcaster sometimes used CM.2 and CM.6 on air. The broadcasters used 20 items in CM.2, and they used 8 items in CM.6. Also, found that they use one item in CM.3 and CM.4, and CM.5. From the description above, I found that Broadcaster B and C were very active to use English code on radio. This situation drawed Broadcaster B and C have English background rather than broadcaster A. Meanwhile, the most types of code mixing used on radio are word, phrase, and clause categories. Broadcasters usually used these categories when they did it on air.
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4.1.2 The Analysis of Interview The interview was done to support the result findings of this research, especially to find out the reason why the broadcasters mixing the code when they are presented Formula Indonesia. I found that some reasons why most broadcasters used code mixing in their program. The question of interview given to broadcasters could be described below: 1. Berapa banyak bahasa yang anda kuasai? 2. Apakah anda pernah mencampurkan kata-kata atau istilah dalam bahasa inggris ke dalam kalimat berbahasa Indonesia ketika anda menyiarkan informasi melalui radio? 3. Seberapa sering anda melakukannya? 4. Apa alasan anda melakukannya? 5. Dalam situasi bagaimana anda melakukanya? 6. Bagaimana anda mendapatkan kata-kata atau istilah dalam bahasa inggris itu? 7. Jika anda adalah pendengar radio, apa pendapat anda mengenai pencampuran dua bahasa ini? 8. Secara pribadi, apa pendapat anda mengenai pencampuran dua bahasa ini? There are many reasons that expressed by the broadcasters based on the question given. Their reason was clearly seen in appendix that is they tend to make a variation of the content of the topic. I got any reasons in implementing code mixing on radio. I acquired from three broadcasters to state their perception about code mixing. However, I could conclude that the broadcasters’ perception on code mixing that Indonesia language was dominant language used by
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broadcasters in communication on the radio. For the other language, such regional language, most broadcasters used it on daily life conversations. For English, broadcasters also used it in communication on the radio and in English class activites in college. As been the result of interview above, I found that there were the broadcasters mastered three languages. They are Indonesia, Gorontalo, and English languages. They are frequently used in different daily life. This perception has been found when I interviewed three broadcasters on Monday, October 24, 2011 at 12.30 p.m. Researcher
: Berapa bahasa yang anda kuasai?
Broadcaster A
: Bahasa yang saya kuasai hanya bahasa Indonesia. Sedikitnya bahasa Inggris juga tahu, walaupun hanya dasar-dasarnya saja.
Broadcaseter B : Bahasa nasional yang saya kuasai adalah bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia. Sementara bahasa daerah, yang saya kuasai adalah bahasa Gorontalo. Broadcaster C
: Saya hanya menguasai bahasa Indonesia. Untuk bahasa Inggris saya masih pasif dan tidak terlalu aktif.
The conversation above is basically stating that the broadcasters are more active to use Indonesia language than others. But it is not meant that they could not speak English and regional language like Gorontalo. This reason could be clearly drawn why the broadcasters mixed language on radio.
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Researcher
: Apakah anda pernah mencampurkan kata-kata atau istilah-istilah dalam bahasa Inggris ke dalam kalimat berbahasa Indonesia ketika anda menyiarkan informasi melalui radio?
Broadcaster A
: Ya. Ketika menyiarkan informasi melalui radio, saya sering melakukan hal ini.
Broadcaster B
: Ya. Saya bahkan setiap siaran melakukan hal itu.
Broadcaster C
: Pernah. Bahkan sering.
The second question is about the frequent of mixing the code wich has clearly seen in their answer. They often do mixing the code while their on air. The broadcaster A said that she mixing the code everytime when she on air, while broadcaster B said always. The answer has same responses, which are illustrated that they are capable to mixing the code while they were delivering the topic in Formula Indonesia. Researcher
: Seberapa sering anda melakukannya?
Broadcaster A
: Hampir setiap saya siaran.
Broadcaster B
: Saya melakukannya setiap kali saya siaran.
Broadcaster C
: Setiap saya siaran.
The third question has the exactly same main point in describe “how often” they mixing the code. This question was constructing to maintain the previous question and point out the expectation for repetation this same question so that the broadcaster can describe more each time she/he did the action. The result are
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broadcaster A answer almost of the time in all content of program, while broadcaster B did mixing the codealways same as broadcaster C. Researcher
: Apa alasan anda melakukan pencampuran itu?
Broadcaster A
: Menurut saya, ini hal yang menarik. Yang paling penting, kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang saya gunakan adalah kata-kata yang populer di masyarakat luas.
Broadcaster B
: Untuk lebih membuat konten siaran variatif. Saya percaya, pendengar kami dapat menerimanya dengan baik.
Broadcaster C
: Sesuai dengan format dan sasaran pendengar radio Selebes, eksekutif muda. Jelas hal-hal semacam itu bukan sesuatu yang tabu buat mereka.
The fourth question is more about motivation as a reason towards mixing the code in Formula Indonesia program. I capture some motive inside the phenomena itself. Based on their answer, I conclude that broadcasters mix code because they have motivation such as broadcaster A and B wanted to made variation of popular language to be sound more attractive to the listener. While broadcaster C said that he adjusting the background of his listeners which are young executive means that mixing the code has become life style for them.
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Researcher
: Dalam situasi bagaimana anda melakukannya?
Broadcaster A
: Saya berusaha untuk tidak terbata-bata. Ketika yang muncul di kepala saya adalah English, itu juga yang keluar dari mulut saya.
Broadcaseter B
: Saya melakukan itu dalam situasi ketika saya kesulitan menemukan kata-kata yang tepat dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Broadcaster C
: Kami harus terdengar menarik. Makanya, saya gunakan kata-kata dalam bahasa asing. Saya sengaja melakukan ini. Akan menjadi harus jika memang terdapat istilah berbahasa Inggris dalam konten siaran saya.
Fifth question asking about the situation according to the code mixing was used. I point that situation trigger the process of code mixing in this question. However, I found that code mixing pushed people to be more creative in delivered the contents of the program especially when talking about a particular topic. Broadcaster B acknowledges that code mixing due their language lack of equivalent word so she used code mixing. Broadcaster A said she tried not ambivalent and look naturally using code mixing. Thus, whenever the word coming from her head, she used it. While broadcaster C admitted that he using code mixing because the script has some technical term using foreign language and other because he wanted to sound more interesting.
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Researcher
: Bagaimana anda mendapatkan kata-kata atau istilahistilah dalam bahasa Inggris itu?
Broadcaster A
: Saat SMP, saya pernah ngambil English Course. Selama sekolah saya juga dapat pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Saya anggap itu berpengaruh sekali terhadap skill saya. Semakin banyak kata-kata yang saya kenal, setelah saya rajin googling dan baca majalah-majalah yang menjadi sumber materi siaran saya. Di Selebes, banyak
teman
yang
bahasa
Inggrisnya
bagus.
Maklumlah, mereka kuliah jurusan bahasa orang Amerika itu. Saya jadi ikut-ikutan hebat. Broadcaster B
: Yang ini perkara mudah bagi saya. Saya banyak referensi. Kebetulan saya kuliah di jurusan Bahasa Inggris.
Broadcaster C
: Saya salah satu anggota Gorontalo Inovasi Choir yang banyak terlibat dalam kegiatan-kegiatan berskala nasional bahkan internasional. Kegiatan-kegiatan itu memungkinkan saya bertemu bule dan practice. Pengaruhnya besar sekali pada content siaran saya. Saya jadi 11 12 sama Cinta Laura.
Sixth question explain the source of words, phrases and clauses that they used when mixing the code which are Indonesian-English language. Background of education or even experience when traveling aboard can influence the speaker
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did the code mixing. Background limitation of language also became the other reason why people especially the broadcasters themselves often explain something with mixing the code. Researcher
: Jika anda adalah pendengar radio, apa pendapat anda mengenai pencampuran dua bahasa ini?
Broadcaster A
: Sah-sah saja. Itu bagus loh. Biar saya pendengar bisa ikut tahu istilah-istilah asing. Meski jumlahnya terbatas.
Broadcaster B
: Saya pendengar radio? Yang familiarlah kata-kata Inggrisnya! Itu lebih baik untuk pendengar.
Broadcaster C
: Bagus itu untuk menambah pengetahuan. Yang penting ada kesan mendidik.
The next question is determined that code mixing is useful according to the broadcasters themselves. In overall, the broadcasters agree that code mixing is useful to introduce or to explain new word to the listeners. On the previous description, I could take an overview about code mixing that it is used by adjusting code with an environment. It is strongly supported by Broadcaster C say that “akan menjadi harus jika memang terdapat istilah berbahasa Inggris dalam konten siaran saya”. Clearly, the result of interview could be drawn in the following items when I did interview. Researcher
: Dalam situasi bagaimana anda melakukannya?
Broadcaster A
: Saya berusaha untuk tidak terbata-bata. Ketika yang muncul di kepala saya adalah English, itu juga yang keluar dari mulut saya.
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Broadcaster B
: Saya melakukan itu dalam situasi ketika saya kesulitan menemukan kata-kata yang tepat dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Broadcaster C
: Kami harus terdengar menarik. Makanya, saya gunakan kata-kata dalam bahasa asing. Saya sengaja melakukan ini. Akan menjadi harus jika memang terdapat istilah berbahasa Inggris dalam konten siaran saya.
The code mixing is frequently used when people stood in different atmosphere. As been in the formal seminar, people clearly used formal code inside and it was aware that people used code mixing inside. Therefore, the use of code mixing is based on the situation, and the broadcasters obviously mastered three languages namely: Indonesia, Gorontalo, and English languages. The broadcasters mixed these languages make them easy to express what is on their mind.
4.2. Discussion This research is actually focused on taking three broadcasters as the subject of research. I saw broadcasters’ performance in broadcasting their program on radio. In this case, there are five topics that discussed in different ways. The broadcaster A talked about a thing in the weekend. She talked about fresh consume for the health. Meanwhile, the broadcaster B talked about health and woman’s life. Moreover, the broadcaster C talked about career and people’s
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behavior. In every acknowledgement expressed, I saw code mixing used by broadcasters in their programs. The result of research done in radio was the broadcasters used every types of code mixing inside. Nevertheless, idiom and baster categories were seldom used in their program. 4.2.1. The Process of Code Mixing Used In this research, I found a thing relating to the code mixing that code mixing was frequently used on the situation when she/he needs to use code mixing. Situation has an important role in using code mixing. When the broadcasters informed the topic, the broadcasters attended confidently in their program. The broadcasters kept a small note as their description to present the topic. So, the broadcasters are aware that they used code mixing inside. When using code mixing in communication, people sometimes were influenced by their feelings. This matter could be seen when they expressed their ideas, they could be shucked to express their ideas. It means that the broadcasters expressed ideas based on their mood. Code mixing is occurred when they are influenced by another factor such as the broadcasters’ background. For broadcaster A, she used code mixing because she has ever acquired English materials when she was at the school. Meanwhile, the broadcaster B did code mixing because she has many more experiences relating English events. She has ever done students’ exchange in Australia. She visited in Perth, Australia. This matter made her aware to use English code in her expression. Meanwhile, the broadcaster C has ever gone to South Korea to do World Choir Competition in
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2009. He also has ever done World Ocean Conference in 2009. So, it is clearly stating that he mixed the code with English. Obviously, the broadcasters’ background could be consideration for all to use English or code mixing inside. 4.2.2. The Reason of Code Mixing Used As been explained in the previous chapter, the reseacher found that there are some aspects of code mixing influencing the broadcasters to use it in their communication. They are psychological aspect, linguistic aspect, and functional aspect. All of them could be described in the following description 4.2.2.1. Psychological Aspect In this research, the broadcasters frequently spoke fast in their expression. They balanced between intonation and expression. It is meant that although they have to acknowledge a thing fast, they still considered the intonation and expression. … ini merupakan the first step langkah awal … The examples above clearly give us description that the broadcaster seems careful to express things they said. It’s aware for them, there is some words repeated twice. It is called repetition used for clarification to be understood better to the listener. For example, the broadcaster has said the words ‘the first step’, she repeated it in Indonesia ‘langkah awal’, and so it seems that the broadcaster is scared at doing mistake. Therefore, it is emphasized to make it clear and could be understood by listeners. The same matter is also occurred in the second sentence. It should not be necessary to repeat the words ‘langkah awal’ in English. Psychologically, the broadcasters were claimed to be perfect. In this case, they
43
should have spirit to open to closing the program. They also must be up to date with modernity. Therefore, the broadcasters frequently used code mixing in their program. There are some other motive which came from pshycological aspect that is to show the speaker identity. Suwito (1986:77) said that the motive can be seen from how they use language in speech. The speaker identity gives the best image of the social status and education. It also show the attitude background of speaker. Code mixing can be used to express individual or group identity. The ways of communication of academic people are really different from other groups. They use language more various while the other group has limited language. Thus, it can distinguish and make a label for certain group. Here some example that find from the data: Bahkan untuk urusan yang satu ini tidak ada salahnya jika anda memanfaatkan jasa beauty advisor. Any way di Gorontalo jasa beauty advisor ini tidak popular. Berbeda dengan kondisi di luar kota semisal di ibu kota Jakarta Begitulah kenyataannya Sebagian besar orang di kota kita ini memilih datang ke galeri parfum tanpa bantuan beauty advisor. Bahkan. sebagian orang merasa berlebihan jika harus menggunakan jasa ini. Mereka berkata it’s simple tidak perlu ribet hanya untuk urusan parfum. Akulah sang beauty advisor. Benar demikian sobat selebes? From the example above it show that the broadcaster use two different languages variously and it finally show that they are educate people due the educational background of some of the broadcaster are university students. 4.2.2.2. Linguistic Aspect Because of code mixing, sometimes the broadcasters were not consistent with their language. In using Indonesia, the broadcasters frequently mixed it with another language or dialect. It has made the words and phrases used are
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ungrammatical. For example, the word ‘mengunderline’ was responded by Broadcaster C on radio. … Sobat selebes saya mengunderline pernyataan … It was very ungrammatical word used. There was nothing the word ‘mengunderline’ in English. It is just used in Indonesia language when combining verb with affix. On radio, particularly in Indonesia, the broadcasters used code mixing because the words they want to say are not provided well in Indonesia language. The lack of vocabulary had by broadcasters caused also them using code mixing. In other hand, this influence was occured in affixes, pronunciation, and speeling. Baster or some expert also called hybrid is the composed that mixed directly from 2 part word in two languages (Hornby, 1995: 585). Using baster means the speaker changed the class of English word, example: mengunderline and diunderline has the different definition. There are other kind of baster, which are formed from the speeling and pronounciation. This code mixing is the naturalization mixture between EnglishIndonesian language, but the word is original from English language, example: attention become atensi. However, code mixing can only occur in informal situation rather than formal situation so this kind of code mixing sometime found in this situation. 4.2.2.3 Functional Aspect The broadcasters were aware of the fact that they code-mix. When their attention is drawn to this behavior, however, most tend to apologize for it,
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condemn it and generally indicate disapproval of mixing languages. Code mixing was occurred when speakers felt save with their code. … Tapi I have to work … … anda memang capable di posisi yang telah … … saat anda care dengan kebersihan … … automatically anda telah… When broadcasters speak on the radio, the broadcasters could not be consistent with their language used. They sometimes mixed it with their dialect or national language to make their opinion clear to understand. It also becomes an alternative to get intention of clarifying the speech. Therefore, they can really feel save that her/his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the audience. Also about function, code mixing was transformed into a technique as used to attract more listeners and make variation. Clearly, we could see that, the fuctional of language was changed from the tool of communication became a variation and style in mass communication.
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