Bagaimana Memerangi Korupsi? Korupsi Politik sebagai Isu Global
S-1 HI Fisipol UGM, 27 Maret 2012
1. Strategi apa yang terbaik untuk
melawan korupsi. 2. Siapa yang harus memimpin dalam ‘perang melawan korupsi’. 3. Mungkin yang paling penting, apakah ‘perang melawan korupsi’ dapat dimenangkan.
“Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.” (United Nations’ Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). ‘What is Good Governance?’, , Cetak tebal ditambahkan.
• “Political conditionalities”, termasuk ‘good governance’
dan penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia, pemberdayaan masyarakat sipil, dan pemilihan umum. • Kemauan politik yang kuat dan integritas para pemimpin. • Kontrol institusional, termasuk penguatan lembagalembaga negara dan reformasi birokrasi. • Pengawasan demokratis, dalam bentuk sistem checks and balances, penegakan aturan hukum, kekuatan legislatif dan judisial yang independen, masyarakat sipil, pers yang bebas, dan pemilihan yang adil. (I. Amundsen, Political corruption: an introduction to the issues, pp. 22-26).
Direproduksi dari Helping countries combat corruption: Progress at the World Bank since 1997, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2000, p. 22,
• Dalam konteks korupsi politik, “civil society is
necessary to monitor the functioning of patronclient relationships and prevent them from harming the political system through corruption.”
(M.K. Khan, ‘The Role of Civil Society and Patron-Client Networks in the Analysis of Corruption’, in Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries, UNDP, New York, 1998, p. 114, )
• Penegakan hukum dalam melawan korupsi
sangat penting karena “[i]n nearly every country, enforcement has proved perhaps the most difficult element to realise in a framework designed to stop political corruption.” (R. Hodess, ‘Introduction’, in Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004, p. 14, )
• Dikaitkan dengan korupsi, kemauan politik
“refers to demonstrated credible intent of political actors (elected or appointed leaders, civil society watchdogs, stakeholder groups, etc.) to attack perceived causes or effects of corruption at a systemic level.” (S.J. Kpundeh, ‘Political Will in Fighting Corruption’, in Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries, UNDP, New York, 1998, p. 92, )
• Meski demikian, harus dicatat bahwa: “[t]he
basic problem of political corruption is the lack of political will to encounter the problem: the powerholders do not wish to change a system of which they are the main profiteers.” (J.C. Andvig & O. Fjeldstad, Corruption: A Review of Contemporary Research, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, 2001, p. 44)
Pertanyaan utama kuliah hari ini adalah ‘Bagaimana kita dapat melawan korupsi’. Sebuah peringatan: “The fact that corruption often occur (sic.) in complex situations at the same time as it is based on the simplest kind of motives, a banal drive for private enrichment, has made most observers agree that it pervades many societies and that there are no quickfix solutions to it.” Andvig & Fjeldstad, p. 4 – cetak tebal ditambahkan
