Appendix A
Indicators Used for Generating a ‘Slum Map’ for Solo City (cf. Sect. 6.4.3)
(a) Households with public WC This indicator was used as a representative example for UN-Habitat’s indicator ‘inadequate access to sanitation’. Although the usage of a public toilet does not necessarily mean inadequate access, it indicates a slum area to a certain degree. Only those households have to rely on public toilets which cannot afford to have their own. Two indicators are available for each of Solo’s RT units: (1) ‘households with public WC’ and (2) ‘households with private WC’. After analysing the frequency distribution, it was decided to use indicator (1), as it was considered superior with respect to its statistical characteristics and distinguishes far better the sample areas from the whole city area. It was decided to use 30% as a threshold, as this value includes the standard deviation (Mean – SD = 30) and represents most of the sample areas.
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 C. Obermayr, Sustainable City Management, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49418-0
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(1) Households with public WC Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 15,8
Standard deviation 24,0
n=2669
1.000
750
500
250
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households with public WC (%) Sample area Mean: 56,5
Standard deviation: 26,4
n=100
20
15
Frequency
Frequency
1.250
10
5
0 0
20
40
60
80
Households with public WC (%)
100
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(2) Households with private WC Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 68,1
Standard deviation 29,2
n=2669
Frequency
600
400
200
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households with private WC (%) Sample area Mean: 34,5
Standard deviation: 25,7
n=100
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households with private WC (%)
(b) Households using public wells This indicator was used as a representative example for UN-Habitat’s indicator ‘access to water’. Although the usage of public wells does not always indicate a slum area, the existence of such sub-standard housing units nearby is likely. Three indicators are available for each of Solo’s RT units: (3) ‘households using public wells’ (4) ‘households using private wells’ and (5) ‘households
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using pipe water’. After analysing the frequencies and histograms, it was decided to use indicator (3), as analyses of the frequencies suggested a less satisfactory distinction between sample area and whole city for indicator (4) and (5). The threshold was chosen at 6%, as this value includes most of the sample points (Mean – SD = 6).
(3) Households using public wells Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 12,6
Standard deviation 20,3
n=2669
Frequency
1500
1.000
500
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households using public wells (%) Sample area Mean: 35,4
Standard deviation: 29,4
n=100
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0 0
20
40
60
80
Households using public wells (%)
100
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(4) Households using private wells Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 42,5
Standard deviation 33,8
n=2669
400
Frequency
300
200
100
0 20
0
40
60
80
100
Households using private wells (%) Sample area Mean: 26,8
Standard deviation: 22,5
n=100
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
Households using private wells (%)
100
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(5) Households with access to piped water Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 35,5
Standard deviation 31,1
n=2669
400
Frequency
300
200
100
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households with access to piped water (%) Sample area Mean: 25,1
Standard deviation: 21,8
n=100
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0 0
20
40
60
80
Households with access to piped water (%)
100
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179
(c) Households with land certificate This indicator was used as a representative example for UN-Habitat’s indicator ‘unsecure tenure’. The sample points showed a wide variation of households with and without land certificates. Thus, a low value of families with certificate does not necessarily classify this area as slum and vice versa. However, it certainly hints at such an area, as pointed out by UN-Habitat and numerous other scholars. To include this indicator despite its wide distribution of frequencies, only those RT units were chosen, where 5% or less of the households possess a land title. (6) Households with legal tenure Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 76,3
Standard deviation 31,6
n=2669
1.200
Frequency
1.000 800 600 400 200 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Households with legal tenure (%) Sample area Mean: 42,4
Standard deviation: 39,2
n=100
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0 0
20
40
60
80
Households with legal tenure (%)
100
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(d) Population density This indicator was used as a representative example for UN-Habitat’s ‘overcrowding’. The assumed correlation of slum areas with high density of population, however, may be problematic, as also high apartment blocks with middle-class housing units fall into this category. Luckily such areas only rarely exist in Solo. (7) Population Density Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 168,3
Standard deviation 139,9
n=2669
500
Frequency
400
300
200
100
0 0
400
200
600
800
1.000 1.200 1.400
Population density (people/ha) Sample area Mean: 383,4
Standard deviation: 216,1
n=100
Frequency
30
20
10
0 0
200
400
600
800
Population denisty (people/ha)
1.000
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The sample points showed that the observed slum areas are a lot denser populated than other parts of the city. The comparison of the two histograms, however, shows a large overlap of the distribution of the two datasets, making it difficult to distinguish them. Contributing to this overlap, a threshold of more than 200 persons per hectare was chosen. (e) Poverty degree This indicator was used, as it incorporates many dimensions of poverty (quality of housing, income, education etc.) and is used by the Indonesian government to detect poor neighbourhoods. Although UN-Habitat is not using poverty for their definition of slum areas, it is regarded as a good hint for slum districts, as it goes beyond an infrastructural classification of slums. The values for the sample points showed a huge difference for the whole city, making the distinction between the datasets very easy. To catch most of the sample area, it was decided to use >17% as a threshold, as this value includes the standard deviation (Mean – SD = 17).
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(8) Degree of poverty Entire urban area (all Rts) Mean: 15,4
Standard deviation 13,6
n=2669
500
Frequency
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Degree of poverty (%) Sample area Mean: 28,3
Standard deviation: 10,9
n=100
15
Frequency
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
Degree of poverty (%)
80
100
Appendix B
The Original Questionnaire Used for the Household Survey (n = 52) in the New Settlement in Mojosongo
ANGKET (Questionnaire) Penduduk di Relokasi
Informasi (Information) Orang yang menanyai: Interviewer: Tanggal, jam (Date, Ɵme): Nomor (Name):
Saya Mahasiswa Geografi dari Austria. Saya membuat PeneliƟan tentang Program Pemerintahan “Relokasi” dengan dibantu mahasiswa UNS. Angket ini anonim. Terima kasih untuk membalas pertanyaan yang berikut. I’m a student of geography from Austria. With the help of UNS students I perform a research about the program Informasi ‘Relocasi’ Umum of the city government. This questionnaire is anonym. Thank you for answering the following questions.
1. Umur(Age) ________ 2. Jenis Kelamin (Gender) 3. Agama (Religion)
Islam
L (M)
P (F)
Katholic
Protestant
Hindu
Buddhist
Dll (other):____________ 4. Pendidikan (Education)
SD
SMP
5. Berapa jumlah ruang yang ada di rumah anda? How many rooms does your house have? 6. Berapa luas tanah punya anda (m²)? How much land do you own (m²)? 7. Berapa jumlah anak Anda? How many children do you have?
SMA
PT
__________
__________ __________
8. Apakah anda punya KTP? Do you have a KTP (idenƟty card)? ya, Mojosongo yes, from Mojosongo
Ɵdak, saya Ɵdak punya KTP ya, saya punya KTP di Pucang Sawit no, I do not have a KTP yes, I have a KTP from Pucang Sawit
ya, saya punya KTP di daerah yang lain: ______________________________________ ___________________________________ _ Kecamatan / Kabupaten, Kelurahan / Desa yes, I have a KTP from another region Sub-district / District, Quarter / Village
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9. Apa kegiatan sehari-hari Anda dan keluarga yang Ɵnggal di rumah Anda? What activities do you and the other persons in your household carry out each day? Siapa? Who?
Kegiatan / Pekerjaan? Activity / Occupation
Di mana? Where?
Menulis anggota keluarga yang Ɵnggal disini. (Contoh: ayah, anak etc.) Write down the names of the family members living in this house. For example: father, child etc.
Menulis pekerjaan atau kegiatan anggota keluarga yang Ɵnggal disini. Write down the occupation or activity of the family members living in this house.
Menulis di mana anggota keluarga melakukan pekerjaan atau kegiatan. (Kecamatan/Kabupaten dan Kelurahan / Desa) Write down in what area the family members carry out their work or activity. (Kecamatan / Kabupatan and Kelurahan / Desa)
10. Berapa pendapatan per bulan keluarga Anda? How much revenue does your family have per month (Rupiah)? < 800.000
800.000 – 1.500.000
2.500.000-5.000.000
>5.000.000
1.500.000 – 2.500.000
11. Apa pengeluaran terbesar keluarga Anda seƟap bulan? What are the biggest expenditures of your family per month? AkƟvitas Activity
Pengeluaran per bulan Expenditure per month
1 2 3 12. Perbaikan yang anda buat di rumah? (Bisa diisi lebih dari satu) What improvements did you make at your house? (It is possible to mark more than one) dinding plester (plaster the wall) annex to the house)
dibangun lampiran bangunan (constructed an dibangun beranda (constructed a porch)
dibangun parƟsi/sekat (constructed a partition) perkerasan dasar (concrete at the floor) meletakkan ubin (tiles at the floor) atap baru (new roof) dll (other) ____________________________________________________
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185
13. Barang apa saja yang ada di rumah Anda? (Bisa diisi lebih dari satu) Which of the following goods do you possess in your house? (You can mark more than one) Kulkas (refrigerator)
Mobil (car)
Sepeda Motor (motor cycle)
AC
Sepeda (bike)
Radio/pita/cd (radio/tape/cd)
Mesin Cuci (washing machine)
TV
Video, dvd
Kipas angina (fan)
Penanak nasi (rice cooker)
Handphone (mobile)
14. Berapa lama Anda Ɵnggal di Pucang Sawit sebelumnya? How long did you stay in Pucang Sawit prior to the relocation? <5 tahun (<5 years)
5-10 tahun (5-10 years)
10-20 tahun (10-20 years)
>20 tahun (>20 years) 15. Di mana Anda Ɵnggal sebelumnya Pucang Sawit? ___________________________________ Kecamatan / Kabupaten, Kelurahan / Desa Where did you stay before Pucang Sawit? Sub-district / District, Quarter / Village
16. Apakah Anda puas dengan… Are you satisfied with… 16.1 …kualitas rumah anda? …the quality of your house?
ya yes
sedikit slightly
kurang less
Ɵdak no
16.2 …tempat rumah anda? …the location of your house?
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.3 …sanitasi? …sanitation?
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.4 … penyediaan air? …the water supply?
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.5 …penyediaan listrik? …the supply of electricity?
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.6 …pembuangan sampah? …garbage disposal
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.7 … rumah secara keseluruhan? …the house as a whole?
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
ya 16.8 …POKJA Relokasi …the working group ‘relocation’?
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
ya
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
16.9 …Pemerintah kota …the city government?
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186
17. Apakah Anda bisa berparƟsipasi dalam… Were you able to participate in… 17.1 …pemilihan lokasi untuk pemukiman? ya …the selection of the location of the settlement?
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
17.2 …pemilihan rumah di pemukiman? ya …the selection of the house within the settlement?
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
17.3 …pemilihan tentang strukutur rumah? ya …the appearance and structure of the house?
sedikit
kurang
Ɵdak
kurang
Ɵdak
18. Apakah Pemerintha Kota memperƟmbangkan Permintaan anda? Did the city government consider your request and wishes? ya
sedikit
19. Apakah baru (Mojosongo) atau tempat lama (Pucang Sawit) lebih baik? Is the new (Mojosongo) or the old (Pucang Sawit) place better for living? tempat baru (the new location)
tempat lama (the old location)
20. Perbandingan antara kedua daerah: Di mana (…) lebih baik? Comparison between the two regions: Where is/was (…) better? Pucang Sawit
No.
(…)
20.1
Ukuran rumah Size of the house
20.2
Kualitas rumah Quality of the house
20.3
Transportasi Transportation
20.4
Sanitasi Sanitation
20.5
Air Water
20.6
Biaya hidup Living costs
20.8
Pembuangan sampah Garbage disposal
20.9
Tempat ibadah Places of worship
Mojosongo
Sama Same
Tidak tahu I don’t know
21. Apakah masalah di pemukiman baru? What are the main problems in the new location? Sanitatasi (Sanitation)
Banjir (Flooding)
Transportasi (Transportation)
Sampah (Garbage)
Penerimaan oleh tetengga (acceptance by the neighbours)
dll (other)___________________________________________________________________
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187
22. Jika Anda memikirkan tentang program relokasi pemerintah, maka apa yang Anda pikirkan tentang… If you think about the government’s relocation program, then what do you think about…
No.
22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9
Kata Word
Ya, sangat Yes, very
Ya Yes
Tekanan Pressure Kebutuhan Necessity ParƟcipasi Participation Ketaatan Obediance Kesedihan Sorrow Kesempatan Opportunity Keuntungan Luck Ketakutan Fear Cemburu Envy
Terimaa kasih atas bantuan anda !! Thank you for your help!!
Sedikit Slightly
Kurang less
Tidak no
Sangat Ɵdak Not at all
Tidak tahu I don’t know
Glossary
Adat Tradition or custom often having the force of law Bahasa Indonesia Indonesian language Bengawan Solo River defining Surakarta’s eastern boarder Bretton Woods Institutions World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Bupati Head of district administration (Kabupaten) Camat Head of sub-district administration (Kecamatan) Desa Village HABITAT I First conference on human settlements in Vancouver 1976 HABITAT II (‘city summit’) Second conference on human settlements in Istanbul 1996 Kabupaten District, has the same legal status as a city Kampung A neighbourhood of families often used in the sense of a village sometimes also used as a synonym for an Indonesian slum settlement Kecamatan Sub-district of an Indonesian city Kepala Keluarga Head of the family (usually the father) Kelurahan Quarter of an Indonesian city Ketua RT Chief of a Rukun Tetangga (RT), elected informally, voluntary activity Ketua RW Chief of a Rukun Warga (RW), elected informally, voluntary activity Konsorsium Solo Local NGO. Kota City Kraton Seat of the sultan
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 C. Obermayr, Sustainable City Management, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49418-0
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Glossary
Krismon Abbreviation for Krisis Monetar—monetary crisis referring to the Asian crisis Lurah Head of a quarter (Kelurahan) administration Masyarakat Community Musrenbang Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan—Multi-stakeholder consultation forum for development planning Perwali Peraturan Walikota—Mayor regulation Pokja Working group often temporarily established for one-issue members often from the LPMK Rukun Tetangga (RT) Smallest administrative unit, usually consisting of 10–20 households Rukun Warga (RW) Second smallest administrative unit, usually consisting of 5–10 RTs
