ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN
Ratio Analysis Limitations of ratio analysis Du Pont system
Sasaran Belajar
1. Menghitung secara menyeluruh berbagai rasio keuangan dan menggunakan rasio-rasio tersebut untuk mengevaluasi kesehatan keuangan perusahaan. 2. Menggunakan Analisis Dupont untuk mengevaluasi kinerja perusahaan. 3. Menjelaskan keterbatasan dari analisa rasio.
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Studi Kasus: Harley Davidson Company Pernyataan CEO HDC: • HDC menjadi perusahaan yang berhasil karena kecintaan dan komitmen yang kuat dari pelanggan, karyawan, manajer, pemasok, dealer, distributor dan pemegang saham. • Perusahaan berhasil mencapai rekor pemasukan dan pendapatan selama 16 tahun berturut-turut. • Perusahaan terus menginvestasikan modal untuk mempertahankan keunggulan rancangan dan kapasitas produksinya. • Tahun 2001 merupakan tahun keberhasilan HDC dari sisi pertumbuhan dan ekspansi bisnisnya.
Apakah gambaran sukses yang dipaparkan oleh CEO HDC juga tercermin dalam kinerja keuangan perusahaannya??
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Financial Ratio Analysis Menjawab pertanyaan: Apakah keputusan yang kita ambil sudah memaksimumkan kekayaan pemegang saham? Membantu kita untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa kekuatan dan kelemahan keuangan perusahaan Secara matematis hanya membandingkan pembilang dan penyebut yang diambil dari angka-angka di laporan keuangan.
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Financial Ratios
1. Alat untuk membantu kita menentukan tingkat kesehatan keuangan perusahaan. 2. Kita dapat meneliti rasio antar waktu (misal 5 tahun terakhir untuk melihat pergerakannya). 3. Membandingkan rasio perusahaan dengan perusahaan lainnya.
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We will want to answer questions about the firm’s Liquidity Efficient use of Assets Leverage (financing) Profitability
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Pertanyaan sebagai petunjuk dalam penggunaan rasio keuangan 1. Seberapa likuid perusahaan? 2. Apakah manajemen menghasilkan laba operasional yang cukup atas aktiva perusahaan yang ada? 3. Bagaimana perusahaan mendanai aktiva-aktivanya? 4. Apakah pemilik (pemegang saham) mendapatkan pengembalian yang cukup atas investasi mereka?
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Studi Kasus
Laporan Laba-Rugi Laporan Laba Rugi Harley Davidson Tahun 2002
Penjualan Harga pokok penjualan Laba kotor Beban penjualan, umum dan administrasi Depresiasi Jumlah beban usaha Laba usaha Biaya bunga Pendapatan sebelum pajak Provisi pajak pendapatan Pendapatan bersih
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2002 4.195.197 2.673.129 1.522.068 465.831 160.119 625.950 896.118 17.849 878.269 298.052 580.217
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NERACA AKTIVA
KEWAJIBAN DAN EKUITAS PEMEGANG SAHAM
Kas dan setara kas Piutang usaha Persediaan Aktiva lancar lainnya Jumlah aktiva lancar Pabrik, properti dan peralatan kotor Akumulasi penyusutan Pabrik, properti dan peralatan bersih Aktiva lain
795.728 964.465 218.156 88.237 2.066.586 2.006.256 973.660 1.032.596 762.035
Jumlah Aktiva
3.861.217
HUTANG Hutang usaha Beban yang masih harus dibayar Hutang pajak Wesel jangka pendek Hutang lancar lainnya yang menanggung bunga Jumlah kewajiban lancar Hutang jangka panjang Jumlah hutang
382.579 226.977 67.886 189.024 123.586 990.052 638.250 1.628.302
EKUITAS
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Saham biasa (nilai PAR) Modal disetor Saldo laba Dikurangi saham perbendaharaan Jumlah ekuitas
3.254 386.284 2.325.737 (482.360) 2.232.915
Jumlah Kewajiban dan Ekuitas Pemegang Saham
3.861.217
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1. Liquidity Ratios Do we have enough liquid assets to meet approaching obligations?
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What is HDC’s Current Ratio?
current assets current liabilities
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What is HDC’s Current Ratio?
2,067 990
= 2.09
If the average current ratio for the industry is 1.5, is this good or not?
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What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio?
current assets - inventories current liabilities
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What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio?
2,067 - 218 990
= 1.87
Suppose the industry average is 1.06. What does this tell us? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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What is the firm’s Average Collection Period?
accounts receivable daily credit sales
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What is the firm’s Average Collection Period?
964 4,195/365
= 83.9 days
If the industry average is 75 days, what does this tell us? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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2. Operating Efficiency Ratios Measure how efficiently the firm’s assets generate operating profits.
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What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?
operating income total assets
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What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?
896 3,861
= 23.2%
•Above the industry average of 9.8%.
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What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?
896 3,861
= 23.2%
•Above the industry average of 9.8%. •The OIROI reflects product pricing and the firm’s ability to keep costs down.
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What is their Operating Profit Margin?
operating income sales
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What is their Operating Profit Margin?
896 4,165
= 21.4%
•This is above the industry average of 8.3%.
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What is their Total Asset Turnover?
sales total assets
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What is their Total Asset Turnover?
4,165 3,861
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= 1.09 times
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What is their Total Asset Turnover?
4,165 3,861
= 1.09 times
The industry average is 1.18 times. The firm needs to figure out how to squeeze more sales dollars out of its assets. Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover?
credit sales accounts receivable
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What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover?
4,165 964
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= 4.35 times
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What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover?
4,165 964
= 4.35 times
HD turns their A/R over 4.35 times per year. The industry average is 4.87 times. Is this efficient? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover?
cost of goods sold inventory
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What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover?
2,673 = 12.26 times 218 HD turns their inventory over 12.26 times per year. The industry average is 5.78 times. Is this efficient? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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Low inventory turnover: The firm may have too much inventory, which is expensive because: • Inventory takes up costly warehouse space. • Some items may become spoiled or obsolete.
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What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover?
sales fixed assets
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What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover?
4,165 1,033
= 4.06 times
If the industry average is 4.26 times, what does this tell us about HD?
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3. Leverage Ratios (financing decisions) • Measure the impact of using debt capital to finance assets. • Firms use debt to lever (increase) returns on common equity.
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How does Leverage work? • Suppose we have an all equity-financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000.
ROE = (ignore taxes for this example) Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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How does Leverage work? • Suppose we have an all equity-financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000.
15,000 ROE = 100,000
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= 15%
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How does Leverage work? • Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity, and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000.
ROE =
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How does Leverage work? • Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity, and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000.
15,000 4,000 ROE = 50,000
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= 22%
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What is HD’s Debt Ratio?
total debt total assets
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What is HD’s Debt Ratio?
1,628 3,861
= 42.2%
If the industry average is 58%, what does this tell us?
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What is HD’s Debt Ratio?
1,628 3,861
= 42.2%
If the industry average is 58%, what does this tell us? Can leverage make the firm more profitable? Can leverage make the firm riskier? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio?
operating income interest expense
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What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio?
896.1 = 50.2 times 17.85 The industry average is 3.93 times. This is further evidence that the firm uses less debt financing than average. Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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4. Return on Equity
How well are the firm’s managers maximizing shareholder wealth? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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What is HD’s Return on Equity (ROE)?
net income common equity
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What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)?
580 = 26% 2,233 The industry average is 12%. Is this what we would expect, given the firm’s leverage? Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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Conclusion: • Harley Davidson jauh lebih menguntungkan usahanya dibandingkan dengan perusahaan pesaing (OIROI 23.3% dibanding pesaing 9.8%). • HD lebih sedikit menggunakan pendanaan dengan hutang dibandingkan dengan pesaingnya. Perusahaan menghasilkan tingkat pengembalian yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pesaingnya.
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The DuPont Model Brings together: • Profitability • Efficiency • Leverage
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The DuPont Model
𝑅𝑂𝐸 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 1 − 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 1 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 580,217 4,165,167 𝑥 4,165,167 3,861,217 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 1,628,302 1 − 3,861,217
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 26%
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KETERBATASAN ANALISIS RASIO Kadang-kadang sulit untuk mengidentifikasikan katagori industri, jika perusahaan berusaha dalam beberapa bidang usaha. Angka rata-rata industri yang diterbitkan hanya merupakan perkiraan saja dan hanya memberikan petunjuk umum karena bukan merupakan hasil penelitian dari seluruh perusahaan dalam industri. Perbedaan praktek akuntansi antar perusahaan bisa menghasilkan perbedaan dalam perhitungan rasio. Suatu industri kebanyakan tidak menyediakan suatu target atau nilai rasio yang diinginkan. Banyak perusahaan mengalami perubahan operasi mereka. Jadi, masukan neraca dan rasio yang berkaitan dengan dengan neraca tersebut juga akan berubah-rubah menurut tahun ketika laporan dibuat. Finance – I.K. Gunarta
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End of Chapter I.K. Gunarta