Challenges in Tsunami Evacuation Harkunti P. Rahayu, PhD
Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia Chair of WG3 ICG – IO TWS
International Confence - Reducing Tsuanmi Risk in The Western Indian Ocean, Muscat Oman, March 22-23, 2015
Lesson Learned from Indonesia Initiatives
Science & Technology
DRR Practice
DRR Policy
Behavioral Science as Critical Issues: Challenges in Evacuation Planning
Established 2008
Tested by: Real Natural Phenomena in 2009 in Padang and 2012 Banda Aceh
Tested by: End-to-End Tsunami Exercise in 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2011
Ironic Panic shown by Banda Aceh people tried to go to safer place (kompas.com) very few going to Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Shelter
Critical Routes and Nodes during 041112 Tsunami Evacuation Route 1 TVES 1
TVES 4
TVES 3 TVES 2
TVES 5
Surabaya Junction: 4 hours traffic Jammed
∂
January 10, 2003
December 29, 2004 Change of coastal line
Densely population close to aqua culture area
2014…. Settlement growth since 2005 Community Vulnerability: • Length of stay < 10 years • Single story permanent houses Most houses constructed during constructed during recovery stage recovery stage • Dominated by tenants
Community Response During 041112 Event • 39% heard tsunami siren • 59% immediately evacuated 31% delayed evacuation due to: saving family first, went to the beach to check tsunami phenomena 4 % stayed at home and 6% out of town
• Reasoning for evacuation: saving own life, following others, teacher’s order
• Direction for evacuation: 67% to further inland, 6% to TVES, 1% back home, and 2% to relatives houses
• Reasoning not to evacuate to TVES: 22% too close to coastal line, 19% not trusting the strength of the building, 17% saw nobody went to TVES, 5 % far away from home, and 8% did not know TVES
Level of Preparedness 21%
2008 2009 2008dan and 2009 2008 Onlysaja 2008
Participation in tsunami drill? Many have not participated in tsunami drill
6% 3% 70%
Onlysaja 2009 2009 Tidak pernah None
Appreciation to tsunami drill? Very Useful Lack of socialization Need for routine tsunami drill Not useful Not known
Appreciation to Tsunami Signage Ukurannya terlalu kecil Size too small Kurang sosialisasi Lack socialization Lebih diperhatikan lagi kondisi fisik rambunya Need maintenance Jumlahnya terlalu sedikit Limited Number pernahthem melihat NeverTidak seeing Arahnya kurang jelas Unclear direction Sudah bagus Well prepared TidakComment ada tanggapan No 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Appreciation to Evacuation Route Kurang sosialisasi Lack socialization Kondisi jalan kurang baik Need road maintenance Sudah bagus Well Prepared Jalurnya terlalu jauh Limited capacity of evacuation road Banyak orang yang bingung ketika evakuasi
Unclear direction Jalannya diperlebar Need for road widening Road geometry causing during Banyakaccidents kecelakaan saat evakuasi evacuation Macet karena terlalu banyak yang evakuasi dengan kendaraan Traffic jam due to evacuation using cars Jalannya diperbanyak Need increasing the number of road Tidak ada tanggapan 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Appreciation to TVES Tidak menjawab
6
Tidak tahu
5
TES tidak bisa menyelamatkan mobil dan motor
1
Sering jadi tempat maksiat
1
Seharusnya dibangun di dekat mesjid
1
Dibuatkan kamar di TES
1
Kapasitasnya terlalu kecil
1
Harus ada pelatihan siaga rutin
1
Banyak kerusakan, harus diperbaiki gedungnya
4
Jumlah TES tidak perlu ditambah
4
Jumlah TES perlu ditambah
8
Letaknya terlalu jauh dari desa
4
Terlalu dekat dengan laut
3
Kurang yakin apakah bisa digunakan untuk mengungsi
13
Berguna untuk evakuasi
3
Kurang dimanfaatkan
20
Tidak terawat
18 0
5
10
15
20
Prediction for Future Behavior in Evacuation 3% 1%
2%
Where to evacuate in the future?
10%
TVES Evakuasi Sementara Tempat
Problem in Evacuation Bagian Behavior no influence of the 041112 kota yang jauh Further Inland dari pantai event to their evacuation preference in the future Bukit lebih tinggi Hill yang Rumah Own sendiri Houses 84%
Tidak tahu Don’t known
Need to Review the Evacuation Planning and Policy to accommodate current situation and needs
Motor Bike Car
How to Evacuate in the future?
On foot/ Run Others
Technical Guidelines for Tsunami Evacuation Planning – 2013 and 2014
Collaboration ITB and BNPB: 1. Technical Guideline: Development of Tsunami Inundation Map 2. Technical Guideline: Development of Tsunami Risk Map 3. Technical Guideline: Evacuation Planning and Tsunami Signage 4. Technical Guideline: Planning and Design TVES 5. Technical Guideline: Structural Design Criteria for TVES Building 6. Technical Guideline: Structural Design Criteria for Artificial Hill
Tsunami Inundation and Risk Map Data of Evacuation Shelter (Safe Zone)
Evacuation Route Planning Network Analysis (GIS Based)
Data of Roads Network: • Condition of existing roads • Capacity of Road
Evacuation Plan
Information on Land Use Spatial Based Evacuation Analysis: • Behavior of people • Traffic condition • Capacity of Evacuation Route • Estimated Time to Evacuate the all people at risk of certain region during the golden time • If ETE > golden time need TVES
Coastlines
Social Behavior Network for Tsunami – from LogicRisk Model Communication Perspective
Social Network for Tsunami Risk Communication
Cluster C A B
Number of TVES Needed by Communities
TVES Need Analysis
Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Shelter 1.
TVES Artificial Hill
2.
TVES Building
3.
Existing Tall Buildings designated for TVES
4.
Fly Over
5.
Japan: sub-structure evacuation shelter to anticipate aging factors
TVES Design T = Ti + Freeboard T = Ti + ( 3 + 30% Ti )
T = Height of TVES (m) Ti = Tsunami Inundation Height (m) Freeboard = 3 m + 30%Ti
Evacuation Level
Height of TVES
20
Design Aspect
Structural Design Criteria 1. Gravitation Load
2. Seismic Load 3. Wind Load
Tsunami Loads
4. Tsunami Load
Hydrodinamic
Uplift
Hydrostatic
Damming of waterborne debris
Buoyant
Gravitation Load due to Water
Wave Force
Moment Impact from Debris
Planning and Design of TVES Natural hill in surrounding area
Existing Building strength enough to be used as TVES
1. TVES Single Purpose
• ETE < (ETA – TEW) no need for TVES • ETE > (ETA – TEW) need for TVES
2. TVES Multi Purpose 23
Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Shelter Existing
TES Deah Glumpang TES TDMRC
TES Lambung
Tsunami Museum
TES Alue Deah Teungoh
Away from the Port
Recommendation for additional TVES
Away from gas station
Close to people at risk & Accessible
Design and Planning for Tsunami Signage 1. Tsunami Evacuation Route 2. Tsunami Hazard Zone 3. Tsunami Safe Zone 4. Tsunami Evacuation Map Orientation for Evacuation
5. Historical Site for Tsunami
Tsunami Evacuation Route: Old and New
Tsunami Hazard and Safe Zone
Distribution of Tsunami Signage Location at Meuraksa - Banda Aceh Legend
0
0.125 0.25
0.5
0.75
1 Km
R1
Road
R2 R3 Jalan Arteri Jalan Kolektor
R3
Jalan Lokal
R3
Jalan lain Permukiman
TES
R2
R3
R1
R3
R3
R4
R3 R3
R2 R3
R1
R4 R3
R3
TES
R3
R2
R3
R3 R3 R3 R4
R3
R3 R3
R3
TES
R3 R3
R3 R3 R2 R3 R1
Rambu zona bahaya tsunami
R2
Rambu peta orientasi evakuasi tsunami
R3
R3 R3 Rambu petunjuk arah evakuasi
R4
Rambu tempat evakuasi /tempat aman
Terimakasih …
Harkunti P. Rahayu, PhD
