CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Design of the study The type of the study is Quantitative approach which the writer used error analysis method to describe the types of errors and causes of errors in applying simple past tense. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. Whereas descriptive research, according to Suharsimi in Roharjo penelitian deskriptif merupakan penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk mengumpulkan informasi akan suatu gejala yang ada menurut realitas yang ada saat di lakukan penelitian,1 (the descriptive research is a research for collecting the information of the fact based on reality when the writer is done). B. Place and time of the study In this study, the writer needed about two months, they were from 18 may to 18 July. The place of the research study was at SMP N III Pandih Batu. Jl. Pelajar, Pangkoh III B kanan, Pandih batu district in the Pulang pisau regency. C. Population and sample 1. Population Populasi adalah tiap-tiap group atau kumpulan
yang merupakan
subject penelitian.2
1
Mujia Raharjo, Pengantar enelitian bahasa, Malang: penerbit Cendidkia paramulya,
2002, P.45 2
Restu Kartiko Widi, Asas Metodologi Penenlitian, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2010, 1st Printing, p. 197
27
28
(Population is every each group or collection of which is the subject of research). In the Encyclopedia of Education Evaluation is written a population is a set (or collation) of all elements possessing one more attributes of interest.3 Population is seluruh data yang menjadi perhatian kita dalam suatu ruang lingkup dan waktu yang kita tentukan.4 (Population is all the data that concerns us in a scope and time that we set). The population of this study is all of the eight students of SMP N III Pandih batu. The numbers of subject are 58 students. For this study, the writer used population study, because the number of students less than 100 people. Arikunto states that if the subject of the study is less than one hundred it is better to take all of the subjects. All of the populations become the sample or it is called population of study.5. Table .3.1 Class
Male
Female
Sum
VIII A
10
18
28
VIII B
13
17
30
Total
3
58
Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta, PT Rineka Cipta, 2002, 12nd Printing, p. 108 4 Margonto, Metode Penelitian pendidikan, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003, 2nd Printing, p. 118 5 Arikunto, S., Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta: PT Asdi Mahasatya, 2002, p. 108
29
D. Data collecting technique To get the data, the writer did test, and collecting the related document. 1. Test This main data of this study are the scores that the students achieved in using verbal and nominal of simple past tense in interrogative forms. To get clear descriptions, they are presented a test; the tests have been constructed in the form of students’ essay. Below are the specification contents of the test. TABLE. 3.2 Kind of Test (Indicators of the Test Materials) Contents Writing sentences verbal and nominal of simple past tense in
Material
Items
Verbal
5 items
Nominal
5 items
interrogative forms
2. Documentation Documentation is a searching of data about thing, or variable through, note books, transcript, newspaper, magazine, and so on.6 This technique is use in order to find the information needed in this research. This technique of collecting data is done by seeing the documentation needed to get the real information are as follow: The data of the students (the students’ names, class and the number of the students).
6
Ibid.P.109
30
a. The students’ name of SMP-N III Pandih batu. b. The syllabus of English subject for the eighth grade students of SMPN III Pandih batu. c. The result of the students’ essay. d. The pictures of the students who are following the test. E. Instruments of try out The aim of instrument of try out is to know the test instruments are relevant to be given to the students. The writer performed try out. It is used to know the validity of the test, reliability and level of difficulties of the test. The instruments of try out tested to another school at Pulang pisau but in the same level. The try out test administrated to the eight grade students’ of SMP Negeri III Maliku. To know the test instruments are relevant to be given to the students, the writer performed try out. It is used to know the validity of the test reliability, and level of difficulty of the test. The descriptions of their classifications are as follow: 1. Research Instruments Reliability In addition to validity test, the reliability test is used. The formula of Kuder and Richardson is used to measure the reliability of the instrument.
11 =
M (k M x1 1 k.Vt
Notes: r11
= reliability of instrument
k
= the number of items
31
M
= the mean score for all testes
Vt
= the total variants7
The steps in determining the reliability of the test were: a. Making tabulating of testees’s scores b. Measuring the mean of the testees’s scores with the formula:8 M =
∑X N
c. Measuring the total variants with the formula: Vt =
∑ x2
( ∑ X)2 N
N
Notes: Vt
= the total variants
∑X
= the total of score
∑ X2
= the square of score total
N= the number of testes d. Calculating the instrument reliability usingKR-21 e. The last decision is comparing the value of 11 and t 11 > table = Reliable 11 < table= Not Reliable
f. To know the level of reliability of instrument, the value of interpreted based on the qualification of reliability as follows: 0.800- 1.000
7 8
: Very High Reliability
Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian, p. 189 Sugiyono, Statistik untuk Penelitian, Bandung: Alfbeta, 2010, p. 49
11 was
32
0.600-0.799
: High Reliability
0.400-0.599
: Fair Reliability
0.200-0.399
: Poor Reliability
0.000-.0199
: Very Poor Reliability
From the measurement of instrument try out reliability, it is known that the whole numbers of the test items are reliable and can be used as the instrument of the study. 2. Research instruments Validity Validity is closely related to the accuracy of the instrument of the students’ error being measured the entire test items should be based what is needed to be measure. According sudijono, validity is salah satu ciri yang menandai tes hasil yang baik.9( a characteristic that signed the result of test is good). Tinambunan states that validity refers to the extend, which the result of an evaluation procedure servers the particular uses for which they are intended.10 The validity of the test as follow: rxy =
N ∑ XY-( ∑ X)( ∑ Y) (N ∑ X2 -( ∑ X)2 N ∑ Y 2 -( ∑ Y)2
Notes: rxy = total coefficient of correlation
9
Sudijono, pengantar evaluasi pendidikan, jakarta:PT. Raja Grafind o persada, 2005, p.
185 10
Wilmar tinambunan, evaluation of student achievement, jakarta: depdikbud: derektorat jendral pendidikan tinggi,1998, P.4
33
∑X
= total value of score X
∑Y
= total value of score Y
∑ XY
= multiplication result between score X and Y
N = number of students11 The result of the calculation above is connected to the following criteria: 0.800 - 1.000
: very high validity
0.600- 0.799
: high validity
0.400- 0.599
: fair validity
0.200- 0.399
: poor validity
0.0- 0.199
: very poor validity12
3. Index of difficulty The index of difficulty (or the facility value) of an item simply shows how easy or difficult the particular item proved in the text. The index of difficulty (F.V.) is generally expressed as the fraction (or percentage) of the students who answered the item correctly. It is calculated by using the formula: 13 F. V. =
R N
Notes: F.V.
: Index of difficulty R : The number of the correct answer 11
Riduwan, Metode dan Teknik Menyusun Tesis, Bandung: Alfabeta, 2008, p. 110 G. Suharto, Metodologi Penelitian Dalam Pendidikan Bahasa: Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan, 1998, p. 150 13 J. B. Heaton, Writing English Test, England: Longman, 1974, p. 172 12
34
N : The total students The result of the formula above is connected to the F.V. value below: 0.00 - 0.30
: difficult
0.30 - 0.70
: fair
0.70- 1.00
: easy
F. Data Analysis Procedures Corder via Nurhadi states there are five steps in analyzing the errors.14 They are: 1. Collecting the data Collecting the data is the first step to analyze the data. The step used to collect all of the data from the sample of research. 2. Identifying the error After the data collected, the next step is identifying the errors from the test result. 3. Classifying the errors In this step, writer did classification of errors based on surface strategy taxonomy. 4. Explaining the errors After classifying the errors, writer explained it one by one. It was in kinds and forms of errors. 14
Nurhadi and Roekhan, Dimensi-dimensi dalam belajar bahasa kedua, Bandung: Percetakan sinar baru, 1990, P.51
35
5. Evaluating the error The last, writer evaluated the errors made based on four categories, they are: overgeneralization,
incomplete
applications
of
rules,
false
hypothesized and failure to learn condition under which rules apply.
concept
of
