* Abdul Wahid Surhim 2016
*Towler, G. and Sinnott, R. 2008. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. Elsevier Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
*
Lydersen, B.K., D’Elia N.A., and Nelson, K.L. (Editors). 1994.
Bioprocess Engineering: Systems, Equipment and Facilities. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ch. 18 Programming and Facility Design Ch. 19 Project Planning Ch. 20 Containment Regulations Affecting the Design and Operation of Biopharmaceutical Facilities
*
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Batasan Disain Proses Disain Anatomi Proses Kimia Struktur Proyek Rekayasa Kimia Dokumentasi Proyek Kode dan Standar Faktor Disain Sistem Satuan Optimisasi
*
Output
Input Reaction Systems
Separation Systems
Energy Systems
Control and Safety Systems
*
Design is a creative activity Design is an inexact art
*
* The constraints that are outside the designer’s influence can be termed the external constraints
* Some constraints will be fixed and invariable, such as those that arise from physical laws, government regulations, and standards.
* Others will be less rigid and can be relaxed by the designer as part of the general strategy for seeking the best design.
* Economic considerations are obviously a major constraint on any engineering design: plants must make a profit
*
Analisis Legalitas KPS KILANG MINYAK Perpres No. 67 Tahun 2005, Pasal 4 (1) Jenis infrastruktur yang dapat dikerjasamakan dengan Badan Usaha mencakup: h. Infrastruktur minyak dan gas bumi, meliputi pengolahan, penyimpanan, pengangkutan, transmisi, atau distribusi minyak dan gas bumi.
Perpres No. 13 Tahun 2010 Pasal 4 (1) Jenis infrastruktur yang dapat dikerjasamakan dengan Badan Usaha mencakup: h. Infrastruktur minyak dan gas bumi, meliputi transmisi dan/atau distribusi minyak dan gas bumi.
Perlu adanya pembuatan/amandemen peraturan yang telah ada untuk menyediakan aspek legalitas mengenai pembangunan infrastruktur minyak dan gas untuk keseluruhan kegiatan hilir migas sebagaimana pernah ada di Perpres No. 67 Tahun 2005.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
NIH (National Institutes of Health) Guidelines Biotechnology Science Coordinating Committee (BSCC) FDA (Food and Drug Administration) EPA (Environment Protection Agency) US Department of Agriculture (USDA) OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Recombinant DNA Safety Considerations
*
USA
* Within this boundary there will be a number of plausible designs bounded by the other constraints, the internal constraints, over which the designer has some control, such as
* choice of process * choice of process conditions, * materials, and * equipment
* Time will also be a constraint. * The time available for completion of a design will usually limit the number of alternative designs that can be considered
*
*
*
*
* Semua desain dimulai dengan kebutuhan yang dirasakan. * Dalam disain proses kimia, KEBUTUHANNYA adalah kebutuhan public pada produk, menciptakan peluang komersial, seperti yang diramalkan oleh organisasi penjualan dan pemasaran. * Dalam obyektif yang menyeluruh ini, perancang akan mengenali subobyektif, keperluan dari satuan-satuan yang bervariasi yang menciptakan proses yang menyeluruh * Penting untuk menentukan antara kebutuhan yang ‘‘harus dimiliki’’ dan yang ‘‘seharusnya dimiliki’’ * Yang ‘‘seharusnya dimiliki’’ adalah bagian dari spesifikasi awal yang diinginkan, yang dibutuhkan dalam pengembangan * Penting untuk memastikan bahwa semua disain itu cocok untuk pelayanan, yakni kebutuhan yang “harus dimiliki” pelanggan
*
*Untuk melihat KEBUTUHAN dapat dilakukan dengan SUPPLY-DEMAND ANALYSIS
*Demand >> Supply Perlu PRODUKSI yang lebih besar lagi
*Cara menentukan permintaan: *Time-series Analysis *Regression *Econometrics
*
* The design basis is a more precise statement of the problem
that is to be solved. * It will normally include the production rate and purity specifications of the main product, together with information on constraints that will influence the design, such as 1. The system of units to be used. 2. The national, local or company design codes that must be followed. 3. Details of raw materials that are available. 4. Information on potential sites where the plant might be located, including climate data, seismic conditions, and infrastructure availability. 5. Information on the conditions, availability, and price of utility services such as fuel (gas), steam, cooling water, process air, process water, and electricity, that will be needed to run the process
*
*The creative part of the design process is the generation of possible solutions to the problem for analysis, evaluation, and selection.
*In this activity, most designers largely rely on previous experience—their own and that of others.
*It is doubtful if any design is entirely novel. *The antecedents of most designs can usually be easily traced
*
*Chemical engineering projects can be divided into three types, depending on the novelty involved:
1. Modifications, and additions, to existing plant; usually carried out by the plant design group.
2. New production capacity to meet growing sales demand and the sale of established processes by contractors
3. New processes, developed from laboratory research, through pilot plant, to a commercial process
*
* When design alternatives are suggested, they must be tested for fitness of purpose.
* In other words, the design engineer must determine how well each design concept meets the identified need.
* In the field of chemical engineering, it is usually prohibitively expensive to build several designs to find out which one works best (a practice known as ‘‘proto-typing,’’ which is common in other engineering disciplines).
* Instead, the design engineer builds a mathematical model of the process, usually in the form of computer simulations of the process, reactors, and other key equipment
*
*Once the designer has identified a few candidate designs that meet the customer objective, then the process of design selection can begin.
*The primary criterion for design selection is usually economic performance, although factors such as safety and environmental impact may also play a strong role
*The economic analysis of the product or process can also be used to optimize the design
*
* After the process or product concept has been selected, the project moves on to detailed design.
* Here the detailed specifications of equipment such as vessels, exchangers, pumps, and instruments are determined.
* The design engineer may work with other engineering disciplines, such as
* civil engineers for site preparation, * mechanical engineers for design of vessels and structures, and * electrical engineers for instrumentation and control
* Many companies engage specialist Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) companies, commonly known as contractors, at the detailed design stage
*
*When the details of the design have been finalized, the equipment can be purchased and the plant can be built.
*Procurement and construction are usually carried out by an EPC firm unless the project is very small
*Finally, once the plant is built and readied for startup, it can begin operation.
*The design engineer will often then be called upon to help resolve any startup issues and teething problems with the new plant.
*
*
*
*
1.
General correspondence within the design group and with
* * * *
2.
3.
Government departments Equipment vendors Site personnel The client
Calculation sheets
* * *
4.
Design calculations Cost estimates Material and energy balances
5.
Specification sheets
* * * *
Health, Safety and Environmental information:
*
Drawings
*
* *
*
* * * * * *
Flowsheets Piping and instrumentation diagrams Layout diagrams Plot/site plans Equipment details Piping diagrams (isometrics) Architectural drawings Design sketches
6.
*
The design basis Feed and product specifications An equipment list Sheets for equipment, such as heat exchangers, pumps, heaters, etc.
Materials safety data sheets (MSDS forms) HAZOP or HAZAN documentation (see Chapter 9) Emissions assessments and permits
Purchase orders
* *
Quotations Invoices
* Standar pertama diperkenalkan oleh Whitworth pada tahun 1841 * Tujuannya adalah untuk memberikan ukuran interchangeability antar manufaktur yang berbeda * Standar modern mencakup
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Materials, properties, and compositions. Testing procedures for performance, compositions, and quality. Preferred sizes; for example, tubes, plates, sections, etc. Methods for design, inspection, and fabrication. Codes of practice for plant operation and safety
*
* Istilah Standar dan Kode digunakan secara bertukaran, meski
* KODE seharusnya digunakan untuk kode praktis yang
mencakup, katakanlah, disain yang direkomendasikan atau prosedur operasi * STANDAR untuk ukuran (sizes), komposisi, dll yang disukai
* SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) * American National Standards Institute (ANSI) * American Petroleum Institute (API) * American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) * American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
(pressure vessels and pipes) * National Fire Protection Association (NFPA; safety) * Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society (ISA; process control) * International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
*
The ANSI Pump * The ANSI pump is designed and built to the dimensional standards of the American National Standards Institute. Over the years, the ANSI pump has become the preferred style of end suction pumps, not only for chemical process applications, but also for water and other less aggressive services. The Standard provides for dimensional interchangeability of pumps from one manufacturer to another. The API Pump * On the other hand, the API pump meets the requirements of the American Petroleum Institute Standard 610 for General Refinery Service. This style is almost the exclusive choice for applications in the oil refinery industry, where it handles higher temperature and pressure applications of a more aggressive nature that are common in the refineries. The Service Considerations * In both the chemical and petrochemical industries, many of the liquids being pumped require more consideration than merely environmental damage and pumping efficiency and reliability. It is necessary to consider the aspect of personal safety. Therefore, the choice between the ANSI pump and the API pump must take into account the specific fluid properties as well as the operating conditions.
*
TUGAS *Cari contoh regulasi, kode atau standar untuk peralatan (bio) proses
*Unggah file-filenya ke SCELE *Tugas kelompok (maks 3 orang) *Diserahkan PEKAN DEPAN
*
*Kesalahan dan ketidakpastian muncul dari *ketidakpastian ketersediaan data disain, dan *keperluan pendekatan dalam perhitungan disain
*Perancang yang berpengalaman memasukkan tingkat kelebihan disain yang disebut ‘‘design
factor,’’ ‘‘design margin,’’ atau ‘‘safety factor,’’ untuk memastikan bahwa disain yang dibangun sesuai dengan spesifikasi produk dan beroperasi secara aman
*
*
1. Obyektif disain 2. Batasan dan derajat kebebasan 3. Titik temu (trade-offs) 4. Dekomposisi masalah 5. Optimisasi variabel disain tunggal 6. Metode pencarian 7. Optimisasi dua variabel disain atau lebih 8. Linear programming 9. Nonlinear programming 10.Mixed Integer Programming 11.Optimisasi dalam praktek industri
*
