CONTROL OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS USING CERTAIN HOMEOPATHIC COMBINATION ITS INFLUENCEON MILK DRUGS QUALITY AND PRODUCTION
AGATHA WINNY SANJAYA
THE GRADUATE PRUGRAM BOGOR AG;RliCULTW IJNWEMITY BOGOR 2002
Just as my non-violence will never fail homaeopathy never fails But the followers of homeopathy may fail owing to faulty application of the principles.
(Mahatma Gandhi, 1939)
ABSTRAK
AGATHA WINNY SANJAYA. Upaya Pencegahan Mastitis Subklinik dengan Menggunakan Homeopatikum secara Kombinasi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kualitas dan Produksi Susu: Dibimbing oleh 1 WAYAN TEGUH WIBAWAN, MIRNAWATI SUDARWANTO, HEINRICH ENBERGS, SETYO WIDODO, MASDUKI PARTADIREDJA (aim), HElNER SOMMER (alm) Tigapuluhtiga ekor sapi perah penderita mastitis subklinis dikelompokkan dalam grup A ( I 0 ekor), grup B (12 ekor) dan grup C (11 ekor). Sapi diobati dengan homeopatika dalam bentuk kombinasi dan plasebo, diobati pada minggu ke-4 dan 3 sebelum partus (a-p.) dan setiap minggu selarna 4 kali berturut-turut setelah partus (p.p.). Grup A diobati dengan Coenzyme camp@ (minggu ke-4 dan 3 a.p.), Lachesis comp@dan ~raumeep(minggu ke-I dan 2 p.p.), Coenzyme camp@ dan Carduus comp@(minggu ke-3 dan 4 p.p.). Grup B diobati dengan ~ r a u m e edan l ~ Mucosa comp@(minggu ke-4 dan 3 a.p.), Lachesis camp@ dan iraumeel@(mingguke-1 dan 2 p.p.), Coenzyme comp@dan Carduus comp@(minggu ke-3 dan 4 p.p.). Grup C adalah plasebo. Pengujian dengan reagens IPB-1 di Lapangan memperlihatkan bahwa insidensi mastitis subklinis pada grup B adalah sebanyak 33,3% dan bertahan konstan sampai akhir pengamatan, sedangkan grup A dan C kasus mastitis sangat bervariasi. Kenaikan jumlah sel somatik susu dari grup A dan B satu minggu setelah terapi terakhir selama 2 minggu (minggu ke 5 - 7 p.p.) menuryukkan adanya suatu respon yang nyata terhadap terapi homeopathy kemudian diikuti penurunan jumlah somatik sel mendekati nilai normal. Respon setelah disuntik Coenzyme comp. (minggu ke-3 a$.) memperlihatkan adanya peningkatan jumlah sel darah merah (RBC) untuk grup A (17,8%), selanjutnya diikuti penurunan RBC sampai akhir pengamatan. Gambaran haemoglobin dan pack cell volume tidak mengalami perubahan (konstan). Limfosit grup A dan C meningkat menjelang proses kelahiran, ha1 sebaliknya terjadi bagi grup B. Kadar haptoglobin (Hp) pada fase peripartal meningkat bagi grup B 0,86 mglml dan bagi grup A maupun plasebo 1,44 mglml serta 1,42 mglml. Pengamatan 5 minggu p.p. grup B mengalami penurunan jumlah Hp menjadi 0,09 mglml sampai akhir pengamatan adalah 0,07 mglml. Kadar Hp darah grup A menurun secara perlahan, kadar terendah dicapai pada minggu ke-5 p.p. yakni 0,18 mglml. Pengamatan produksi susu selarna 5 bulan (bulan ke-3 sampai ke-7) dalam masa laktasi normal menunjukkan adanya peningkatan 14,5% bagi grup B dan 5,0% bagi grup A yang berbeda sangat nyata terhadap plasebo.
ABSTRACT AGATHA WlNNY SANJAYA. Control of Subclinical Mastitis Using Certain Homeopathic Combination Drugs and Its Influence on Milk Quality and Production. Under the direction of I WAYAN TEGUH WIBAWAN, MlRNAWATl SUDARWANTO, HEINRICH ENBERGS, SETYO WIDODO, MASDUKI PARTADIREDJA (late), HEINER SOMMER (Late). A total of 33 dairy lactating cows suffered from subclinical mastitis were classified into group A (10 cows), group B (12 cows) and group C (11 cows) which were treated with the combination of homeopathic drugs and placebo, applied at the 4'h and 3* week antepartum (a.p.) and every week for four times postpartum (p.p.). Group A received Coenzyme compQD (given in the 4'h and 3'C' week a.p.), Lachesis compQDwith ~raumeel' (I& and 2nd week p.p.) and Coenzyme compQD with Carduus compQD (3rdand 4'h week p.p.). Group B received ~ r a u m e ewith l ~ Mucosa compQD (4" and 3rd week a. .), Lachesis comp@with ~raurneel~(1" and 2ndweek p.p.) and Coenzyme comp with Carduus compQP (3* and 4'h week p.p.) and group C as a placebo. Incidence of mastitis in group A and C appeared irregularly. In contrast, group B showed a constant percentage (33.3%). Group A and B showed significant response to the homeopathic drugs, expressed as an increasing of week the somatic cell count value after the last therapy for two weeks (5'h p.p.) and at the last observation decreased nearly to the normal value. At the puerperal phase, the red blood cell of group A increased (17.8%) after the first therapy. Hemoglobine and pack cell volume showed no comparable results. Lymphocyte of group A and placebo increased during puerperal phase, contrary happened to group B. At peripartal phase haptoglobin increased for group B 0.86 mglml and group A as well as placebo 1.44 mglml. After birth, group B expressed a constant value (0.09 - 0.07 mg/ml), while group A and placebo raised significantly. The milk yield increased significantly for five month observation in normal lactation period (the 3*-7'h month), with an increasing 14.5% and 5.0% for group B and A respectively.
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Statement of originality
The studies described in this dissertation were performed in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Doctor in the Bogor Agricultural University. This dissertation consists entirely of original research which has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other degree at this university or at any other institution.
CONTROL OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS USING CERTAtN HOMEOPATHIC COMBLNATION DRUGS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MILK QUALITY AND PRODUCTION
AGATHA WlNNY SANJAYA
Doctoral Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements to achieve a Doctor degree in Veterinary Sdence Study Program
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR 2002
CURRICULUM VITAE
Agatha W~nnySanjaya was born in MEDAN, June 7* 1946 as the fifth child from the five children of lgnatius Dyan Kumiatan and Veronica Sukawati. The author married with Dominicus Setyasusila Sanjaya and has two children Benedictus Adhi and Martina Citra. In 1964 entered the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bogor Agricultural University and inaugurated as doctor of Veterinary Medicine in 1973. Master degree was achieved in Veterinary Science in 1990 and in 1997 February, entered Doctor Program at the Graduate Program in Bogor Agricultural University and was funded by the Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana. A part of the research was funded by the Project of University Research for Graduate Education LOAN IBRD.
Title of Dissertation
Name of Student
: CONTROL OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS USING CERTAIN HOMEOPATHIC COMBINATION DRUGS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MILK QUALITY AND PRODUCTION : Agatha Winny Sanjaya
Registration Number : 965104 Study Program
: Veterinary Science
Approved by: 1. Advisory Committee:
Dr.drh.1 Wavan Tenuh Wibawan M.S. chairman
Prof.Dr.drh.Hi.Mimawati Sudawanto member
Prof. Dr. Heinrich Enberns member
2. Head of Study Program:
Date of examination : March 5'h2002
3. Director of the Graduate Program:
Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my chairman advisor, Dr. drh. I
Wayan Teguh Wibawan, MS, Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, member advisory, Prof. Dr. drh. Hj. Mimawati Sudawanto, Prof. Dr. H. Enbergs, Dr. drh Setyo Widodo, for all his invaluable input, assistance and support throughout the course of this work. Special my honour are due to the late: Prof. Dr. Heiner Sommer and Prof. Dr. drh. H. Masduki Partadiredja for their encouragement. I am very grateful to the Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana, Project of
University Research for Graduate Education, for their sponsorship which enabled me to study in Germany. My thanks also go to the Rector IPB, Director of PPSIPB, Dean of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, the head of Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health at IPB, Bogor, lnstitut fiir Anatomie, Physiologie und Hygiene der Haustiere der Rheinischen-Friedrich-WilhelmsUniversiet at Bonn, Fa. HEEL Baden-Baden Germany and the chief of Animal Quarantine Service, Jakarta International Airport, for their support. I would also like thank to the director of TAURUS Dairy Farm, Ir. Nugroho
and his crew, all my co-workers, who were very helpful and sympathetic during the completion of the work in the field and laboratory. I am also grateful to the staff members of Veterinary Public Health
Laboratory, University of Bonn where I had done my research work and to all of my colleagues who supported me in various ways: Dr D.W. Lukman; Drh R.K. Achyadi MS; Ir E. Sudamika M.Si; Dr Fachrudin; Drh E.S. Pribadi, MS; Drh Lukas Tonga, Ir Agustine Santosa MS, Dr Linscheid; Dr U. Miiller; Dr S. Knura and my friend Fr. Rosemarie Schattevoy. Last but not least, I would like to thank my families with their supporting and attention to my work.
LlST OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LlST OF APPENDICES
ix
LlST OF ABBREVIATION
X
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 General Objectives of this Study 1.3 Hypothesis
2. LITERATURE STUDY 2.1 Milk 2.2 Defence Mechanism of Mammary gland 2.3 lrnmunological Defence at Peripartal Phase 2.4 Subclinical Mastitis 2.4.1 Prevalence and Characteristic of Subclinical Mastitis 2.4.2 Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis 2.5 Homeopathy as an Alternative Therapy 2.6 Advantageous of using Combination Form of Homeopathic Drugs 2.7 Control of Subclinical Mastitis by Homeopathic Treatment 2.8 Homeopathica Substances 2.8.1 Coenzyme compositum 2.8.2 Traumeel 2.8.3 Mucosa compositum
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Materials 3.1.1 Milk and Blood Samples 3.1.2 Instruments 3.1.3 Chemicals. 3.2 Animal contingent 3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Determination of Health Status of Cows Concerning to Subclinical Mastitis 3.3.2 Milk Quality Analysis 3.3.3 Blood Analysis 3.3.4 Clinical Chemistry 3.4 Data Collection 3.5 Research Design 3.6 Data Analysis
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Milk 4.1.1 Incidence of Subclinical Mastitis 4.1.2 Somatic Cell Count 4.1.3 pH of Milk 4.1.4 Milk Electrical Conductivity 4.1.5 Fat Content 4.1.6 Protein Content 4.1.7 Lactate dehydrogenase Enzyme in the Milk 4.2 Blood Profile 4.2.1 Red Blood Cells and Pack Cell Volume 4.2.2 Hemoglobin 4.2.3 Leukocyte Profiles. 4.2.4 Lactate dehydrogenase and Aspartate Aminotransferase Enzymes 4.2.5 Cholesterol 4.2.6 Urea in Blood 4.3 Haptoglobin
4.4 Milk Yield 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions B. Recommendations
6. REFERENCES
LlST OF TABLE 1. Relationship between somatic cell count-score, somatic cell count and daily production loss of dairy cows
2. Estimated infection prevalence and looses in milk production Associated with elevated bulk tank somatic cell counts
3. Determination of CMT-score associated with an average somatic cell count
4. A comparison of methods used in subclinical mastitis test and their correlation with somatic cell counts 5. An overview of the use homeopathic drugs in mastitis control
6. Combination of homeopathic drugs used in the treatments 7. Application schedule of respective homeopathic combination (A, B and C) and time of milk and blood sampling
LlST OF FIGURE I.The incidence of subclinical mastitis by cows treated with a respective homeopathic drug combinations determined with IPB-I test 2. The effect of homeopathic treatments to the profile of somatic cell counts with a respective homeopathic drug combinations 3. The pH value of milk from subclinical mastitis treated with a respective homeopathic drug combinaiions
4. Milk electrical conductivity of subclinical matitis cows treated with a respective homeopathic drug combinations
5. Fat contents of milk from subclinical mastitis cows which pretreated with difference homeopathic combinations 6. Protein content of milk from subclinical mastitis cows treated with a respective homeopathic drug combination
7. Lactate dehydrogenase in milk of subclinical mastitis cows before and after treatments 8. Red blood cell profile of milk from subclinical mastitis cows treated with a respective combination of homeopathic drugs 9. Hemoglobin profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
10. The leukocyte profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combinations of homeopathic drugs 48
II.The neutrophil profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
49
12. The lymphocyte profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
49
13. The eosinophil profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
50
14. The LDH profiles of blood from subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
52
15. The ASAT profiles of blood from subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
52-
16. The cholesterol profile of blood from subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
53
17. The urea profile of blood from subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
54
18. Haptoglobin profile of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
56
19. Milk yield observed in normal lactation at the 3'Cl-pmonth before and after treatment
57
,LIST OF APPENDICES 1. Mean values of somatic cell count in milk of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs 2. Mean values of pH milk of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic 3. Mean values of electrical conductivity of subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
4. Mean values of milk fat from subclinical mastitis cows treated with
respective combination of homeopathic drugs 5. Mean values of milk protein from subclinical mastitis cows treated with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
68
6. Mean values observations of red blood cell, pack cell volume and hemoglobin from subclinical mastitis cows
69
7. Mean values observation of leukocyte and its differentiation picture from subclinical mastitis cows 8. Mean values observation of blood enzyme and metabolite from subclinical mastitis cows
71
9. Mean values of haptoglobin concentration in blood plasma from subclinical mastitis cows
72
10. Total 5 months production from cows before and after treatment with respective combination of homeopathic drugs
72
11. Statistical Analysis of Varians of 5 months milk production in normal lactation before and after treatment
73
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
= degree Celsius = registered = weighheight = unitllitre = ante partum = post partum = Aspartate Aminotransferase enzyme APRP
= Acute Phase-Reactant Protein
C
DHlA
= centesimal scale = California Mastitis Test = compositum = C-Reactive Protein = remedy made from the products of a disease = decimal scale = Dairy Herd ImprovementAssociation
Dl
= decilitre
DNA et a!.
= Desoxyribonucleicacid = et alia
Fig.
= Figure
Hb
= hemoglobin
HP IU
= haptoglobin
CMT comp. CRP de n o w D
mg ml
= international unit = Lactate dehydrogenase = minute = milligram = millilitre
mS
= millimetre Siemens
NAD
= Nicotine Adenine Denucleotide = Pack Cell Volume = pro analyse = hydrogen ion concentration = Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil = rotation pro minute = red blood cell
LDH min.
PCV p.a. pH PMN rpm RBC
sec SCC
= second = Somatic cell counts contains leukocyte cells and mammary epithel cell debris
VLDL
= very low density lipoprotein
WMT
= Wisconsin Mastitis Test
WST
= Whiteside Test
IJL
= microlitre
