ABSTRAK EFEK SARI BUAH MERAH (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR TNF-α PADA MENCIT MODEL KANKER KOLOREKTAL Samuel Kharatuan Ridho, 2010. Pembimbing I: Hana Ratnawati, dr., M.Kes. Pembimbing II: Oeij Anindita Adhika,dr., M.Kes. Inflamasi kronik merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya kanker kolorektal. Pada mencit yang diinduksi kolitis dengan azoxymethane (AOM) dan dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), didapatkan peningkatan ekspresi TNF- dan jumlah leukosit pada lamina propria dan lapisan submukosa kolon. TNFsebagai mediator penting yang berhubungan dengan kolitis dan menyimpulkan bahwa TNF- merupakan target dalam pencegahan kanker kolon pada pasien UC. Buah merah berasal dari Papua dan mengandung berbagai jenis antioksidan dengan kadar yang tinggi dan dipercaya mampu mengobati berbagai macam penyakit dan kanker. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penurunan kadar TNFpada mencit model kanker kolorektal setelah pemberian sari buah merah. Penelitian ini bersifat prosprektif eksperimental laboratorium sungguhan dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), bersifat komparatif. Mencit dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok secara acak (n=7). Kelompok kontrol negatif dan kontrol buah merah hanya diberikan aquabidest/sari buah merah 0,1 mL/hari, tanpa diinduksi kanker kolorektal. Sedangkan kelompok kontrol AOM dan DSS dan kelompok perlakuan buah merah diinduksi kanker kolorektal dengan cara disuntikkan AOM dosis tunggal secara i.p., dilanjutkan dengan pemberian DSS melalui air minum, pada hari ke-6 selama 5 hari. Kemudian selama 16 hari kelompok kontrol AOM dan DSS diberikan aquabidest, sedangkan kelompok perlakuan buah merah diberikan sari buah merah, masing-masing 0,1 mL/hari. Siklus pemberian DSS dan aquabidest/sari buah merah kemudian diulang sebanyak dua kali. Pada hari ke-69, kadar TNF-α serum diukur menggunakan Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis varian (ANAVA) satu arah dilanjutkan dengan uji beda rata-rata Tukey HSD (p 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok perlakuan buah merah memiliki rerata kadar TNF-α serum yang lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol AOM dan DSS (p=0,000). Sedangkan antar kelompok perlakuan buah merah, kelompok kontrol negatif, dan kelompok kontrol positif buah merah tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna. Maka disimpulkan bahwa sari buah merah dapat menurunkan kadar TNF-α serum pada mencit model kanker kolorektal. Kata kunci: IBD, kanker kolorektal, TNF-α, buah merah
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF RED FRUIT (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) REDUCTION SERUM TNF-α LEVEL IN COLORECTAL CANCER MICE MODEL Samuel Kharatuan Ridho, 2010. Advisor I: Hana Ratnawati, dr., M. Kes. Advisor II: Oeij Anindita Adhika, dr., M. Kes. Chronic inflammation is one risk factor for colorectal cancers (CRC). Induced colitis in mice with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), found increased expression of TNF-α and the number of leukocytes in the lamina propria and submucosal layer of the colon. TNF-α as important mediators in the initiation and progression of colon carsinogensis associated with colitis (colitisrelated colon carcinogenesis) and concluded that TNF-α is a target in the prevention of colon cancer in patients with UC. Red fruits contain various types of antioxidants with high levels and is believed capable of treating diseases and cancer. The aim of this study is to find out decreased of TNF-α in mice model of colorectal cancer after administration of red fruit oil. This research is a real prospective laboratory experimental with a complete randomized trial design, is comparative. Male mice strain Balb / C were divided into four groups randomly (n = 7). Negative control group and the control of red fruit were given only aquabidest / red fruit oil 0.1 mL / day, respectively without colorectal cancer induction. Whereas the other two groups were given a single intraperitoneal administration of genotoxic colon carcinogen AOM followed by DSS administration (in drinking water) on the 6th day for 5 days to induce colorectal cancer, after that the AOM dan DSS control group were given aquabidest while the red fruit treatment group were given red fruit oil, each 0.1 mL/day for 26 days. The DSS and aquabidest/red fruit cycle treatment were repeated twice. On 69th day, TNF-α serum concentration was measured using enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA continued with Tukey-HSD (α = 0.05). The result showed that average TNF-α serum concentration of red fruit treated group was significantly decreased compared to the AOM and DSS control group (p=0.000). There is no significant difference were observed among negative and red fruit control groups and red fruit treatment group. As conclusion, red fruit oil decreases TNF-α serum concentration in colorectal cancer mice model. Keywords: IBD, CRC, TNF-α, Red fruit
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DAFTAR ISI Lembar Persetujuan .................................................................... Surat Pernyataan ......................................................................... Abstrak .......................................................................................... Abstract .......................................................................................... Prakata .......................................................................................... Daftar Isi ....................................................................................... Daftar Tabel ................................................................................. Daftar Gambar ............................................................................ Daftar Lampiran .........................................................................
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................... 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................ 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ............................................. 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................. 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ................................................ 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ..................................................... 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran............................................................. 1.6 Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................................ 1.7 Metodologi Penelitian .........................................................
1 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Usus Besar ....................................................................... 2.1.1 Anatomi Usus Besar ............................................. 2.1.2 Histologi Usus Besar ............................................. 2.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease .................................................. 2.3 Hubungan Kolitis Dengan Kanker Kolorektal........................ 2.4 Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) ................................. 2.4.1 Fisiologi TNF-α ……………………..…………....... 2.4.2 Aktivasi Reseptor TNF-α ……….……………......... 2.4.3 TNF-α dan Kanker Kolorektal ..………………........ 2.5 Model Hewan Kanker Kolorektal ………………………....... 2.5.1 DSS …………………………………………..…...... 2.5.2 AOM ………………………………………….……. 2.6 Buah merah ……………………………………....……….…
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BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1.Bahan/Subjek Penelitian…………………………...………… 3.1.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian…………………………… 3.1.1.1 Alat Penelitian .......................................... 3.1.1.2 Bahan Penelitian ....................................... 3.1.2 Subjek Penelitian……………………………............
27 27 27 28 28
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3.1.3 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian………………............. 3.2 Metode Penelitian…………………………………………….. 3.2.1 Disain Penelitian…………………………………...... 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian…………………………………… 3.2.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variabel………………… 3.2.2.2 Definisi Operasional Variabel………………….. 3.2.3 Perhitungan Besar Sampel………………...…………. 3.2.4 Prosedur Penelitian…………………………………... 3.2.4.1 Pengumpulan Bahan ...................................... 3.2.4.2 Persiapan Bahan Uji ...................................... 3.2.4.3 Persiapan Hewan Coba .................................. 3.2.4.4 Sterilisasi Alat ............................................... 3.2.4.5 Prosedur Kerja Penelitian ................................ 3.2.5 Metode Analisis …………………………….............. 3.2.5.1 Hipotesis Statistik………………………............ 3.2.5.2 Kriteria Uji……………………………........…... 3.2.6 Aspek Etik Penelitian ……………………….............
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................. 4.1.1 Kadar TNF-α ......................................................... 4.1.2 Pengujian Statistik Efek Sari Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) terhadap Kadar TNF-α …………… 4.2 Pembahasan ...................................................................... 4.3 Uji Hipotesis .....................................................................
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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan .......................................................................... 5.2 Saran ................................................................................
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................... LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. RIWAYAT HIDUP ......................................................................
47 52 58
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Tabel 2.2 Tabel 4.1 Tabel 4.2
Komposisi Senyawa Aktif Dalam Sari Buah Merah .......... 25 Kandungan Buah Merah ……………………………….….. 26 Rata-rata Kadar TNF-α Serum pada hari ke-69 …………... 39 Hasil Uji ANOVA Efek Sari Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) terhadap Kadar TNF-α hari ke-68 ...................................... 40 Tabel 4.3 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-Rata Metode Tukey-HSD Kadar TNF-α Hari ke-69 ………………………………………………..….….. 41
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 Gambar 2.2 Gambar 2.3 Gambar 2.4 Gambar 2.5 Gambar 2.6 Gambar 2.7 Gambar 2.8 Gambar 2.9 Gambar 4.1
Struktur Anatomi Kolon .................................................... .. Anatomi Usus Besar ............................................................ .. Penampang Jaringan Colon Normal ...................................... .. Perbedaan Crohn’s Disease dan Ulcerative Colitis ………... Hubungan Jalur Aktifasi Reseptor TNF ............................... Aktivasi Reseptor Tumor Necrotizing Factor alpha …….…. Inflamasi Kronis akan Memproduksi RONS ………………. Senyawa Dextran Sulfate Sodium ......................................... Buah Merah Dan Sari Buah Merah .................................... .. Grafik Perbandingan Rata-rata Kadar TNF-α Hari Ke-69 .....
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 Lampiran 2 Lampiran 3 Lampiran 4 Lampiran 5 Lampiran 6
Alat dan Bahan ........................................................................ 52 Perhitungan dosis .................................................................... 53 Uji Homogenitas Berat Badan Mencit Hari ke-1 .................... 54 Hasil Analisis Rerata Statistik Kadar TNF- Menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) Satu Arah ..................................... 55 Hasil Analisis Statistik Rerata Kadar TNF-α Serum menggunakan Uji Beda Rata-rata Tukey HSD ................................................ 57 Riwayat Hidup ………………………………………………… 58
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