Light Pollution
AS2105 Astronomi dan Lingkungan (Space Environment) Dhani Herdiwijaya
[email protected]
Faktor ketidakpedulian dan pemikiran ekonomi jangka pendek merupakan sebab utama problema lingkungan
Bumi di malam hari cermin peta pusat ekonomi global
Permasalahan ekonomi, energi, politik dan lingkungan
Langit malam di Phoenix, AS
Langit malam di Belfast, Inggris (Peter Paice)
Polusi cahaya di taman nasional
NOT AS DARK AS NIGHT. Sky glow from nearby Moab, Utah and Grand Junction, Colo., brightens the night sky at Arches National Park. Duriscoe et al./NPS
Polusi cahaya di taman nasional
At Racetrack Playa in Death Valley National Park, the Milky Way blends into light pollution from Las Vegas and the greater Los Angeles basin (~300 km). Duriscoe et al./NPS
Amerika 1980...
Amerika 2000 …
Amerika 2005 …
Langit di atas Mount Wilson Observatory, LA tahun 1908
Langit di atas Mount Wilson Observatory, LA tahun 1988
Eropa tahun 2000
Prediksi Eropa tahun 2027
Asia Tenggara
Daerah langit selatan di Observatorium Bosscha, 2 November 2008 jam 22:24
Cahaya Kota Bandung
Langit malam di Observatorium Bosscha (arah utara)
Daerah langit utara di Observatorium Bosscha, 2 November 2008 jam 23
Cahaya Kota Lembang
Lampu Reklame dan Lampu di Jembatan Surapati 2 November 2008 jam 01.55 Bintang tertutup cahaya kota
Polusi Cahaya di ITB
Lokasi : Depan Gedung Teknik Geofisika
Polusi Cahaya di ITB
Lokasi : Depan Gedung Teknik Geofisika
Polusi Cahaya di ITB
Daerah Gelap
Lokasi : Depan GKU Barat
Polusi Cahaya di ITB
Lokasi : Samping GKU Timur
Solusi Polusi Cahaya di ITB
Daerah atas tetap gelap
Lokasi : Depan Masjid Salman
Dampak Berapa banyak bintang menghiasi langit? Kehidupan satwa terganggu Imaginasi dan kesehatan manusia akan terganggu!
Perlu upaya perlindungan langit gelap
Perbandingan langit malam Polusi cahaya
Nebula Orion Polusi cahaya
Polusi Cahaya … ? Cahaya buatan non-alami yang tidak terkendali sehingga menyebabkan: 1. langit yang terang (sky glow/uplight) 2. silau (glare) 3. gangguan terhadap hak sekitar (trespass) ketidak-efisienan dan boros penggunaan energi
Polusi Cahaya Polusi cahaya
90 der
Pencahayaan efisien
Jejak cahaya bintang terganggu cahaya lampu
bintang molekul udara
Pantulan Aerosols
lampu
teleskop Radiasi
Skyglow is caused by the downward scattering of upward light by air molecules and also aerosols, mostly water droplets and dust. The longer the path length through the lowest part of the atmosphere, the more the scattering. Light that goes straight up is mostly reflected, and has shorter paths through the lower scattering layers. The low angle light is mostly directly radiated, and it is this that causes most of the sky glow well away from the source.
Akibat Polusi Cahaya
Cahaya ke atas sebagai polusi cahaya
Light Pollution is Uplight/Sky Glow
Sky Glow Hamburan cahaya oleh partikel-partikel udara/aerosol menyebabkan langit terang dan bintang tidak tampak
Cahaya tidak terkontrol merupakan polusi cahaya
Polusi Cahaya Silau dan tidak efisien
Silau Dimanakah tanda STOP?
Silau Perhatikan arah langsung lampu dan pantulannya
Cahaya tidak terkontrol merupakan polusi cahaya (Trespass)
Arah Pencahayaan yang Buruk dan Baik
Pencahayaan Buruk (tanpa tudung)
Pencahayaan Baik (dengan tudung)
Parkir mobil?
Lebih baik!
Probem akibat polusi cahaya? Lingkungan: satwa liar, serangga, dll. Manusia: mempengaruhi siklus hormon
Eye Adaptation Pandangan lurus lebih peka
Mata manusia perlu 20 menit untuk beradaptasi penuh dengan kegelapan, yaitu pada tingkat microlux. Sumber cahaya 1 lux dalam medan pandang mata, akan merusak adaptasi mata, karena bintik hitam mata akan mengecil. Sensitivitas mata terbatas pada tingkat terang cahaya tertentu.
Eye response
Human eye scopotic adaptation Sel batang (rod) lebih peka daripada sel kerucut (cone). Perlu waktu adaptasi minimal 20 menit untuk maksimum sensitivitas dalam gelap dengan λmaks=507 nm (green).
Mata Burung • Burung umumnya berpenglihatan baik
Cahaya = informasi © Josh Jones
Mata yang lebar, lebih baik dalam cahaya yang redup
Nyanyian Burung • Normal song • Dawn chorus • Dusk chorus • Through day
Song rate
Sunset
Sunrise
Time of day
Results - song
50 45
Song rate (Song per 5 minutes)
40
Unlit robin territories Artificially lit robin territories
35 30
due to light pollution
25 20 15 10 5 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time before sunrise (categories of 100 minutes)
9
10
Results - Song
© David Element
• Artificially lit robins have an abnormal song routine • Robins with lit territories begin to sing far earlier than those with unlit territories • Both artificially lit and unlit birds had a similar timed dusk chorus • Initially both artificially lit and unlit birds had similar song rates • One hour after initial song, rate was highest for artificially lit robins
How Artificial Light Affects Wildlife © Joan Burkmar
Many species of birds depend on their view of constellations during their semi-annual migrations. It is estimated more birds die each year due to collisions caused by artificial lights than from oil spills. Some birds will build their nests in the fall rather than spring because of artificial light.
More Effects on Wildlife Sea turtle hatchlings have been observed crawling inland to artificial light rather than towards the ocean. They naturally rely on the reflection of the moon off of the water to guide them.
Effects on Wildlife Many insects gather around artificial light sources and waste valuable energy. Many moth species are thought to be on the decline for this reason.
Summary of Effects on Wildlife © Richard Ford Digitalwildlife.c o.uk
© Angel Pulido Domínguez
© Glenn Bartley
© Andrew Howe
We know that artificial light disrupts the navigational, reproductive, and growth behaviors of both plants and animals. There are many things we do not know.
Effects on Humans Light pollution disrupts our hormonal cycle. There is no hard evidence, but it may also contribute to depression. It is probably a good idea to sleep in a dark room without a nightlight.
Melatonin C13H16N2O2
To trigger sleepy intelligence/depression/cancer. Darkness stimulate hormone releases
Melatonin merupakan hormon alami yang dimiliki makhluk hidup Berfungsi dalam pengaturan jam tubuh (circadian rhythms) Secara alami dikeluarkan oleh kelenjar berbentuk menyerupai pinus di tengah otak manusia (pineal gland)
Fungsi Hormon Melatonin Rasa kantuk
Antikanker
≠ insomnia
Jam tubuh Circadian syn.
Antioksidan
Kekebalan
Powerfull antioxidant Cegah penuaan
Anti--autis Anti
Atur denyut jantung
Melatonin disintesis oleh asam amino triptophan dengan bantuan enzim
5-hydroxyindole hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase Produksi hormon Melatonin dipengaruhi oleh cahaya
Cepat pada kondisi gelap gelap,, lambat pada kondisi terang
Produksi Melatonin dipengaruhi
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) dari hipotalamus yang bergantung cahaya
More Problems Energy Waste - Over $1 Billion in energy cost for unnecessary light in the U.S.A. alone. Prevents humans from observing the natural splendor of the nighttime sky. Impedes astronomical research.
Our Current Condition 2/3 of the world’s population never see a truly dark starry night because light pollution from human activity obscures their view. 99% of the people in Western Europe and the U.S. never see a naturally dark night sky. Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Solusi Polusi Cahaya Tidak memasang lampu dekorasi / lampu iklan yang tidak perlu Lampu luar memakai tudung dan menggunakan jenis lampu hemat energi.
Tudung Lampu Luar
Solusi Polusi Cahaya Cahaya harus menyinari tempat dan waktu yang perlu (where it is needed, when it is needed) Dukungan kepada aturan pemakaian lampu luar.
A good antique (or period lighting) fixture, full cut-off
Solusi Polusi Cahaya Tudung lampu yang baik mengurangi 90% cahaya lampu ke atas. Sehingga langit yang terang hanya disebabkan oleh pantulan. Mengurangi dengan penanaman pohon
Klasifikasi Tudung Lampu
Lampu arsitektur gedung
Reduksi polusi cahaya
Better: Full Cut Off
… Tempat parkir
Pembelajaran: Where and When to light? Only where it is needed. ִAvoid obtrusive light. ִNo wasted light or energy.
Only when needed. Install motion sensors on lights so that they are only on when they are needed.
How much light? The myth of The More of light the Better is wrong. ִUse IESNA or CIE recommended levels.
Environmental lighting zones. ִConsider the location where you are.
Use good transition lighting.
Pencahayaan dan Keamanan Kota-kota yang terang tidak mengurangi tingkat kejahatan. ִApakah pelaku kriminal takut atau terbantu karena terang?
Belum ada bukti yang pasti bahwa tingkat kriminal dapat dikurangi dengan membuat kota terang.
Langit yang Gelap, bukan jalanan yang gelap calling for dimmer lights (wrong...!). We need directed lighting fit for its purpose. Working for star quality lighting
Quality not Quantity Quality lighting means that everybody wins, whether looking up or straight ahead!
We want to advancing the effective use of light for society and environment
Quality lighting….. Maximizes the desired effects by minimizing the adverse effects: ִDecreases glare, light trespass, sky glow ִIncreases safety and security ִConserves energy ִRespects the habits & habitats of animals & plants ִMaintains human health Circadian rhythm (can impact immunology.) Sleep disorders The aging or disabled eye Visibility (e.g., contrast)
ִProvides good (nighttime) ambiance
Keys to Quality Lighting -
See the effect, not the source. Shine the light down. No glare. Light only where and when needed. Don’t over light. Use energy efficient sources.
Effective use of light for society and environment Use the right amount of light only when and where it’s needed. See better, save energy and protect the nighttime environment
Things you can do Everyone can play their part in making light pollution less of a problem. ִIn our homes we can use lighting that is carefully positioned and designed to light our paths and not spreading light upwards.
Business could reduce overly bright lights from as much as 300 watts to 150 watts. Government/Local councils could make law of using better designed lighting roads.
Local Government Initiative DIBANGUN PROYEK LAMPU HEMAT ENERGI Selasa, 27 November 2007 (www.kotapekalogan.go.id) Untuk menghemat biaya operasional khususnya listrik, Dinas Penataan Kota dan Lingkungan Hidup (DPKLH) Kota Pekalongan membantu proyek lampu hemat energi diempat ruas jalan. Pihaknya mengganti lampu jenis merkuri warna putih yang memiliki daya berkekuatan 400 watt menjadi sodium warna kuning 25 watt. Sebanyak 184 titik lampu merkury akan digantikan dngan 123 titik lampu sodium. Dana yang dibutuhkan Rp. 1,36 M. Proyek itu dapat menghemat biaya pembayaran listrik sebesar Rp. 26 juta rupiah lebih perbulan.
PLN Bagikan 50 Juta Lampu Hemat Energi Senin, 03 Desember 2007 TEMPO Interaktif, Jakarta: Direktur Utama PT PLN Edie Widiono mengatakan pemborosan penggunaan lampu pijar mencapai 4 tera watt hour per tahun. Asumsinya 35 juta pelangan PLN masih menggunakan lampu pijar yang boros energi. PT PLN (Persero) berencana mengantikan 50 juta lampu pijar dengan lampu hemat energi pada 2008. Pergantian lampu hemat energi tersebut mengurangi pemakaian listrik hingga 2,3 miliar kilo watt hour (KWH) per tahun atau PLN akan menghemat Rp 1,7 triliun per tahun. Sehingga konsumsi bahan bakar minyak akan turun 0,75 juta kilo liter yang nilainya Rp 3,8 triliun per tahun.
Jenis Lampu Hemat Energi? Saving energy … LPS … HPS … Mercury … 55 watt Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) setara dengan 115 watt High Pressure Sodium (HPS) light atau 175 watt Mercury Vapor light. Hindari Lampu Merkuri
Ecological Consequences Ainley, D.G., et al. 2001. The status and population of the Newell's Shearwater on Kaua'i: Insights from modeling. Studies in Avian Biology (No. 22):108-123. See http://www.cooper.org/cos/SAB.html. Frank, K.D. 1988. Impact of outdoor lighting on moths: An assessment. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 42(No. 2):63-93. Information about the Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting meeting, held Feb. 23-24 in Los Angeles, can be found at http://www.urbanwildlands.org/conference.html. Perry, G., and R.N. Fisher. 2006. Night lights and reptiles: Observed and potential effects. In Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Rich, C. and T. Longcore, eds. Washington, D.C.:Island Press. See http://www.islandpress.org/books/detail.html/SKU/155963-128-7. Wise, S.E., and B.W. Buchanan. 2006. Influence of artificial illumination on the nocturnal behavior and physiology of salamanders. In Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Rich, C. and T. Longcore, eds. Washington, D.C.:Island Press. See http://www.islandpress.org/books/detail.html/SKU/1-55963-128-7.
Some demographic evidence Artificial lighting in the industrialized world: circadian disruption and breast cancer by Richard G. Stevens in Cancer Causes Control (2006) 17:501–507 Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel in Chronobiology International, 25(1): 65–81, (2008) by Itai Kloog, Abraham Haim, Richard G. Stevens, Micha Barchana, and Boris A. Port Blask et al, “Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats,” Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1; 65(23) 11174-84 Pauley, Lighting for the human circadian clock: recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue” (2004) 63 Medical Hypotheses 588– 596
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