ANALISIS TINGKAH LAKU IKAN UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN TEKNOLOGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DALAM PROSES PENANGKAPAN PADA BAGAN RAMBO FISH BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY IN FISHING PROCESS OF BAGAN RAMBO (LARGE-TYPED LIFTNET WITH LIGHT ATTRACTION)
OLEH : SUDIRMAN
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR 2003
ABSTRAK SUDIRMAN. Analisis Tingkah Laku Ikan Untuk Mewujudkan Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan dalam Proses Penangkapan Pada Bagan Rambo. Dibimbing oleh DANIEL R. MONINTJA, MULYONO S. BASKORO, ARI PURBAYANTO dan TAKAFUMI ARIMOTO. Bagan rambo adalah tipe liftnet berukuran besar, menggunakan jaring yang berbentuk kotak dengan ukuran mata jaring 0,5 cm. Dalam pengoperasiannya digunakan lampu merkuri untuk menarik perhatian spesies ikan pelagis. Jumlah lampu yang digunakan mencapai 64 buah dengan total kekuatan cahaya 14 - 20 kW. Penelitian lapangan dan laboratorium telah dilakukan untuk menganalisis tingkah laku ikan dalam hubungannya dengan proses penangkapan untuk mewujudkan teknologi ramah lingkungan dalam proses penangkapan pada bagan rambo. Proses penangkapan dianalisis dengan mengikuti setiap kegiatan operasional penangkapan, wawancara dan pengukuran. Hubungan antara hasil tangkapan dengan waktu hauling, pengamatan gerombolan ikan di kolom perairan, adaptasi mata ikan terhadap cahaya, interaksi antar spesies dan periode makan ikan dilakukan dengan eksperimental penangkapan. Dalam hubungannya dengan teknologi penangkapan ikan rarnah lingkungan, beberapa aspek telah dikaji berdasarkan performans selektivitas, keanekaragaman spesies, tangkapan yang terbuang, komposisi ukuran ikan, tingkat kematangan gonad dan konsumsi energi. Dampak negatif dari alat tangkap bagan rambo terhadap lingkungan adalah tertangkapnya ikan kembung (Rastraliger kanagurfa) dan ikan layang (Decapterus ruselli) yang belum dewasa dalarn jurnlah yang besar, serta penggunaan energi yang tinggi dalam operasionalnya. Dari aspek biologi (kematangan gonad), alat tangkap bagan rambo hanya ramah terhadap ikan teri, selar, pelagis besar dan laju tangkapan yang terbuang. Dalam proses penangkapannya tidak merusak habitat, selektif terhadap larva, laju discard catchnya rendah dan tidak membahayakan bagi spesies yang dilindungi dan issu biodiversity. Berdasarkan adaptasi retina mata ikan yang tertangkap, teri (Stolephorus insularis) menunjukkan murni fototaksis positif, senang pada intensitas cahaya yang tinggi. Semua individu yang tertangkap telah teradaptasi sempurna dengan cahaya. Ikan layang, disamping pototaxis positif juga bertujuan mencari makan, sangat sensitif terhadap cahaya dan senang terhadap intensitas cahaya yang rendah. Kebanyakan ikan tersebut berdistribusi pada kedalaman 20 sampai 30 m atau zona iluminasi 1 sampai 5 lux dan perlahan naik keperrnukaan seiring dengan proses pemadaman lampu secara perlahan sebelum hauling. Intensitas cahaya optimum pada bagan rambo berada pada tingkat pencahayaan 16,25 kW, pada intensitas cahaya tersebut keragaman spesies sebelum dan saat tengah malam lebih banyak dari pada setelah tangah malam tetapi hasil tangkapannya lebih banyak.Tangkapan selama bulan gelap lebih banyak dari pada bulan terang. Umumnya ikan pelagis kecil memilih intensitas cahaya tertentu, kecuali curni-cumi. Terjadi interaksi pemangsaan antar spesies pada ikan-ikan yang datang di catchble area dari bagan rambo dimana ikan teri merupakan mangsa penting bagi selar kembung dan layang. Untuk mewujudkan teknologi ramah lingkungan pada bagan rambo, mengontrol unit alat, mengatur daerah, dan musim penangkapan, adalah prioritas solusi. Disamping itu perbaikan ukuran mata jaring, mengurangi kekuatan cahaya, mengatur kedudukan jaring dalam air dan meningkatkan kesadaran dan tanggungjawab nelayan terhadap lingkungan.
ABSTRACT SUDIRMAN. Fish Behaviour Analysis for Environmentally Friendly Technology in Fishing Process of Bagan R m b o (Large-Typed Liftnet with Light Attraction). Under the direction of DANIEL R. MONINTJA, MULYONO S. BASKORO, ART PURBAYANTO and TAKAFUMI ARIMOTO. Bagan Rambo is a large type of liftnet with fine meshed of box-shaped netting 0.5 cm mesh size, operated with electric mercury lamp for attracting pelagic species. The number of mercury bulb used for the bagan rambo is up to 64 units for total light intensity of 14 - 20 kW. The field and laboratory research was conducted to analysis fish behaviour in relation to capture process for the purpose to establish the environmentally friendly technology of bagan rambo fishery. The fishing process was analyzed through onboard observation during fishing operation and interviewing to the bagan rambo 's fishermen. The relationship between total catch and hauling time of night, as well as an underwater observation on fish behaviour under the bagan's platform, the histological analysis on the retinal light adaptation of the fish eye, interspecies interaction, and feeding periodicity were conducted through experimental fishing. In relation to the environmentally friendly technology, some aspects were analyzed, including selectivity performance, species diversity, discarded catch, size composition, gonad maturity and energy consumption. The negative impact of bagan rambo was indicated as a higher number of immature fish caught for the species such as Indian mackerel (Rastralliger kanagurta) and Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli), as well as the use of high energy consumption for fishing lamp. According to the biological aspect, bagan rambo was, however, environmentally friendly for anchovy (Stolephorus insularis), big eye scad (Selar cmenophthalmus), and big size pelagic fish with less amount of catch discard which could be examined not to be attracted by the light. In fishing operation, bagan rambo did not damage the seabed habitat as well as being highly selective for fish larvae and endangered species so as to be safe for bio-diversity issues. According to the retinal light adaptation of the captured fish, anchovy showed, the pure positive phototaxis and tended to prefer the high light intensity. All individuals caught were-fully light adapted. In case of the Russel's scad, their feeding activity can be the major key for being attracted under the platform. This species showed to prefer the lower light intensity. Most fish attracted under the platform were observed to distribute around 20-30 m depth of 1-5 lux in illumination zone and moved to the water surface when the light intensity was reduced during fish concentration process before hauling. The optimum light intensity for bagan rambo was estimated as 16.25 kW through the catch-light output analysis. At this intensity, species diversity was lower after midnight with higher amount of catch comparing to the period before and around midnight. The catch during the new moon phase was higher than full moon phase period. All small pelagic species tended to prefer to the higher light intensity, except for squid. Prey-predator interactions were examined among species with the indication that anchovy served as an important preference prey for big eye scad, Indian mackerel and Russell's scad. To establish the environmentally friendly technology of bagan rambo, the better management is to control the fishing unit, the fishing ground, and the fishing season can be noted as the solution priority. It should be conducted together with the necessary alternatives such as improving of mesh selectivity, reducing light energy out put, net depth and the increased awareness of fishermen for responsible manners.
SURAT PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa Disertasi yang berjudu1"Analisis Tingkah Laku Ikan Untuk Mewujudkan Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan Dalam Proses Penangkapan Pada Bagan Rambo ", adalah benar merupakam hasil karya saya sendiri dan belum pernah dipublikasikan oleh institusi lain. Semua sumber data dan informasi yang digunakan telah dinyatakan secara jelas dan dapat diperiksa kebenarannya.
Bogor,22 Agustus 2003
Nrp. P26600004
ANALISIS TINGKAH LAKU IKAN UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN TEKNOLOGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DALAM PROSES PENANGKAPAN PADA BAGAN RAMBO FISH BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY IN FISHING PROCESS OF BAGAN RAMBO (LARGE-TYPED LIFTNET WITH LIGHT ATTRACTION)
OLEH : SUDIRMAN
Disertasi sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor pada Program Studi Teknologi Kelautan
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR 2003
Judul Disertasi
: Analisis Tingkah Laku Ikan Untuk Mewujudkan Teknologi
Nama Nomor Pokok Program Studi
Ramah Lingkungan Dalam Proses Bagan Rambo : Sudirman : P26600004 : Teknologi Kelautan
Penangkapan
Pada
Menyetujui,
Prof. Dr. Ir. Daniel R. Monint-ia Ketua
Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, MSc. Anggota
Anggota
Prof. Dr. T a k M Arimoto. Anggota Mengetahui.
s 2. Ketua Program Studi
J
-
,
Prof Dr. Ir. Daniel R. Monintja
Tanggal Lulus: 22 Agustus 2003
RIWAYAT HlDUP Sudirman, lahir di Desa Manyampa, Kabupaten Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan pada tanggal 12 Desember 1964. Anak pertama dari tiga bersaudara dari pasangan Jumarung (Alm) dan Jumrah (Alrnh). Meraih gelar Sarjana Perikanan pada tahun 1988 dan Magister Sains pada tahun 1997 di Universitas Hasanuddin Ujung Pandang. Penulis bekerja sebagai staf pengajar tetap pada Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan Universitas Hasanuddin sejak tahun 1989. Pada tahun 2000 penulis diterima sebagai mahasiswa pada Program Doktor di Institut Pertanian Bogor dengan memilih Program Studi Teknologi Kelautan (TKL) dengan minat utama Sub Program Studi Pemanfaatan Surnberdaya Hayati Laut, dengan bantuan Beasiswa dari BPPS-DIKTI. Beberapa pendidikan singkat telah dilalui oleh penulis antara lain Dinamika Populasi Ikan di Universite de Perpignan Perancis pada bulan Pebruari sampai bulan Apri1,1994, Pengolahan dan Penanganan Data Perikanan di International Agricultural Center (UC) m e Netherlands pada bulan Januari sampai bulan Pebruari tahun 1995 dan mengikuti Scientist Exchange Program, JSPS Core University Program in Fisheries Science, di Tokyo University of Fisheries (TUF) Jepang, pada Oktober 1999 sampai Maret, 2000 dan bulan Februari sampai bulan Maret, 2003. Selama mengikuti program S3, penulis menjadi Ketua Umum Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Teknologi Kelautan (FORMULA) IPB periode 200 12003. Karya ilmiah berjudul Review on Bagan Rambo (Large-Typed Ilftnet) with Electrical Lamp in South Sulawesi (Penulis utama), dan Light Fishing in Indonesia, General Review (penulis anggota) telah disajikan pada International Workshop on Light Fishing di Pelabuhan Ratu dan Bogor pada bulan Desember 2001, dan telah di muat dalam Fishing TechnologyManual Series I , Light Fishing in Japan and Indonesia. TUF JSPS International Vol .11. Maret 2002. Sebuah artikel telah diterbitkan dengan judul Underwater Ilumination Pattern and the catch of two types of bagan: Case in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay and Makassar Strait (penulis utama) telah diterbitkan pada Bulletin PSP Volume X No.2 Oktober 2001 Jurusan PSP FPIK IPB. Karya ilmiah berjudul "Analisis Keramahan Lingkungan pada Perikanan Bagan Rambo di Selat Makassar" telah disajikan dalam Seminar Nasional X PERSADA, Penerapan IPTEKS untuk Mencapai Kemandirian Bangsa di Jakarta pada tanggal 4 Juli 2003. Artikel lain berjudul "Hubungan Antara Kecerahan Perairan dan Kecepatan Arus dengan Hasil Tangkapan dan Pengoperasian Bagan Rambo di Selat Makassar" akan diterbitkan pada jumal Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan pada tahun 2003. Karya-karya ilmiah tersebut merupakan bagian dari program S3 penulis.
PRAKATA Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan kekhadirat Allah SWT atas segala Rachmat dan Karunia-Nya sehingga karya ilmiah ini berhasil diselesaikan. Tema penelitian yang dipilih adalah perikanan bagan rambo dengan judul Analisis Tingkah Laku Ikan Untuk Mewujudkan Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan dalam Proses Penangkapan pada bagan rambo. Penelitian ini berlangsung selama kurang lebih 10 bulan, yang dilaksanakan mulai dari bulan Juli - Agustus 2001 dan dilanjutkan pada bulan Februari - Oktober 2002. Pada kesempatan ini penulis ingin menyampaikan rasa terima kasih yang tulus kepada Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. Daniel R.Monintja, Dr. Ir. Mulyono S.Baskoro, MSc, Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, MSc, dan Prof. Dr. Takafbmi Arimoto, selaku pembimbing atas segala arahan dan perhatiannya mulai dari persiapan penelitian sampai dengan selesainya karya ilmiah ini. Terima kasih pula disampaikan kepada bapak Dr. Ir. Sulaeman Martasuganda, MSc, Dr. Ir. H. M. Fedi A. Sondita,MSc, yang telah membaca dan memberikan koreksi dalam penyempurnaan disertasi ini. Penghargaan disampaikan pula kepada Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Barru yang telah membantu dalam pengumpulan data. Begitu pula terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada H.Samsong sekeluarga, pemilik usaha bagan rambo Kembang Emas 03 yang penulis gunakan selama penelitian, berserta segenap Anak Buah Kapalnya. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada seluruh teman sejawat di Jurusan Perikanan UNHAS atas segala masukan dalam penyempurnaan penelitian ini. Begitu pula kepada Andi Rospayani, SPi dan adik-adik mahasiswa Jurusan Perikanan UNHAS yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam pengumpulan data, terutama kepada Syamsuddin, Wahyu Rismawan, Berthus T.Ali, A.Syamsinar,
Herman, Abd.Aziz Latif, Jupri, Rismi Yulianti, Irawati, Ivan Tarihoran, Erniati, Muh. Ichsan, Andi Ekaratu, Sri Marlina, St. Hadijah Latuconsina, Aisyah, Asep, Anto, Rahman, Bonni, diucapkan banyak terima kasih dan penghargaan. Terima kasih disampaikan pula kepada Bapak Prof Dr. Ir. H. M. Natsir Nessa, MS, yang telah memberikan masukan, bantuan moril, materil dan moral force dalam pelaksanan penelitian ini. Begitu pula kepada Dr. Ir. Hj.Winarni
Meagaung, MSi, Ir. Suwarni, MSi, Ir. Muh. Hatta, MSi, Ir. M.Yusri Karim, MSi dan Muhammad Kurnia SPi, yang telah membantu dalam pengolahan data dan kelancaran pelaksanaan penelitian ini. Kepada Bapak Dr. Ir. Dody Darmawan, MSc, Direktur Politeknik Negeri Pangkep, Pengelola Laboratorium Tingkah laku ikan (Lab. TPI-IPB), Bapak Deni A. Soeboer, Spi, Muchsin ST, Sulaeman Spi, yang telah membantu fasilitas peralatan penelitian, saya ucapkan banyak terima kasih. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, JSPS Program (Jepang), P.T. Tokai Material Indonesia, Yayasan Supersemar, atas bantuan dana yang diberikan sehingga penelitian ini dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Ungkapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada Ayah (Alm) dan Ibu (Almh), Mertua, Istri, Anak, serta seluruh keluarga atas segala perhatian, pengorbanan, doa dan kasih sayangnya. Kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan tidak sempat disebutkan satu persatu, diucapkan pula terima kasih yang tak terhingga, dengan harapan semoga Tuhan yang Maha Kuasa memberikan balasan terhadap amalan yang telah diperbuat. Dengan segala kekurangan dari disertasi ini, penulis berharap, semoga karya ilmiah ini dapat bermanfaat. Bogor, 22 Agustus 2003 Penulis
PENGERTIAN ISTILAH YANG DIGUNAKAN (GLOSSARY) : Hasil tangkapan sampingan yang bukan menjadi target
penangkapan.
Biodiversity
: Keaneka ragaman hayati.
Biodegradable
: Dapat terurai melalui proses biologi.
Catchable area
: Area dimana ikan dapat ditangkap.
Cone cell (sel kon)
: Sel berbentuk kerucut dalarn retina mata ikan yang
akan bergerak ke membran bagian luar bila teradaptasi cahaya (suasana terang).
Discard catch
: Hasil tangkapan sampingan yang dibuang .
Discard rate
: Tingkat tangkapan yang terbuang (%).
Hauling
: Pengangkatan jaring.
Hauling time
: Waktu pengangkatan jaring
Fishing base
: Pangkalan pendaratan armada penangkapan.
Fishing ground Fishing impact
Daerah penangkapan ikan. : Dampak yang
ditimbulkan
oleh
aktivitas
penangkapan.
Full light ahpted
: Teradaptasi sempurna oleh cahaya.
Light fishing
: Kegiatan penangkapan ikan yang menggunakan
Cahaya sebagai pengumpul ikan.
Platform
: Pelataran atau balai-balai pada bagan rambo yang
umumnya terbuat dari kayu.
Setting
: Penurunan jaring.
Rod cell (sel rod)
: Sel berbentuk batang dalam retina mata ikan yang
akan bergerak
ke membran bagian luar bila suasana
gelap.
Roller
: Alat untuk menggulung tali
DAFTAR IS1 Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................ LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................ LIST OF APPENDIX .......................................................... 1 . PENDAHULUAN............................................................. 1 . 1 Latar Belakang ........................................................ 1.2 Perurnusan Masalah................................................... 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ..................................................... 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................ 1.5 Hipotesis................................................................ 2 . TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................... 2.1 Sejarah Penggunaan Cahaya pada Penangkapan Ikan ............ 2.2 Alat Tangkap Bagan ................................................... 2.3 Proses Penangkapan dan Tingkah Laku Ikan ...................... 2.4 Peranan Cahaya dan Sifat-sifatya dalam Air ...................... 2.5 Morfologi Retina Mata Ikan .......................................... 2.6 Respon Ikan Terhadap Stimuli Cahaya ............................. 2.7 Pengembangan Teknologi Penangkapan Ikan Ramah Lingkungan ............................................................ 2.8 Perkembangan Penelitian lightfishing di Indonesia.............. 3. METODE PENELITIAN................................................................. 3.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian................................................... 3.2 Alat-alat Penelitian .................................................................... 3.3 Bahan yang Digunakan.............................................................. .. 3.4 Metode Penelltian...................................................................... 4. HASIL PENELITIAN ..................................................................... 4.1 Sejarah Perikanan Bagan Rambo di Perairan Sulawesi Selatan 4.2 Rancang Bangun Alat Tangkap Bagan Rambo.......................... 4.3 Analisis Proses Penangkapan .................................................. 4.4 Distribusi dan Iluminasi Cahaya................................................ 4.5 Tingkah Laku Ikan pada Bagan Rambo..................................... 4.6 Selektivitas Alat Tangkap Bagan Rambo...................................
5 . PEMBAHASAN................................................................................ 5.1 Proses Penangkapan pada Bagan Rambo................................... 5.2 Analisis Tingkah Laku Ikan pada Bagan Rambo....................... 5.3 Komposisi Hasil Tangkapan pada Bagan Rambo .................... 5.4 Selektivitas Bagan Rambo............................................
xii
5.5 Kaitan Dengan Keramahan Lingkungan.................................... 5.6 Skenario Peningkatan Keramahan Lingkungan......................... 6 . KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN......................................................... 6.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................. 6.2 Saran...........................................................................................
223 229 236 236 237
DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................
239
APPENDIX.......................................................................................
252
LIST OF TABELS Page
Wavelength at various colour for visible light.................................
17
Equipments used in the experiment
..................................
37
Materials used in the experiment ........................................
39
Data of sampling and total samples for main target species to analysis the interspecies interactions.....................................
51
Dates of sampling and total samples used to analysis stomach index for observation of feeding periodisity......................................
54
Dates of sampling time and total samples used for observation of fish size composition and gonad maturation stage ...................
65
Comparison of the relative importance among the evaluation aspects of environmentally friendly technology based on Hierarchy Process Analysis (Saaty, 1993)...........................................
74
Technical specification of bagan rambo used in Makassar Strait
82
Time required in each activity for operating of bagan rambo in Makassar Strait ...........................................................
90
Arrival time of fish identified by means of finder and underwater camera.. ....................................................................... 101 Arrival time of fish identified by visual observation. ................
102
Distribution of fish under the bagan's platform after the lights 103 have been switch on lighting, observed by fish finder ............. Descriptive statistics of mean logarithm of catch by different lighting power .............................................................. 121 Coefficient correlation (r), of water transparency ( X I )and water current speed (X2) with the the catch (Y)for each hauling in bagan rambo.. ....................................................................... 126 Analysis of variance to detect the effects of water transparency (XI) and water current speed (Xz) in relation to the catch.. ............ 127 Average of predator- prey quantity according to frequency occurrence caught by bagan r m b o . . ..................................
133
4.10 Food composition of anchovy caught by bagan rambo.. ..............
Average of predator- prey quantity according to volume of caught by bagan rambo. ............................................................. Plankton density (indlml) according to the depth in catchable area in bagan rambo .............................................................. Total species of plankton in each class for different water depth in bagan rambo area .................................................. Average of plankton density at each hauling and relation to the total catch.. ................................................................... Average of percentage of stomach fullness for anchovy (S. insularis) in each hauling time during the six weeks sampling in bagan rambo. ................................................................ Average of percentage of stomach fullness for Russell's scad(D. ruselli) in each hauling time during the six weeks sampling. ........ Average of percentage of stomach fullness for Indian mackerel (R.kanagurta) in each hauling time during the six weeks sampling. ..................................................................... Average of percentage of stomach fullness for big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmus) in each hauling time during the six weeks sampling. ...................................................................... Analysis result of cone and pigment index for anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) and Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli) according to the hauling time ............................................. Analysis result of average cone and pigment index for anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) and Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli) according to the simulation condition (different illumination)......... Comparison of light adaptation stage for Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli) by different size according to the hauling time .................................................................. Comparison of retinal adaptation ratio for Russell's scad (D. ruselli) by different size (TL) at 45 lux.. ................................
134
4.23 Range of total length and weight of invertebrate discard catch during the experiment...................................................... 20 1 4.24 Range of total length and number of by-catch during the experiment .................................................................... 202 5.1
Scoring of matrix comparison among the alternative vector priorities ....................................................................... 231
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Framework of the research ..............................................
10
Diagram representation of research content................................
11
Diagram of teleost eye (Nicol, 1989)...................................
21
Photomicrograph of transversal section of retina for Jack mackerel (Trachurusjaponicus ) when light adapted (Sudirman et. al.. 2000). ...................................................................... Structure of double cone of Jack mackerel and walleye pollock in tangential and transversal section (Zhang, 1992).................... Underwater observation method by fish finder and infrared underwater camera in bagan rambo................................................ Histological procedure for microscopic observation of retina specimens .................................................................. Dehydration and embedding procedures of retina specimens... Hematoxylene and staining process of the sectioned retina specimens.................................................................. The Photomicrograph showing cone and pigment in the cross section of the retina to examine the retinal adaptation ratio by cone index (C) and pigment index (P) (Arimoto et al. 1989)........................................................................ Observation method of retina light adaptation in the bagan rambo in simulation by using box- cages ................................................ Photograph showing the net with mesh size 0.1 cm of 4 m2 net panel used for model of selectivity experiment of bagan rambo; A. Construction; B; After setting in the bagan net.. ................. Scenario for analyzing bagan rambo fishery using environmentally friendly technology criteria..............................
Bagan rambo at various condition; A Day time B. Preparation of fishing operation; C. Lighting condition in the night time ........... Fishing operation of bagan rambo ..................................... Illustration of operation method of bagan rambo ....................
4.4
Summary diagram of capture process on bagan rambo.............. Distribution of light intensity from a mercury bulb (250 W) with lamp shade in the air A; Measurement in bagan B: Measurement in Laboratory ............................................................... Distribution of light intensity from a mercury bulb (250 W) without lamp shade in the air.. ........................................... Light illumination (lux) pattern at side of the bagan rambo (lighting power 16.4 kW). ................................................ Light illumination (lux) pattern at behind of the bagan rambo (lighting power 16.4 kW). ................................................ Light illumination (lux) pattern under the bagan's platform of the (lighting power 16.4 kW). ................................................ Light illumination (lux) pattern under the bagan's platform and 50 m distance from the boat (lighting power 16.4 kW )......... Infrared underwater observation of the fish, under the platform during the concentration lamp was turn on.. ........................... Species composition of bagan rambo in the full moon (lighting power 16.4 kW). ........................................................... Species composition of bagan rambo in the new moon (lighting power 16.4 kW) ............................................................ Species composition of bagan rambo during the experiment (lighting power 16.4 kW). ................................................ Catch distribution (mean f S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power of 16.4 kW) according to the hauling time during the full moon................................................................................................ Catch distribution (mean S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power hauling time during the new moon of 16.4 kW) according to (different label a,b indicated significant different at a: 0.05)................................................................................................ Catch distribution (mean f S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power hauling time during the of 16.4 kW) according to the experiment, (different label indicated significant different at a: 0.05)................................................................................................. Species diversity (mean f S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power of 16.4 kW) according to the hauling time during the full moon : 0.05). ........... (different label indicated significant different at
112 xvi
,
4.19 Species diversity (mean S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power of 16.4 kW) according to the hauling time during the new moon (different label a,b indicated significant different at a : 0.05)...... 4.20 Species diversity (mean f S.D.) of bagan rambo (lighting power of 16.4 kW) according to the hauling time during the experiment (different label a,b indicated significant different at or : 0.05).... 4.21 Total catch for five dominant species according to the hauling time in the full moon during the experiment........................... 4.22 Total catch for five dominant species according to the hauling time in the new moon during the experiment........................... 4.23 Total catch for five dominant species according to the hauling time in the new moon during the experiment.......................... 4.24 Original catch data obtained from 18 bagan rambo 's during 57 trips by different lighting power.. ...................................... 4.25 Relationship between lighting power and mean of logarithm catch (vertical bars indicate standard deviation). ............................ 4.26 Relationship between lighting power and weight class during the Experiment ................................................................ 4.27 Relationship between lighting power and weight class of the total catch during the experiment ............................................. 4.28 Catch tendency (kg) of bagan rambo at actual new moon and new moon for 18 unit bagan rambos ........................................ 4.29 Catch tendency (kg) of bagan rambo at actual new moon and new moon ........................................................................ 4.30 Catch tendency (kg) of bagan rambo at actual new moon and new moon After Nikonorov, 1975 (lighting power 16.4 kW) ............. 4.31 Relation between current speed, total catch, with fishing trip at hauling I11 (current speed at 15 m depth)........................................ 4.32 Illustration of influence direction and current speed in fishing operation. The limit current where bagan rambo can be operated during 39 nights operation, A, Surface current paralel with under B; Surface current across with under current; current.............................................................................................
Interspecies interraction model in bagan rambo according to frequency occurance of each item (n = 90 individual each species)............................................................................................ Interspecies interraction model in bagan rambo according to volume of each item (n = 90 individual each species) ................... Graphic showing relation plankton density and total catch at bagan ram bo. .................................................................................. Photograph showing an example high of predator caught by bagan rambo A; High economic value (Jack); B; Low economic value (unidentifjr) C;discards (globe fish)....................................... Relationship between hauling time and percentage fullness of stomach for anchovy (S.insularis) caught by bagan rambo (n = 300 individuals). ........................................................... Relationship between hauling time and percentage of stomach fullness for Russell's scad (D.ruselli)caught by bagan rambo ( n - 300 individuals)......................................................... Relationship between hauling time and percentage of stomach fullness for Indian mackerel (R.kanagurta) caught by bagan rambo (n = 300 individuals). ............................................ Relationship between hauling time and percentage of stomach lllness for big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmus) caught by bagan rambo (n = 242 individuals)............................................. Photoghraph showing, the 111 stomach obtained for big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmus) caught by bagan rambo. ...................... Comparison of average full stomach of four dominant catch caught by bagan rambo according to the hauling time (n = 300 individuals each species, except big eye scad 242 individuals).................................................................................... Photomicrograph showing the retina structure of Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli) during the light adapted (x100) ................ Photomicrographs showing of retina adaptation stages of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) in natural and simulation condition A.Natural condition (hauling time); B. Simulation condition; O M Outer limiting Membrane; CN Sel Cone; P; Pigment (x 400) ......................................................................
Retinal adaptation ratio of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) shown by cone and pigment index according to the hauling time (n = 9; TL; 6.5-8.5 cm) ................................................... Retinal adaptation ratio of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) shown by cone and pigment index according to the different illumination (n = 7; TL; 7.5-8.5 cm) .................................................. Photomicrographs showing of retina adaptation stages of Russell's scad (Decapterus ruselli) in natural and simulation condition A.Natural condition (hauling time); B. Simulation condition; OLM: Outer limiting Membrane; CN Cone cell ; P; Pigment (x 400). ........................................................ Retinal adaptation ratio of Russell's scad (D. ruselli) shown by cone and pigment index every hauling time (n =12; TL: 8-20 cm)........................................................................... Retinal adaptation ratio of Russell's scad (D.ruselli) shown by cone and pigment index according to the simulation different light illumination (n =12; TL: 8-20 cm ............................... Comparison of retinal adaptation ratio of anchovy (S.insularis) and Russell's scad (D.ruselli) according to the hauling time......... Comparison of retinal adaptation ratio of anchovy (S.insularis) and Russell's scad (D.ruselli) according to the different illumination .................................................................................... Retinal adaptation stage for Russell's scad of different size A.Illumination 45 Lux ; B. Before midnight; C. After midnight .. Length frequency distribution of anchovy (S. insularis) caught by the bagan rambo during the experiment........................... Length frequency distribution of anchovy (S. insularis) caught by the bagan rambo in February 2002. .................................... Length frequency distribution of anchovy (S.insularis) caught by the bagan rambo in March 2002........................................ Length frequency distribution of anchovy (S. insularis) caught by the bagan rambo in April 2002 ................................. Length frequency distribution of anchovy (S.insularis) caught by the bagan rambo in May 2002 ......................................... Length frequency distribution of anhovy (S. insularis) caught by bagan rambo in June 2002 .............................................
170 xix
Length frequency distribution of anhovy (Xinsularis) caught by bagan rambo in July 2002 .............................................. Length frequency distribution of anhovy (S.insularis) caught by bagan rambo in August 2002 ......................................... Composition of anchovy (S.insularis) by gonad maturity stage during the experiment..................................................... Development of gonad maturity stage of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment (Number of samples were 6444 individuals)...................................................................................... Average of gonad maturity stage of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment from February to August 2002.. ................................... Length frequency distribution of Russell scad (D.ruselli) caught by the bagan rambo during the experiment.................. composition of Russell's scad (D.ruselli) by gonad maturity stage during the experiment..................................................... Development of gonad maturity stage of Russel's scad (Decapterus ruselli) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment (Number of samples were n = 2777 individuals)...................................................................................... Average of gonad maturity stage of Russel's scad (Decapterus ruselli) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment from February to August 2002 (Number of samples were n = 2777 individuals).............................................................. Length frequency distribution of Indian mackerel (R.kanagura) caught by bagan rambo during the experiment...................... Composition of Indian mackerel (R.kanagurta) by gonad maturity stage caught by baganrambo during the experiment................................................................. Development of gonad maturity stage of Indian makcerel (Rastralliger kanagurta) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment (Number of samples were n =2577 individuals)...................................................................................... Average of gonad maturity stage of Indian makcerel (Rastralliger
kanagurta) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment from February to August 2002 (Number of samples were n = 2577 individuals)............................................................. Length frequency distribution of big eye scad (S. crumenopthalmus) caught by bagan rambo during the experiment.................................................................. Composition of big eye scad (S. crumenopthalmus) by gonad maturity stage during the experiment.................................. Development of gonad maturaty stage of big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmus) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment (Number of samples were n = 275 individuals)...................................................................................... Average of gonad maturity stage of big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmus) caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment from February to August 2002 (Number of samples were n = 275 individuals)............................................. Length frequency distribution and gonad maturity stage of anchovy (S. insularis) caught by bagan rambo. .................... length frequency distribution and gonad maturity stage of Russell' ruselli) caught by bagan rambo..................................... scad (D. Length frequency distribution and gonad maturity stage of big eye scad (S.crumenopthalmsus) caught by bagan rambo.. .................... Length frequency distribution and gonad maturity stage of Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) caught by bagan rambo ........ Photomicrograph showing an examples of gonad maturity stage of big eye scad (S. crumenopthalmus) and anchovy (S.insularis). .. Species diversity and size composition of the dominant catch of bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment. A. Catch diversity. B. Species and size of anchovy ; C. Species and size of Russell's scad D; Species and size of Indian mackere1;E. Species and size of big eye scad; F. Species and size of squids................... Length distribution of anchovy (Stolephorus sp) escaped and retained in bagan rambo during the experiment...................... The logistic model of the bagan rambo's selectivity for anchovy (Stolephorus sp) using least square method (Sparre method). ...........................................................................
The logistic model of bagan rambo's selectivity for anchovy (Stolephoms sp) using maximum likelihood method ...................................................................... Length distribution of Rabdania sp escaped and retained in bagan rambo during the experiment............................................. The logistic model of the bagan rambo's selectivity for Rabdania sp using least square method the (Sparre method). ................... The logistic model of the bagan rambo's selectivity for Rabdania sp with maximum likelihood method. .....................
An example of fish escaped and retained (Rabdania sp and Stolephorus sp) in bagan rambo: A; Fish escaped:B; Fish retained. .................................................................... Photomicrograph showing the position of cone cell and outer limiting membrane in the cross section of retina on discarded catch (Apogon sp) caught by bagan rambo (x 200) (TI; 5 cm) ........................................................................... Photomicrograph showing the position of cone cell and outer limiting membrane in the cross section of retina on discarded catch (Priyachanthus sp) caugh by bagan rambo (x 400) (TI, 6.5 cm) ........................................................................... Photograph showing an examples Discard Catch caught by bagan rambo in Makassar Strait during the experiment A; Vertebrates group; B; Invertebrates group ..................... Existing condition the environmentally friendly level of bagan rambo with alternative solution ........................................ Scenario bagan rambo fishery with environmentally friendly technology. .................................................................
APPENDIX
Page Map of Sulawesi Island showing Makassar Strait were experimental site and data collection................................... Criteria of gonad maturity stage of anchovy used during the ( After Tiews et a1.(1968) vide Hutomo et al. experiment (1987). ........................................................................ Criteria of gonad maturity stage of Russell's scad and Indian mackerel used during the experiment ( after Effedie and Subardja (1977) vide Effendie, 1979).............................................. Design of bagan rambo used during the experiment in Makassar Strait (front of view) ........................................................ Design of bagan rambo used during the experiment in Makassar Strait (top of view )... ..................................................... Result of light intensity measurement every for mercury bulb used by the bagan rambo fishermen in Makassar strait.. ............ Result of light intensity measurement ( in laboratory) for mercury bulb (250 W, white and yellow colour) by using lamp shade and without lamp shade in the air at distance 1 m from the bulb.. ........ Result of light illumination measurement ( lux) at side the bagan rambo ........................................................................ Result of light illumination measurement ( lux) at behind the bagan rambo ............................................................... Result of light illumination measurement (lux) under bagan platform ..................................................................... Photograph A: Image recording of fish distribution under the bagan platform (indicated arrow) and B: underwater camera and others tools used during underwater observation in bagan rambo. ........................................................................ Total catch of each hauling time during the experiment .............. Total catch of each hauling time during full moon in bagan mrnbo Total catch of each hauling time during the new moon in bagan rambo during the experiment.............................................
25 3
15. Species composition caught of the bagan rambo in Makassar strait during the experiment... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . Species diversity for every hauling during the experiment... . . . . . . .. Total catch for dominant species caught by bagan rambo according to the hauling time.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. Average total catch (kg) of bagan rambo by different lighting power (kW) during the experiment... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Average total catch (kg) of bagan rambo by different lighting power (kW) during the new moon.. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average total catch (kg) of bagan rambo by different lighting power (kW) during the full moon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. Tendency of the species preference by different lighting power Statistical test result for analyzing significantly different among the different lighting powers.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transparency and current speed relation to the total catch every hauling during the experiment... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . ... Stomach content of the dominat fish in bagan rambo.................... Percent of recapitulation of anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) by gonad maturity stage in Makassar Strait during the experiment... .. Percent of recapitulation of Russell's scad (D.ruselly) by gonad maturity stage in Makassar Strait during the experiment... . . . . . . . . . .. Percent of recapitulation of Indian mackerel (R.kanagurta) by gonad maturity stage in Makassar Strait during the experiment. . . .. Percent of recapitulation of big eye scad (S.crumenpthalmus) by gonad maturity stage in Makassar Strait during the experiment. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selectivity data obtained for anchovy during the experiment... . . . . Analysis of variables in calculation selectivity model by using maximum likelihood methods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Selectivity data obtained for Rabdania sp in Makassar Strait during the experiment... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Analysis of variables in calculation selectivity model Rabdania sp by using maxsimum likelihood methods
for
270
33. Range of the total length and weight of the discard catch during the experiment...................................................................................
30 0
34. Total discard every hauling and its relation to the discard rate during the experiment.. ...............................................
30 2
35. Discard catch composition during the experiment.. ...................
30 4
36. Length frequency distribution of Cauthigaster, sp caugh by bagan rambo during the experiment.. ...........................................
305
37. Length frequency distribution of Priacanthus armatus, caught by
38
bagan rambo during the experiment....................................
30 6
Length frequency distribution of C h a n h commersonii, caught by bagan rambo during the experiment.. ..................................
307
