CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents research findings and discussion. The finding designed to answer the research problems; there were speaking strategies used by the ninth semester students of English program in State Islamic College of Palangka Raya, the ninth semester students know the speaking strategy, the ninth semester students’ frequency in using the strategy, the ninth semester students’ reasons in using or applying particular speaking strategy. A. Research Findings 1.
The Speaking Strategies used by the Ninth Semester Students of English Program in State Islamic College of Palangka Raya. Based on interview result on september on July 17 – September 17 from
14 students as the informant of the research had known that, the students had different strategies in speaking English. In this study, the writer just took 14 the ninth semester students who were interviewed. They were on initial AR, ADH, ARF, GR, AN, BT, DN, MM, HS, DNW, NF, HM, JJ, DBI. From the result findings, could be seen in the table below : Table 4.1 The Speaking Strategies used by the Ninth Semester Students of English Program In State Islamic College of Palangka Raya NO.
1.
Name
AR, AF, GR, AN, DA, HS, JN, DW, and HM.
Number
9 students
40 40
Direct or Indirect Strategies Direct strategies
Strategies used by the students Switching to the mother tangue
2.
AR, AH, AF, AN, BT, DI, DA, MM, HS, DW, HM and NF . AR, AH, AF, AN, BT, DI, DA, MM, DW, and HM. AR, AH, AF, AN, DA, MM, HS, JN, HM, and NF. ADH, AN, GR, MM, and HS.
12 students
Direct strategies
Using gesture
10 students
Direct strategies
Using synonym
10 students
Direct strategies
Getting help
5 students
Direct strategies
Selecting topic
6.
BT
1 students
Coining word
7.
AR,and HS
2 Students
Direct strategies Direct strategies
8.
AN, HS, JN and MM NF
4 Students
Practicing Naturalistically Taking notes
12 Students
11.
AR, AH, AF, GR, AN, BT, DA, MM, HS, DW, NF and HM. MM
Direct strategies Direct strategies Direct strategies
Speaking
12.
MM
1 students
13.
MM
1 students
14.
JN and MM
2 students
15.
JN
1 students
Direct strategies Indirect strategies Indirect strategies Direct strategies Direct strategies
16.
DI
1 students
3.
4.
5.
9. 10.
1 Students
1 students
41
Direct strategies
the
Adjusting or approximating the message
Repeating
Writing Reading Studying more English Studying more pronunciation and Grammar Using other clues
Related to the table of the students’ strategies above, there were sixteen strategies that used by the ninth semester students of English Study Program in speaking English. It consists of 14 (fourteen) direct strategies and 2 (two) indirect strategies. It could be seen in the interpretation of the result of interview such as below: He (AR) stated on indonesian language : ...“karena masalah yang saya hadapi yaitu lawan bicara, kemudian penggunaan kosakata baru, kemudian cara mereka berkomunikasi. Untuk mengatasi kesalahpahaman ketika saya sedang berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris maka, saya akan menggunakan berbagai strategi yaitu seperti, berpindah kebahasa ibu, bahasa tubuh, persamaan kata, meminta pertolongan, menyampaikan pesan dengan benar.”(because problem that I faced was other speaker, then using the new vocabulary, and also their ways in communication. To solved misunderstanding when I speak in English language so, I will applied some strategies such as, switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, using synonym, getting help, adjusting the message, repeating.)......”1 AR stated that his problem in speaking English are other speaker, using the new vocabulary, and also their ways in communication. So, to solved his problem he applied some strategies for solving his misunderstanding when speaking English, such as; using gesture, using synonym, getting help, adjusting the message and repetition. The first strategy he used is switching to the mother tongue. The second is gesturestrategy, he used this strategy in asituationwhen theother speaker don’t understand, heused this strategyto make it easierto communicate. And the third strategy is synonym strategy, he used this strategy In a situation that he forgot, whenheusedalanguageor aword, he try to think ofsynonymoranotherword. The
1
Interview with AR at home on Friday , 23 August 2013 at 12.30 WIT
42
fourth strategy he used is getting help, he used this strategy when he was having trouble with a word, he was asked with the other speaker. And the fifth, In order for easyto talk tothe other speaker, so thathereceivethe intentofspeaking about. And the last strategy he used is repeating, he used this strategy when he had difficulty understanding the meaningthat the other speakersaid, so he asked for repeating. For him this strategy a good way to understand the English language. She (AH) stated on indonesian language : ....“Masalah yang saya hadapi ketika saya menggunakan bahasa Inggris yaitu masalah kosakata (vocabulary), ketika saya kekurangan kosakata maka pembicaraan jadi bermasalah dan juga terkadang masih tidak beraturan Grammar dan juga dialeknya masih belum bisa sepenuhnyaseperti native speaker. Strategi saya biasanya ketika saya sudah tidak bisa menemukan kosakata atau saya sudah kehabisan kosakata untuk menyampaikan suatu maksud saya menggunakan bahasa tubuh, penggulangan, terus saya juga bisa mencari persamaan kata, saya terus juga terkadang juga meminta seseorang untuk menolong sayauntuk menyampaikan maksud saya jika ada orang disamping saya, memilih topik pembicaraan”(the problem that I faced when I used the English language is vocabulary.When I lack the vocabulary its become a problem and sometimes my problem is in grammar. My dialects are alsostill notentirelylikea nativespeaker. Usually my strategy when I couldn’tto expressthe meaning, thenIusedgesture, repeating, and also using synonym, and sometimes ask someone to help me convey what I mean if there is someone besides me, selecting the topic of conversation)........”2 AH stated her problem in speaking English is vocabulary. When she lackof vocabularyits become
a problem. And sometimes her problem is in
grammar. Her dialectsare alsostill notentirelylikea nativespeaker. So the strategy applied in speaking English were using gesture, using synonym, repeating, getting help, and choosing the topic of conversation.
2
Interview with AH at NC on Thursday , 22 August 2013 at 09.30 WIT
43
The first strategy she used is using gesture. She used this stratgey when she could not expressthe meaning, then she usedgesture. The second strategy she used is repeating, she used this strategy when something was wrong. And repeating strategy should be considered again, so that it repeated the words it must be true. The third strategy she used is using synonym, she used the synonym strategy when shedo notknowthe meaningofaword, she was lookingfor againanotherword. The fourth strategy she used is getting help. She used this strategy when she had difficulty convey the meaning to the other speaker, so she asked for helping from other person, she know this strategy from her friends. And the last strategy is choosing the topic of conversation. She usually used this strategy in situations such as discussions, so it should convey the topic that had to be chosen according to the situation and condition at that time, and when the problem updates at that time. So, she selecting the core topic. Because she think this strategy that is easily understood by the other person, so that's the reason she used the strategy. She think this strategy that is easily understood by the other person, so that's the reason she used the strategy. She (AF) stated on indonesian language : .... “Permasalahan yang saya hadapi, biasanya vocabulary. Strategy yang biasa saya gunakan yaitu persamaan kata, saya menggunakan strategy ini ketika saya sudah blank dengan kata-kata. Yang kedua yaitu pindah kebahasa ibu. saya menggunakan strategy ini ketika proses pembelajaran, yang ketiga yaitu menggunakan bahasa tubuh, saya menggunakan strategy ini dalam setiap pembicaraan dalam bahasa Inggris, hampir setiap kegiatan saya menggunakan gesture, dan yang terakhir yaitu meminta pertolongan, saya menggunakan strategy ini ketika lawan bicara kurang paham, maka saya meminta orang lain untuk menjelaskan maksud saya. Biasanya dalam situasi suatu penekanan yang dianggap penting, secara otomatis saya akan melakukan penggulangan. Alasan saya menggunakan strategy ini karenadengan strategi iniakan memungkinkandia
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untukberbicara bahasa Inggris.(the problems that I faced usually is vocabulary. Usually I used the strategy using synonym, I used this strategy when I was blank with words, the second strategy is switching to the mother tongue, I used this strategy when the process of learning, the third strategy is using gesture, I used this strategy in every conversation in English, the last strategy is getting help, I used this strategy when the other person less understood, then I asked others person to explain what I mean, usually in a situation stressing is important, I will automatically do repeating. The reason I used this strategy because with this strategy allow me to speak English)......”3 AF stated usually her problem is vocabulary. So the strategies applying in speaking English were using synonym, switching to the mother tangue, using gesture, and getting help. The first stategy is using synonym, she apllied this strategy when shewasblankwith words, andshetrying to find asynonym. The second stratey is switching to the mother tongue. Usually She used this strategy when the process of learning, such as learning speaking. when she was blank with words, and she could not found a synonym, so sometimes she used the Indonesian language, but one word in the English language. The third strategy is using gesture.
She
used
this
strategy
in
everyconversationin
English,
almosteveryactivity she usedgesture. The fourth straty is repeating. She used this strategy In a situation stressing is important, she will automatically do repeating. The last strategy is getting help. She used this strategy when she do not know, what is the translation of this word in the English language, then automatically she asked one of our senior or our friend. Because with this strategy will allow her to speak English.
3
Interview with AF at home on Friday , 23 August 2013 at 12.30 WIT
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He (GR) stated on indonesian language : .....“Untuk masalah yang saya hadapi ketika saya berbahasa Inggris itu tentu pada kosakata (vocabulary,) saya yang kurang begitu menguasai itu, kemudian untuk grammaticalnya juga saya dalam berbicara itu kadangkadang bisa dikatakan tidak sesuai standar atau tidak bergrammar secara rapi kadang-kadang tidak sesuai aturannya begitu. Jadi strategi yang saya gunakan seperti menggunakan berpindah ke bahasa ibu, biasanya, dalam situasi binggung mencari kosakata, jadi langsung pindah kebahasa indonesia atau bahasa ibu, dan memilih topik pembicaraan,saya rasa ini merupakan strategi yang sangat penting dalam speaking, karena ketika kita ingin berbicara harus ada topik yang dibicarakan untuk lebih focusnya. Biasanya ketika mengajarkan speaking pada anak SMP atau SMA yang biasanya masih belum bisa mereka ucapkan, jadi saya melakukan penggulangan. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi tersebut adalah karena strategi inidapat membuatlebih mudah saya untuk berbicara bahasa Inggris.(for the problems that I faced whenI used English languagewason thevocabulary, I ama lessmasteredit. Thenin speechgrammatical its alsosometimes can besaidnotcompliant orsometimes itdoes notlike the rulesso, usually I used the strategy like moved to indonesian language or switching to the mother tongue,in aconfusedsituation in looking forvocabulary, soimmediatelymovedto indonesian language orswitching to the mother tongue, and selecting the topic of conversation, Ithink this is avery important strategyinspeaking, becausewhenwe want to talk, wemust be selecting the topicitsmorefocus. Usually when teaching speaking in junior high school or high school that they usually can not speak, so I do repeating. The reason I used this strategies are because this strategy can make easy to speak English)......”4 GR stated his problem when speaking English is vocabulary, so to solved his problem he used some strategies such as; switching to the mother tongue and selecting the topic of conversation. The first strategy is switching to the mother tongue. Usually he used this strategy in a confused situation in look for vocabulary, so immediately he moved to Indonesian language, because it a foreign language, if he was confuse to express somethings, he should switching to the mother tongue, so that his friends could understood. The second strategy is selecting the topic of conversation. For him this is a very important strategy in 4
Interview with GR at library on Friday, 23 August 2013 at 09.00 WIT
46
speaking, because when we speak should be more focus, to be more able to prepare what we talking about, in a foreign language, so the topic should be determined. The third strategy is repeating strategy. He used this strategy usually when he had teach speaking in junior high school or high school that they usually can not speak, so hedo repeating. For him this strategy can make him easier tospeak English. He (AN) stated on indonesian language : .....“Permasalahan yang saya hadapi ketika berbicara menggunakan bahasa Inggris yaitu biasa atau tidaknya dalam menggunakan bahasa tersebut. Karena masalahnya saya tadi kurang terbiasa menggunakan bahasa Inggris, jadi otomatis strateginya banyak-banyak belajar, banyak memakai bahasa tersebut, agar penggunaannya tidak canggung, karena menurut saya sendiri, bahasa adalah kebiasaan. Dan saya juga kadangkadang saya menggunakan strategi kembali kebahasa ibu, ketika sudah kehabisan kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris, maka saya kembali ke bahasa saya ibu saya sendiri, Ketika lawan bicara kurang mengerti, maka saya menggunakan kata atau bahasa yang lebih umum atau sinonimnya. Dalam kondisi spontanitas, secara tidak sadar, saya menggunakan bahasa tubuh saya ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris, ketika lawan bicara kurang paham, maka saya meminta orang lain untuk menjelaskan maksud saya, danketika membuat lawan bicara saya lebih tertarik atau membuat pembicaraan itu lebih menarikmaka saya memilih topik pembicaraan yang menarik. Ketika diasrama sering menggunakan penggulangan supaya lebih mengigat arti dari kata. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi tersebut karena dengan strategi-strategi tersebut membuat saya bisa lancar berbahasa Inggris. (The problems that I faced when speaking English is less familiar with using the English language. Because my problem is I was less familiar with English, so automatic my strategy a lot to learn English, a lot to used the language, so that my mistake can be repaired, becauseaccording tomy own, the languageisa habit. Sometimes I also used the switching to the mother tongue language, when I had run outof wordsin English so, I go back to my own language. When other speaker do not understand, then I used a word or more general language or synonym. In conditions of spontaneity, unconsciously,Iusedmygesturewhen speaking English, when the other speaker do not understand, then I ask other person to explain what I mean, and when it makes the other speaker more interested or make the conversation more interesting so, I selecting the interesting topic. When in dormitory I often usedthe repeating strategy to make it more remember in
47
the meaning of the word. The reason I used the strategies are because with the strategy make me can fluently used English language)......”5 AN stated his problem is seldom using the English language. Because the problemis hewasseldomusingEnglish,sothe first strategy is automaticallyis morelearned about English, moreused the language. And the second strategy is practicing naturalistically its mean always practice to used English. Sothathis mistake can be repaired, becauseaccording tohisown, the languageisa habit. And sometimes he also used the strategy switching to the mother tongue, he used this strategy
when he
had
run outof wordsin English, then he go
backtohisownlanguage or his mother tongue. Then he used synonym strategy. He used this strategy when the other speakerdo not understand, then heused awordorcommonlanguageorsynonym. He also used gesture strategy in conditions of spontaneity, unconsciously,heusedhisgesturewhen speaking English. He also used the getting help strategy when the other speaker do not understand, then he ask the other person to explain what he mean. Then, he also used the strategy selecting the topic, when he want makes the other speaker more interested or make the conversation more interesting. And the last strategy is repeating. When in dormitory often use repetition to make it more remember in the meaning of the word. The reason he used the strategy because he can fluently used English language.
5
Interview with AN at home on Saturday, 24 August 2013 at 09.30 WIT
48
He (BT) stated on indonesian language : “.....Permasalahan yang saya hadapi ketika anda berbicara menggunakan bahasa Inggris yaitu vocabulary atau kosa kata. Strategi saya yaitu, ketika saya menggalami kesulitan kosakata atau vocabulary maka akan menggunakan kosakata yang lebih mudah lagi. Atau mengganti kosakata tersebut dengan synonym. Disaat lawan bicara tidak mengerti apa yang saya ucapkan, maka saya menggunakan gesture, Disaat lawan bicara saya tidak memahami apa yang saya ucapkan, jadi saya menciptakan kata baru. Situasi dimana lawan bicara saya tidak memahami apa yang saya ucapkan, maka saya melakukan penggulangan. Jadi, dengan strategy tersebut saya bisalancarmenggunakan bahasaInggris (the problems that I in speaking English is vocabulary, my strategies are, when I had difficultyin vocabularythen I will usedmoreeasier vocabulary, or I change the word using the synonym. While the other speakerdoesnotunderstandwhat Isaid, then I used gesture. I usually used this strategy, while the other speaker do not understand what I said, so I created a new word. In situation where the other speaker do not understand what I say, then I do repeating. So, this strategy makes me fluently in using English language).....”6 In this case BT stated if his problem in speaking English is vocabulary. The strategies his applying by he were using synonym, using gesture, and also coining word. The first is using synonym. He used this strategy whenhe had difficultyin vocabularythen he will usedmoreeasier vocabulary, or he change the word used the synonym. And the second strategy is using gesture, while the other speakerdoesnotunderstandwhat he said, then he used gesture. The third strategy is coining word, he usually used this strategy, while the other speaker
do not
understand what he said, so he created a new word. So he can fluentlyusedEnglish language. The last strategy is repeating strategy. Usually he used this strategy In situation where the other speaker do not understand what he talking about, then he
6
Interview with BT at home on Saturday, 24 August 2013 at 15.00 WIT
49
do repeating. He (DI) stated on indonesian language : ......“Kebanyakan vocabulary, kekurangan vocabulary yang pas untuk kalimat tertentu, kadang-kadang menjadi permasalahan. Permasalahan pertama saya itukan pada vocabulary, karena saya tidak mengetahui vocabulary dari suatu benda itu terkadang saya menjabarkannya mengenai fungsinya. Misalnya anggap saja saya tidak tahu sesuatu yang dikatakan dengan sendok, jadi saya akan mendeskripsikan fungsinya something use to eat, with the handle, saya juga menggunakan synonym ketika lawan bicara saya, tidak mengerti saya akan mencari kata yang sama tetapi lebih mudah dimengerti oleh lawan bicara, saya juga menggunakan gesture memudahkan saya membuat sesuatu lebih spesifik. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi tersebut karena dengan begitu saya tidak akan seperti orang yang benar-benar tidak bisa bahasa Inggris (most of vocabulary, less of vocabulary for a particular sentence, its sometimes become problems. My first problem is on vocabulary, because I do not know the vocabulary of an object, sometimes I verify the function. For example, I do not know the things that are said with a spoon, so I will describe functions use something to eat, with the handle. I also used the synonym when the other speaker did not understand, I would look for the same word, but more easily understood by the other person. I also using gesture, thisgesturefacilitatemeto do somethingmore specific. the reason I used this strategy because with this action I will not be the person that really couldn’t not speak English)......”7 Here DI stated his problem is mostin vocabulary. Because his first problem on vocabulary, so if he do not know the vocabulary of an object, sometimes he verify the function. For example, hedoes not know the things that are said with a spoon, so he will describe functions use something to eat, with the handle. The point he can only describe the object through the function, do not say such things directly. He also used the synonym strategy in a different context, such as in daily life chair is chair, but in the plane or cinema, kursi do not mention chair but seat. Synonym like that are usually used in the context of specific insights. The last strategy is gesture. He usedthisgesturefacilitatemeto do 7
Interview with DI at home on Sunday , 8 september 2013 at 15.50 WIT
50
somethingmore specific. His reason used this strategy because with this action he will not be the person that really couldn’t not speak English. She (DN) stated on indonesian language : .....“Masalah yang saya hadapi ketika saya berbicara bahasa Inggris pronunciation dan kurangnya vocabulary. Strategi yang biasa saya gunakan itu secara spontan, saya sering menggunakan strategi bahasa tubuh Atau juga saya biasanya saya juga menggunakan strategi dengan persamaan kosakata itu bisa soalnya ketika lawan bicara saya tidak mengerti saya akan mencari kata yang sama tetapi lebih mudah dimengerti oleh lawan bicara. Dan ketika lawan bicara saya tidak mengerti. saya bisa memberikan clue dengan bahasa ibunya sehingga apa itu bisa dimengerti, dan ketika saya kebinggungan atau lupa suatu kata, pasti tiba-tiba langsung tanya sama teman. Ketika lawan bicara kita masih dalam tahap yang pertama itu ketika mereka tidak mengerti saya menggulangi terlebih dahulu. Bagi sayaini adalahcara yang sangat baikuntuk meningkatkankemampuan berbahasa Inggris, dan jadi sayamudahdalam menggunakanbahasa Inggris (the problem that I faced when I speak English is pronunciation and lack of vocabulary. Usually I used it spontaneous, I often using gesture strategy or I usually also using synonym strategy it could be because the other speaker do not understand, I looking for the same word, but more easily understood by the other person. And whenthe other speaker do notunderstand, I couldgivesome clueswith her mother tongueso thatitcanbe understood. When I confusing or forgeting a word, directly ask friend. When the other speaker isstill in the first stage, when they do not understand so, I do repeating. For me this very good way, to improve my English skill, and so I was easily in using English language).....”8 In this case DN problems in speaking English such as; vocabulary and pronunciation. DN has strategy applied in speaking English to solved her problem were she using gesture. She used this strategy in spontaneous situation. She often used this strategy. Then, she used the synonym strategy. Actually she used this strategy whenthe other speaker does notknowcertainlyshealwaysthinking about how
tofindother
wordsthatthe
other
personwasunderstood.
Whenshe
donotunderstandthe other person said, shegivesome clueswith her mother 8
Interview with DN at home on Sunday , 25 August 2013 at 11.12 WIT
51
tongueso thatitcanbe understood by the other speaker. And when she confusing or forgeting a word, directly she ask her friends. When the other speaker isstill in the first stage, when they do not understand so, she doingrepeating. For her it was very good way, to improve her English skill, and so she was easily in using the English language. He (MM) stated on indonesian language : .....“Permasalahan yang saya hadapi banyak, seperti pada pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, dan banyak lagi yang lainnya. Strategi yang saya gunakan sering membaca, sering menulis, dan sering berbicara menggunakan bahasa Inggris, jika kita seringmenggunakan bahasamaka kitaakan semakin bisa. Biasanya, disaat saya tidak mengetahui kosakata, maka saya menggunakan gesture supaya lawan bicara mengerti apa yang saya maksud. Dan disaat saya tidak mengetahui satu kata maka saya menggunakan kata lain yang mirip. Saya biasanya menggunakan meminta pertolongan kepada orang lain ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris, ketika mengalami kesulitan maka, saya meminta pertolongan orang lain saya biasanya juga memilih topik pembicaraan supaya pembicaraan kita lebih terarah. Disaat lawan bicara saya berbicara, karena kita menggunakan bahasa asing, jadi sulit untuk dipahami. Jadi saya meminta lawan bicara saya menggulang. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi tersebut karena dengan menggunakan strategi tersebut mudah dimengerti oleh orang lain.(my problem that I faced in speaking English are vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, etc. I often used the strategy reading, writing, and often using English language. If we often used the language so, we can fluently. Usually, whenIdo notknow the vocabulary, then Iusemy gestureso, that the other speakercan understandwhat I mean. And when I do not know the word then I use another word, usually I use the getting help from others when I speak English, when I definite trouble so, I ask for helping from others, Usually I also selecting the topic of conversation, so that we are more focused. Whenthe other speaker was speak, because we areusing a foreign language, so it is difficult to understand. So I asked to other speakerfor repeating. The reason I used the strategy because the strategy is easily understood by the other person) .....”9 Here MM stated if his problem in speaking English are vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, etc. And he applying some strategies such as; practice to 9
Interview with MM at campus on Tuesday , 25 August 2013 at 09.00 WIT
52
speak English, always practice to write, always practice to read. His said, if we often used a language then we will be increasingly. Usually, while hedo notknow the
vocabulary,
then
heusedhis
gestureso
that
the
other
speakercan
understandwhat he mean. While he do not know the word then he used another word. Then he usually used the getting help in speaking English, when having trouble, so he asked for helping from another person. Then, he selecting the topic of conversation so, that we are more focused. While other speaker speak, because we are using a foreign language, so it is difficult to understand. So he asked to other speakerfor repeating. The reason he used the strategy because that strategy is easily understood by the other person. He (HS) stated on indonesian language : .....“Permasalahan yang saya hadapi ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris adalah pada pronunciation, vocabulary and Grammar. Saya rasa strategi yang saya gunakan untuk mengatasi masalah/kesulitan yang saya hadapi, yaitu saya harus giat lagi belajar tentang hal-hal yang belum saya ketahui diantaranya derivation dan collocations, karena kalau kita ingin mahir menggunakan bahasa Inggris, maka kita harus mengetahui dulu apa-apa yang harus kita pahami dalam bahasa Inggris itu sendiri. Selain itu saya juga menggunakan strategi switching to the mother tongue, repeating, using gesture, getting help, selecting the topic of conversation, and adjusting the message (the problems that I faced when I speaking English is on pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. I think the strategy I used to solve problem or difficulties, that is I have to learn that I did notknowlikederivationandcollocations, because ifwewant touse English ,weneedto knowabout English itself. Because if we want to speak English, I have to know what is the basis of what he will used. Then I also used the swiching to the mother tongue, repeating, using gesture, getting help, selecting the topic of conversation, and adjusting the message)....”10 HS stated his problem in speaking English are vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation. He thinkthe strategy he used tosolvehis problems is he have 10
Interview with HS at home on Tuesday, 24 August 2013 at 15.40 WIT
53
tolearnabout thingsthat he did notknowlikederivationandcollocations, because ifwewant touse English ,weneedto knowabout English itself. Because if he want to speak English, he have to know what is the basis of what he will used. Then he also used the swiching to the mother tongue strategy, he used this strategy when he had difficultyin speaking English, then he returnedtohis mother tangue language. He also used repeating strategy, when he found difficult to understand what the speaker was talking about, so he asked other speakerto repeat what he/she was said. Heused thestrategy ofusinggesturewhenhe have trouble whenhespeak English, sohe used hisgesturetothe other speakerknowwhathe talking about. When he had difficulty in speaking English or translate a word, so he asked help of friend or his teacher. when he talk to the other speaker, he chose the topic of conversation. When hewant totalkto someone, he really conveythe messagewhat he goingto sayso thatthe other speakerareunderstand what he mean. She (JN) stated on indonesian language : ......“Permasalah yang saya hadapi ketika saya berbahasa Inggris yaitu, seperti pada grammar, pronunciation, dan vocabulary. Seperti yang saya katakan tadi bahwa masalah saya yaitu pada grammar, vocabulary dan pronunciation, jadi dalam grammar saya harus lebih memahaminya lagi tentang bagaimana penggunaannya, bagaimana penggunaan suatu kalimat, bagaimana membuat kalimat. Kalau menggenai vocab itu tergantung diri saya sendiri, yaitu memperbanyak kosakata. Dan kalau untuk pronunciation, saya lebih sering melakukan percakapan bahasa Inggris agar melatih pronunciation saya. Kadang-kadang ketika vocab yang saya punya kurang, jadi saya menggunakan strategi bahasa ibu saya. Ketika saya tidak mengetahui, makna suatu kata, jadi saya meminta pertolongan teman saya, untuk menolong saya. Karenasayadapatmemahami lebih lanjut tentangbahasa Inggris, dan tentu sajafasihmenggunakan berbahasa Inggris”(the problems that I faced when I speak English are grammar, vocabularyandpronunciation. Like I said my problems are grammar, vocabularyandpronunciation so. SoingrammarI shouldbeunderstoodmoreabouthow touse the formula, how touseaphrase, how tomake asentence. In ifvocab, I whichreproducemy vocabulary. And
54
forpronunciation, Ioften more practices conversationsin Englishin order topractice my pronunciation. Sometimes, whenmy vocabis less, I usethestrategy ofswitchingtothemothertongue. When I do not know, the meaning of a word, I asked her friend for helping. Because I can be understand more about the english language. And certainly can fluently speak English).....”11 Here JNstated if her problemare grammar, vocabularyandpronunciation. Soingrammarshe shouldbeunderstoodmoreabouthow toused the formula, how tousedaphrase, how tomake asentence. In ifvocab, she whichreproduceher vocabulary. And forpronunciation, she often more practices conversationsin Englishin order topractice herpronunciation. Sometimes, whenher vocabis less, she usedthestrategy ofswitchingtothemothertongue. When she do not know, the meaning of a word, she
asked her friend for helping. Because her can be
understand more about the english language. And certainly can fluently speak English She (DW) stated on indonesian language : .....“Permasalahan utama yang saya hadapi yaitu mengenai vocabulary ya karena masih minimnya vocab kemudian pronunciation.Yang sering saya gunakan strateginya adalah meminta pertolongan kepada orang lain. Biasanya ketika sedang berbicara, kemudian kesusahan dan meminta pertolongan ke orang lain juga kurang memadai, maka langsung switching to the mother tongue. Ketika sedang berbicara dengan seseorang , dan orang tersebut kurang mengerti dan ketika strategistrategi sebelumnya tidak berhasil digunakan, baru menggunakan gesture, supaya dipahami. Kalau strategi sebelumnya belum bisa dimengerti baru berusaha mencari sinonim.Ketika lawan bicara tidak mengerti, diulang/repeat lagi. Takut pemahaman lawan bicara kita yang salah, atau kita yang salah, jadi diulang. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi ini karena strategi ini mudah buat saya lakukan (themain problem that I facedisaboutvocabularyand pronunciation. Because still lackvocabthenpronunciation, I often used the getting help from other. When I speak with someone, thenhave difficultiesandask for helping toother speakerinadequate, thenI immediatelyswitchingtothemothertongue. 11
Interview with JN at library on wednesday, 28 August 2013 at 09.15 WIT
55
When I talking to someone, andthat persondo not understandandwhenthe previousstrategiesunsuccessfully, then Iusedmy gesture, in orderto make someone understand. If the previous strategy can not be understood, I trying to find a synonym. When the other person does not understand, repeat or repeat again. Afraid of the wrong understanding of other speaker, or we were wrong, so it was repeated. The reason I usedthisstrategybecausethisstrategyis easyfor me to do this strategy)......”12 In
this
case
DW
stated
the
main
problem
that
she
facedisaboutvocabularyand pronunciation. She often applied the strategy getting help. She usedthisstrategywhenshe spoke, thenhave difficultiesandask for helping toother speakerinadequate, thenshe immediatelyswitchingtothemothertongue, as most oftheother person, have thesamemothertongue, if it can not, she usedIndonesian language, itis can be more understood by the other spaeker. And, when she talking to someone, andthat persondo not understandandwhenthe previousstrategiesunsuccessfully, then sheusedher gesture, in orderto make someone understand. She also using synonym strategy. If the previous strategy can not be understood, so trying to find a synonym. When the other person does not understand, repeat or repeat again. Afraid of the wrong understanding of other speaker,
or
we
were
wrong,
so
it
was
repeated.
The
reason
sheusethisstrategybecausethisstrategyis easyfor her to do this strategy. He (NF) stated on indonesian language : ....“Masalah yang saya hadapi adalah kurangnya menguasai kosakata yang ada didalam percakapan bahasa Inggris. Saya menggunakan strategi seperti catatan kecil untuk menghafal kosakata. Biasanya dalam situasi ketika lawan bicara saya kurang mengerti apa yang saya maksud, saya menggunakan bahasa tubuh saya. Disaat saya kurang memahami dan kurang begitu jelas dengan apa yang lawan bicara saya sampaikan, maka saya meminta lawan bicara saya menggulang apa yang dia katakan. 12
Interview with DW at home on Wednesday, 28 August 2013 at 11.30 WIT
56
Alasansaya menggunakanstrategiuntuk memfasilitasi saya dalam menghafal kosakata. Otomatisitumembuatnyalebih mudahdalam berbicara bahasa Inggris (the problem that I faced is that there is lack of vocabulary in English conversation. I used strategies such as small notes to memorize vocabulary. Usually in a situation when the other person I do not understand what I mean, I used gesture. when I understand less less understanding and unclear understanding ofwhat the other speaker said, so I asked other speaker to repeat what he/she was said. The reason I used thestrategy is to facilitate me in memorizing vocabulary. Automatically it makes me easy in speaking English)...”13 NF stated his problem in vocabulary. strategy applied making
a
small
note
note.
Heused
by his were thestrategyasa
smallnotetomemorizevocabulary. Whenthe other speaker does not understandwhat he means, he used gesture. In situation when heless understanding and unclear understanding ofwhat the other speaker said, so he asked the other speaker to repeat what he/she was said. The reason him used thestrategy to facilitate his in memorizing vocabulary. Automatically it makes him easier in speaking English. She (HM) stated on indonesian language : .....“Permasalah yang saya hadapi berkaitan dengan vocabulary dan pronunciation. Strategi saya biasanya meminta pertolongan kepada orang lain ketika berbicara. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi ini supaya lawan bicara saya paham, Karena, lawan bicara saya lebih mengerti ketika saya meminta pertolongan kepada teman saya untuk menjelaskan arti dari kata yang saya tidak tahu. Saya juga menggunakan strategi beralih kebahasa ibu ini ketika saya benar-benar tidak tahu apa arti bahasa inggrisnya dan teman saya juga tidak tahu kemudian saya mengubahnya ke dalam bahasa ibu kita yaitu bahasa indonesia. Biasa saya juga menggunakan penggulangan, pada saat mengajar dan menjelaskan sesuatu saya menggunakan strategi penggulangan. Alasan saya menggunakan strategi tersebut agar lawan bicara saya mudah memahami apa yang saya bicarakan (the problems that I faced is in vocabulary and pronunciation. Usually my strategy is to ask for help to others when speaking. The reason I used this strategy because the other speaker more understand, because, if I getting help from my friend, to explain the meaning of the word that I do not know. I also used switching to the mother when I really do not know 13
Interview with NF at workshop on Thursday, 29 August 2013 at 11.12 WIT
57
what the meaning of the English language and my friend did not know too then I change it to in our language is Indonesian. Usually I also used repeating strategy, when I teach and explain things I used repeating strategy. The reason I used the strategy that other speaker easily understand what I'm talking about) .....”14 HM stated her problem in speaking English are vocabulary and pronunciation. Usually she used the getting help strategy. She used this strategy when she having trouble, so she asked for helping from another person. Because for her used this strategy make other speaker more understand what she talking about. Because the other speaker more understand if she getting help from the other person, to explain the meaning or explain what she want to talking about. Usually she also used the switching to the mother tongue strategy. She usedthisstrategywhenshereally
do
notknowwhatthe
meaning
of
English
languageand she ask herfriendsthey didn’tknow too. Then switching to the mother tongue thai is Indonesian language. Then she also used repeating strategy, when she teach and explain things. Because this strategy is good way to help the other speaker, understand what her talking about. From the findings, most of students used compensation strategy than other strategies, that was using gesture. There were 12 students used the strategy. 2.
The ninth semester students know the speaking strategy Based on result finding we can know how do the ninth semester students’
know the speaking strategies, could be seen in table below :
Table 4.2 The ninth semester students know the speaking strategy
14
Interview with HM at campus on Friday, 30 August 2013 at 19.00 WIT
58
No
Students
Strategies
The students know the speaking strategy
AR
Switching to the mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Adjusting the message Repeating
Book, friend, and lecturer. Lecturer. Book and lecturer. Lecturer Speaking lecturer Lecturer
AH
English lesson Lecturer Friends Speaking lecturer Lecturer
lecture lecture lecture dormitory lecturer
AF
GR
AN
BT
DA
Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Selecting the topic of conversation Repeating Switching to the mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Repeating Switching to the mother tongue Choosing the tpic of conversation Repeating Switching to the mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Choosing the tpic of conversation Repeating Using gesture Using synonym Coining word Repeating
Switching to mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help
59
lecture book lecturer
book meaning lecture lecture website dormitory
book book book naturally
the
Speaking lesson Naturally Naturally Naturally Naturally
MM
HS
Repeating.
Naturally
lecturer book book lecturer naturally
Teacher, friends Teacher, website friends teacher website and teacher
JN
DW
NF
HM
DI
Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Choosing the tpic of conversation Repeating Switching to the mother tongue Using gesture Getting help Choosing the tpic of conversation Adjusting the message
Switching to mother tongue Getting help Switching to mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Repeating Using gesture Getting help Repeating
the When SMA When SMA
Switching to mother tongue Using gesture Using synonym Getting help Repeating Using gesture Using synonym
the
the
lecturer book lecturer learning English book
lecture dormitory lecture lecturer book friends lecturer book
naturally naturally
Table 4.3 Theninth semester students know the speaking strategy andthe 60
number of the Students No
Number
Name
1.
Students know the speaking strategies from: Book
9 students
2.
Friends
4 students
AR, GR, AN, BT, MM, HS, DW, HM, NF. AR, AH, HS, HM.
3.
Lecturer
8 students
AR, AH, AF, GR, MM, HS, DW, HM.
4.
Naturally
4 students
BT, DI, DA, MM.
5. 6.
Dormitory Website
2 students 2 students
AF, NF AN, HS
7. 8.
Meaning lecture
1 students 4 students
AN AH, AF, GR, AN,
3.
The ninth semester students’ frequency in using the strategy Based on result finding we can know the student’s frequency in using the
speaking strategies, could be seen in table below : Table 4.4 The ninth semester students’ frequency in using the strategy No Responden Cognitive Compen Metacog Memory Social Affective sation nitive 1. 1 4 0 0 0 0 AR 2. 1 4 0 0 0 0 AH 3. 1 4 0 0 0 0 AF 4. 1 2 0 0 0 0 GR 5. 2 5 0 0 0 0 AN 6. 1 3 0 0 0 0 BT 7. 1 5 0 0 0 0 DA 8. 1 3 0 1 1 2 MM 9. 1 4 0 0 0 0 HS 10. 0 2 0 2 1 0 JN 11. 1 4 0 0 0 0 DW 12. NF 2 2 0 0 0 0 13. 1 3 0 0 0 0 HM 14. 0 3 0 0 0 0 DI
61
TOTAL
14
48
0
3
2
2
Mean Klasifikasi
1 low
3,43 medium
0 low
0,21 low
0,14 low
0,14 low
Based on table above, the strategies used by the students included in the medium group are: Compensation strategy (3,43). And metacognitive, memory, social, affective and kognitive strategy included in the low group. Metacognitive (0), memory (0,21), sosial (0,14) and affective (0,14). Totally appearance strategy used by the fourteen students, As shown in the following figure:15
Classification
Frequency of use
High
Always or almost always true of me Usually use
Medium
1.5 to 5.0 3.5 to 4.4
Sometimes used
1.5 to 3.4
Generraly not used Low
Average score
Never or almost never used
15
1.5 to 2.4 1.0 to 1.4
Kayad, F.G, language learning strategies : A Malaysian perspective, christoper ward and willy renandya , singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 1999.
62
4.
The ninth semester students’ reasons in using or applying particular speaking strategy 1. AR strategy applied by his were using gestures, using synonym, getting help, repetition , adjusting the message, for him this strategy a good way to understand the English language. 2. AH strategy applied by her were using gesture, using synonym, getting help, selecting the topic of conversation, because she think this strategy that is easily understood by the other person, so that's the reason she used the strategy. 3. AF strategy applied by her were using synonym, switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, repeating getting help. Because with this strategy will allow her to speak English. 4. GR strategy applied
by his were switching to the mother tongue,
repeating, selecting the topic of conversation, because for him this strategy can make easier to speak English. 5. AN strategy applied by his were always learn about English, practicing naturalistically, switching to the mother tongue, using synonym, using gesture, getting help, choosing the topic of conversation, and repeating. The reason he used this this strategy because with this strategy he can fluently used English language. 6. BT strategy applied by his were using synonym, using gesture, coining the word. For him this strategy support him to speak English, so his can fluently used English language.
63
7. DN
strategy applied
by her were using synonym, using gestures,
switching to the mother tongue, repeating, getting help. For her it very good way, to improve her English skill, and so she was easily in using English language. 8. MM strategy applied by his were speaking, always practice to write, always practice to read, using gestures, using synonym, getting help, selecting the topic of conversation, repeating. He said, if we often used a language then we will be increasingly, and the reason he used this strategy because that is easily understood by the other person. 9. HS said, his reason used the strategy is, learn more about it is very necessary because if he want to speak English, he have to know what is the basis of what he will used. 10. JN strategy applied
by her were learn more about pronunciation,
grammar, and increase of vocabulary, switching to the mother tongue, getting help. Because her can be understand more about the English language , and certainly can fluently speak English. 11. DW strategy applied by her were getting help, switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, using synonym. Because this strategy is easier for herin speaking English. 12. NF strategy applied by his were making note, using gesture, getting help. The reason him used thestrategy to facilitate his in memorizing vocabulary. Automatic it making him easier in speaking English. 13. HM strategy applied by her were, getting help, switching to the mother
64
tongue, using gesture, using synonym, repeating. Because this strategy is good way to help the other speaker, understand what her talking about. 14. DI strategy applied by his were using gesture and using synonym. His reason used this strategy because with this action help him in using English langugae. his will not be the person that really couldn’t not speak English. Based on the interview with the students, there were some reason underlying the students choice strategies in speaking English. It could be seen in the table below: Table 4.5 The students’ reason choice strategies in Speaking English No
Students
The students’ reason choice strategies in Speaking English
1.
AR
For him this strategy a good way to understand the English language.
2.
AH
She think this strategy that is easily understood by the other person
3.
AF
Because with this strategy will allow her to speak English.
4.
GR
For him this strategy can make easier to speak English.
5.
AN
Because with this strategy he can fluently used English language.
6.
BT
7.
DA
For him this strategy support him to speak English, so his can fluently used English language. For her it very good way, to improve her English skill, and so she was easily in using English language.
65
8.
MM
He said, if we often used a language then we will be increasingly, and the reason he used this strategy because that is easily understood by the other person.
9.
HS
10.
JN
11.
DW
Learning more about it is very necessary because if he want to speak English, he have to know what is the basis of what he will used. Because her can be understand more about the English language , and certainly can fluently speak English. Because this strategy is easier for herin speaking English.
12.
NF
13.
HM
14.
DI
The reason him used thestrategy to facilitate his in memorizing vocabulary. Automatic it making him easier in speaking English. Because this strategy is good way to help the other speaker, understand what her talking about. His reason used this strategy because with this action help him in using English langugae. He will not be the person that really couldn’t not speak English.
Based on the table of the students’ above, it could be known the ninth semester students’ reasons in using or applying particular speaking strategy have variation. learning strategy as specific actions taken by a the students to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self- directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situation. B. Discussions The research problem stated: “What are speaking strategies used by the ninth semester students of English study program of state islamic college of palangka raya?. How do the ninth semester students know the speaking strategy?. How often do the ninth semester students use the speaking strategy? And why do
66
the ninth semester students use or apply the speaking strategy?” Hence, the question looked for answer what are speaking strategies used by the ninth semester students ofEnglish study program of state islamic college of palangka raya. To answer the research problem descriptive qualitative was applied. The result of interview, and documentation, showed clearly that speaking strategies used by the ninth semester students of English study program of state islamic college of palangka raya were switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, using synonym, getting help, adjusting or approximating the message, getting help, practicicing naturalistically, repeating, writing, reading, speaking, studying more, English, studying more pronunciation and grammar, using other clues, coining word, and taking notes. The overall stratetegies used by the ninth semester students included some language learning strategies based on theory stated in chapter II as follows: Table 4.6 Strategies used by the students of English program in State IslamicCollege of Palangka Raya based on Theory No
1
2
Kinds of language based on the theory
learning Students Ninth students’ activities that included in the kinds of language learning strategy based on theory Compensation strategies (using AR Apply by using synonym synonym, using gesture, getting when speaking English, help, adjusting or approximating using gesture when message, cognitive strategies speaking English, getting (repeating) help from other, using repeating, adjusting the message. Compensation strategies (using AH Apply by using synonym synonym, using gesture, getting when speaking English, help, switching to the mother using gesture when
67
tongue, cognitive (repeating).
strategies
3
Compensation strategies (using synonym, using gesture, getting help, switching to the mother tongue, cognitive strategies (repeating).
AF
4
Compensation strategies (switching to the mother tongue, selecting the topic), cognitive strategies (repeating).
GR
5
Cognitive strategies (practicing naturalistically, repeating), Compensation strategies (switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, using synonym, getting help, selecting the topic).
AN
6
Compensation strategies (using synonym, using gesture, coining words) Cognitive strategies (repeating). Compensation strategies (using synonym, using gesture, getting help, switching to the mother tongue, getting help) Cognitive strategies (repeating).
BT
7
8
9
10
DA
Affective strategies (writing, reading), social strategies (speaking), Compensation strategies (using synonym, using gesture, getting help) Cognitive strategies (repeating). Memory strategies (studying more English), Compensation strategies (switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, getting help, selecting the topic) Cognitive strategies (repeating).
MM
Memory strategies (studying more
JN
68
HS
speaking English, getting help from other, using repeating. Apply by using synonym when speaking English, using gesture when speaking English, getting help from other, using repeating. Apply by using switching to the mother tongue, selecting the interested topic, and repeating. Apply by practice to speak English, repeating, switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, using synonym, getting help, and selecting the interested topic. Apply by using synonym, using gesture, coining words, repeating. Apply by using synonym when speaking English, using gesture when speaking English, getting help from other, using repeating, and switching to the mother tongue. Apply by using writing, reading, speaking, using synonym, using gesture, getting help from other, and repeating. Apply by using studying more English, switching to the mother tongue, using gesture, getting help, selecting the topic of conversation, and repeating. Apply by using studying
11
12
13
14
grammar and pronunciation), social strategies (speaking), Compensation strategies (switching to the mother tongue, getting help). Compensation strategies (switching to the mother tongue, getting help, using synonym, using gesture), Cognitive strategies (repeating). Cognitive strategies (taking tones), Compensation strategies (getting help, using gesture), cognitive strategies (repeating). Compensation strategies (getting help, using gesture, using synonym), Cognitive strategies (repeating). Compensation strategies (using other clues, using gesture, using synonym)
DW
NF
HM
DI
more grammar and pronunciation, speaking, switching to the mother tongue, getting help from other. Apply by using switching to the mother tongue, getting help, using synonym, using gesture, and repeating. Apply by using taking tones, getting help from other , using gesture, repeating. Apply by using getting help from other, using gesture, using synonym, repeating. Apply by using gesture, using synonym, and repeating.
Table 4.7 The Ninth semester students’ strategies in Speaking English and the number of the Students No
Students strategies
Number
Name
1
Cognitive strategies
12 students
2
Affective strategies
1 students
AR, AH, AF, GR, HM, AN, BT, DA, MM, HS, DW, and NF MM
3
Memory strategies
2 students
HS, and JN
4
Compensation strategies
14 students
Social strategies
2 students
AR, AH, AF, GR, HM, AN, BT, DA, MM, HS, DW, NF, DI, and JN JN, and MM
5
69
There were 14 students to be the informants of the study and each students had variety strategies. Thus, percentage of the students, strategies could be seen as follows: 1.
The students used Cognitive strategies were 85.7 %
2.
The students used Affective strategies were 7.14 %
3.
The students used Memory strategies were 14.2 %
4.
The students used Compensation strategies were 100 %
5.
The students used Sosial strategies were 14.2 %
sosial strategies; 14,2 Cognitive strategies; 85,7
Compensa tion strategies; 100
Memory strategies; 14,2
Affective strategies ; 7,14
Figure 4.2 The percentage of language learning Strategies used by ninth semester students of English program in State Islamic College of Palangka Raya
Based on the percentage of the students’ above, it could be known the highest percentages were compensation strategies than the other strategies. Based on Rebecca’s theory, compensation strategiesenable learners to use the new language for either comprehension or prodution despite limitations in
70
knowledge. Compensation strategies are intended to make up for an inadequate repertoire of grammar and especially, of vocabulary.Compensation occurs not just in understanding the new language but also in producting it. Compensation strategies allow learners to produce spoken or written expression in the new language without complete knowledge. Compensation strategies for production help learners to keep on using the language, thus obtaining more practice. In addition, some of these strategies; such as adjusting or approximating the message, help learners become more fluent in what they already know. Still other compensation strategies, like getting help and coining words, may lead learners to gain new information about what is appropriate or permissible in the target language. Learners use compensation strategies for comprehension of the target language when they have insufficient knowledge of the target language. These strategies make up for the deficiency in grammar and vocabulary. When learners do not know new words and expressions, they guess the meaning. A learner brings own life experience to interpret data by guessing. Compensation strategies are also used in production when grammatical knowledge is incomplete. When a learner does not know the subjunctive form of verb, a different form may be used to convey the message. Based on result the ninth semester students’ frequency in using the strategy. The students often used the compesation strategy. And students seldom used the metacognitive strategy. The result finding of the study showed that the ninth semester students
71
know the speaking strategy such as from : Book, lecturer, website, their friends, dormitory, lecture, English lesson, teacher, and naturally. The findings of the study showed that the ninth semester students’ reasons in using or applying particular speaking strategies have variation. The ninth semester students used the strategies to facilitate their learning.That strategy wereimportant and needed by the students because it strategies helped them in speaking English.That strategy supported byRubin in Diane, investigated “Everybody has strategy in learning everything, it is conscious or unconsciously. It is natural for learners to use strategy in learning process, because learning is not an instantaneous process for every learner, it is one of their development process. Sometimes strategy can help the students, so the teacher helps the learner. Learning strategies are steps taken by students to enhance
their own
learning. Strategies are important for language learning because they are tools for active, self-directed involvement, which is essensential for developing communicative competence. Appopriate language learning strategies result in improved proficiency and greater self-confidence. In studying English the students have their own strategies of learning. According to O’Malley good learners are aware of the learning process and of themselves as learners, and seek to control their own learning through the use of appropriate learning strategy. Styles are general characteristics that differentiate one individual from another and learning strategies are the special achieve or behaviors that individual use to help them comprehended, learn or retain new information.
72
