6. Common infectious diseases in farm animals All farm animals naturally carry a wide range of diseases, some of which can also affect humans. These diseases are known as zoonoses, and everybody in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products may be at risk from them. Moreover, profits are reduced when illnesses and parasites affect the animals. Thus, certain precautions to maintain healthy livestock are very important. Farmers should cooperate with a veterinarian and consult on how to control the disease in the flock or herd, follow good feeding and husbandry practices to help prevent animals carrying or excreting large numbers of the disease-causing organisms, or keep all records of the herd. Buying animals from disease-free herds and isolating new animals reduces the risk of infection outbreak as well. In some cases it is possible to lower the risk of contracting a zoonosis by controlling the disease in the animal, for example, vaccinating cattle or using wholesome feed. Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of contracting a zoonosis completely, the principles of good occupational hygiene to protect against the remaining risk should be observed. These regard three main points: following safe working practices, using personal protective equipment and keeping good personal hygiene. Monitoring the vital signs as temperature, pulse and respiration rate in an animal can lead to early detection of a disease. It is always better to prevent health problems than to try to treat them once they have occurred. Still, if the animal contracts a disease, it must be diagnosed correctly and cured with appropriate drugs. Main zoonoses transmitted by the livestock in the Czech Republic Zoonoses represent a major portion of the reported infectious diseases in the Czech Republic. They may be of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal etiology and the transmission is either via direct contact with the infected animal (e.g. blood or saliva in case of rabies) or, more frequently, via indirect contact (food borne or water borne diseases in case of salmonella and campylobacteriosis). Among the most common zoonoses transmitted by sheep, horses, cows and swines belong listeriosis, brucellosis, Q fever, mycobacteriosis and yersiniosis; typical zoonotic diseases associated with poultry are salmonellosis, avian influenza, and campylobacteriosis. Zoonoses are of great concern because they are still frequent, some of them tend to appear suddenly and be particularly virulent and particular infections as e.g. avian flu continue to find new ways to move from organism to organism. In many cases the course of the disease in people (mainly immunocompromised) may be complicated. Thus awareness of and following strict precautions can significantly reduce the risk of contrasting these infections. Task. Read the following article and decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1) Salmonella bacteria can cause serious infections in people who are immunocomprised. 2) Infection of people via contact with infected animal is impossible. 3) Salmonella can influence mortality of poultry embryos. 4) Via vertical transmission the bacterium gets into the egg. 5) Salmonella might be eradicated if all precautions were followed strictly.
Salmonella in poultry production Salmonella species are gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, zoonotic bacteria that can be transmitted by all animals, including humans. The incidence of various Salmonella species seems to vary depending on geographic location and the types of food consumed. Imported birds and animals may help to introduce different Salmonella species to the local area which can lead to new and devastating outbreaks. Basically, the degree of illness depends on factors of both the bacteria and the host. The bacterium’s serotype and phage type is of significance but also the type of animal, age and general health status. Salmonella in poultry can be regarded as two types of infection; the first group of serotypes (e.g. Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum) can cause severe clinical disease in poultry but are rare in humans. This is mainly in very young chickens aged up to two weeks that salmonella can cause disease and death. The symptoms may vary and include weakness, loss of appetite, poor growth, malaise and watery diarrhoea. In adult poultry, disease is rarely seen even if they have bacteria in the blood. The second group (currently about 200 Salmonella serotypes associated with food-borne infections in humans in the EU) is primarily important for public health, since these bacteria very often cause illness in humans, although normally do not cause clinical disease in poultry. Horizontal transmission (from contamination in the environment to the birds) is frequent. Key routes of infection remain contaminated feed, contamination of hatchery equipment and poultry houses, farm pests between flocks, staff movements and contaminated equipment. Infected poultry can clear themselves of infection after some time; nevertheless some may excrete bacteria in droppings for several months and it is practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on permanent bedding. If Salmonella is present in chickens reared for meat it increases the risk that the poultry meat produced from these chickens will be contaminated with these bacteria. The disease in people may also frequently result from the contact with farm animal dung (putting hands contaminated with dung in or close to the mouth, especially during eating, drinking or smoking). Vertical transmission (transmission of the bacteria from parent flocks to progeny) can occur, subsequently chicks hatch and spread salmonella by direct contact or the infected hatching eggs lead to low hatchability with increased embryo mortality and increased mortality among newly hatched chickens. Via this route infection can be passed on to humans via consumption of infected eggs. The disease has a greater chance of spreading in overcrowded conditions, stale air environments, nestboxes, and brooders. In most cases, the birds are not sick and the production is not affected. The incubation period of salmonella in people usually ranges from several hours to two days. Possible signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, chills, headache, muscle pains, and blood in the stool. They generally last four to seven days, although it may take several months for the bowels to return to normal. A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries. Salmonella are widespread and their complete elimination from the environment is unlikely to be economically feasible and possible in most countries. Nevertheless, if many of the hygiene practice principles and bio security procedures are applied and followed as far as possible, the risk of introduction and persistence of the infection may be reduced to minimal levels.
Useful Phrases and Expressions disease/illness/disorder/ailment non-communicable/non-infectious diseases communicable/infectious/contagious diseases foodborne diseases waterborne diseases airborne diseases vector borne diseases carrier/vector diseases of environmental origin diseases preventable by vaccination diseases transmitted by non-conventional agents zoonosis
nemoc neinfekční nemoci přenosné nemoci nemoci přenášené potravinami nemoci přenášené vodou nemoci přenášené vzduchem nemoci přenášené vektory přenašeč nemoci závislé na prostředí nemoci, jimž lze předcházet očkováním nemoci přenášené nekonvenčními původci zoonóza
contagion/infection endogenous infection exogenous infection
infekce, nákaza infekce vnitřního původu infekce vnějšího původu
curable disease/incurable disease deadly/fatal disease acute disease chronic disease congenital disease hereditary disease autoimmune disease notifiable disease infestation
vyléčitelná nemoc/nevyléčitelná nemoc smrtelné onemocnění akutní/náhlé onemocnění chronické onemocnění vrozené onemocnění dědičné onemocnění autoimunitní onemocnění povinně hlášená nemoc napadení (parazitem)
epidemic pandemic outbreak endemic mortality rate morbidity rate
epidemie pandemie propuknutí choroby endemická choroba úmrtnost nemocnost
Disease description incubation period symptoms/signs disease occurrence disease treatment/therapy disease prevention disease onset disease course cause of a disease
inkubační doba symptom/příznaky výskyt nemoci léčba nemoci prevence nemoci nástup nemoci, začátek nemoci průběh nemoci příčina nemoci
Vocabulary part 1. Fill in the gaps with the “disease terms” described below. The first letters have been given. a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically H…………………… D…………………. any disease producing agent P…………………… an animal or plant that lives in or host P…………………… the cause of a disease E…………………… a prediction of the course of a disease P…………………… extreme harmfulness V…………………… an animal that nourishes and supports a parasite H…………………… any disease easily transmitted by contact C…………………… D………………… arising from an unknown cause I…………………… not presently active L…………………… having a rapid onset and short but severe course A…………………… a branch of medicine studying causes, nature and effects of diseases P…………………… recognition of a disease by symptoms D…………………… less than acute when referring to an onset of a disease S…………………… an epidemic that is geographically widespread P……………………
2. Fill in the gaps with the “symptom words” below and translate them into Czech. aggression, anorexia, apathy, bleeding, blister, bloating, chills, constipation, convulsions, cough, diarrhoea, difficulty swallowing, discharge, drooling , fatigue, fever, incoordination, infertility, itching, malaise, miscarriage, nausea, paralysis, rash, respiratory arrest, stillbirth, stomach ache, sweating, swelling, vomiting, weight gain, weight loss Symptom Meaning Czech translation decrease in weight a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness passing solid waste from the body too often and in a liquid form inability to move solid waste out of the body easily the feeling that you are going to vomit decrease in weight forceful expulsion of the contents of animal’s stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose a feeling of having no interest in anything pain in the stomach a feeling of being extremely tired, either physically or mentally
violent movements of a body that cannot be controlled a liquid coming out from a part of the body when being ill the process of losing blood from the body a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever the temperature of the body is very high production of liquid on the surface of the skin when being hot, nervous, or ill the increase in size of an area of the body caused by an injury or an illness any abnormal general swelling, or increase in diameter of the abdominal area a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes very poor appetite whatever the cause a change of the skin which affects its colour, appearance or texture a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch a swollen area on the skin that is full of a clear liquid lack of the physical ability to have offspring the spontaneous end of a pregnancy before foetal viability when a foetus has died in the uterus an angry feeling that makes you want to attack or defeat someone else to let saliva (=the liquid in your mouth) come out of your mouth lack of coordination or organization difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to control food or saliva in the mouth the cessation of normal respiration due to failure of the lungs to function effectively loss of muscle function for one or more muscles inability to walk well due to damaged limbs, hooves or feet
3. Discussion. Read the following text and decide on what further examination or investigation. The horse feels out of sorts during the whole week. It has already lost almost 5 kilos. It suffers from diarrhoea and anorexia; and there was blood in the stools. Yesterday strange scattered spots appeared behind the ears and on the forehead. The rash spreads rapidly, first to head and then to the neck. The horse presents shortness of breath and loses of coordination. The pulse is regular in force as well as in time; blood pressure seems to be normal. 4. Translate into English. 1) silné krvácení z nozder 2) vysoká horečka klesající za 2 dny 3) některá zvířata jsou bez příznaků 4) bolest kloubů a svalů 5) problémy s dýcháním 6) bolesti v horní části břicha 7) napadený kus musí být v karanténě 8) pozorujte životně důležité funkce 9) nemoc ohlaste při prvních příznacích 10) průběh onemocnění může být komplikovaný 11) tyto viry jsou obzvláště nakažlivé 12) uchovávejte záznamy o stádu 13) průběh nemoci je rozdělen do několika fází 14) nemoc nelze vyléčit jen zpomalit 15) zvýšená nemocnost v hejnu hus 16) návrat k normálnímu stavu 17) nemoc běžná pro rozvojové země 18) bakterie v těle přežívají dlouho po uzdravení 19) přímý kontakt s přenašečem 20) zbavit se nakažených kusů
…………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………….
5. Match the diseases with their descriptions. campylobacteriosis, brucellosis, Q fever, avian mycobacteriosis, avian influenza, yersiniosis, listeriosis
in animals it is generally typified by late-term abortions and inflammatory lesions in the male reproductive tract, sometimes abortions and other reproductive disorders, less commonly arthritis, abortion and other reproductive disorders; bacterial of greatest clinical significance in ruminants, but monogastrics can also be affected; usually occurs via ingestion of the organism from feed/environment; can also enter through the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva and wounds; bacterial typical respiratory disease (lethargy, inappetence, nasal discharge, sneezing) characterised by reductions in egg production; sometimes highly fatal, systemic disease ("fowl plague") characterized by oedema, haemorrhages, and infection of the CNS; viral
disease of unknown etiology, first recognized in Queensland, Australia in 1935; cattle, goats and sheep are most commonly infected and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria; a wellrecognized cause of abortions in ruminants; bacterial an important disease which affects companion, captive, exotic, wild and domestic birds; lesions are typically found in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can potentially be affected; bacterial animals farmed for meat are the main source of the disease; a large animal reservoir is present as well, with up to 100% of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl, having asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts; bacterial the most common source of this infection in humans is pork (raw or undercooked) and pigs are considered the main carrier; other bacterial strains are also found in many other animals including rodents, rabbits, sheep, cattle, horses, dogs and cats; bacterial
Grammar part Key points: Past ability: talking about general past ability could (mohl jsem/uměl jsem) couldn’t (nemohl jsem/neuměl jsem) talking about one specific past action was/were able to (byl jsem schopen/nebyl jsem schopen) wasn’t/weren’t able to (nebyl jsem schopen) Past certainty and uncertainty: making logical deductions about past actions must have + past participle (určitě to tak bylo) can’t have/couldn’t have + past participle (určitě to tak nebylo) expressing possibility or uncertainty about past actions may have/might have/could have (možná to tak bylo) may not have/might not have (možná o tak nebylo) Past obligation: had to + infinitive (must has no past form) (musel jsem to udělat) didn’t have to+ infinitive (nemusel jsem to udělat) expressing the feeling that a mistake was made should have/ ought to have + past participle (měl jsem něco udělat) expressing that we did something, but it was not necessary needn’t have + past participle (nemusel jsem něco dělat, ale udělal) expressing that something was not necessary under circumstances where it was not done didn’t need to (nemusel jsem něco udělat a neudělal)
1. Transform the following sentences into past. The hens can be ill. __________________________________________________________________________________ You should examine the whole herd. __________________________________________________________________________________ We have to ask for a full blood count. __________________________________________________________________________________ Look at that strange sheep! It must be ill. __________________________________________________________________________________ The cow may suffer from brucellosis. __________________________________________________________________________________ My colleague can treat grazes and other superficial injuries very well. __________________________________________________________________________________ The results of the laboratory test can’t be within normal limits! __________________________________________________________________________________
2. Form the negative or positive verb forms from the underlined verbs. You should have asked the employer about existing health hazards. __________________________________________________________________________________ We had to reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases the last year. __________________________________________________________________________________ Anthrax must have been a notifiable disease 50 years ago. __________________________________________________________________________________ The rest of the herd could have been in contact. __________________________________________________________________________________ They didn’t need to reduce the dose of the antibiotics. __________________________________________________________________________________ The painkillers might have been contraindicated. __________________________________________________________________________________ The infected poultry can’t have recovered after 5 days therapy. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question. 1) What did I do wrong? You shouldn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate. You mustn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate. 2) Why was the horse whining? It should have felt nervous. It might have felt nervous. 3) You forgot to give a daily injection of insulin to the dog. Sorry, I had to look into the logbook. Sorry, I should have looked into the logbook. 4) What did you think about the cattle body condition? The animals should have been ready for slaughter. The animals didn’t have to be ready for slaughter. 5) What do you think has affected the cows’ nervous system? I don’t know. They might have been poisoned. I don’t know. They must have been poisoned.
4. Translate the following sentences into English. 1) Všechny nemocné kusy musely být utraceny. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2) Takové reakce musely způsobit příliš velké dávky léků. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3) Popisované příznaky nemohly poukazovat na slintavku a kulhavku. ____________________________________________________________________________ 4) Neobvyklými příznaky prasečí červenky mohly být nevolnost a zvracení. ____________________________________________________________________________ 5) Lidé, kteří byli v minulosti pravděpodobně vystaveni vzteklině, nevyhnutelně kontaktují lékaře. ____________________________________________________________________________ 6) Testy na brucelózu byly u stáda určitě provedeny včas. ____________________________________________________________________________ 7) Oděrky na kůži jsme museli bezprostředně ošetřit kvůli možné infekci. ____________________________________________________________________________ 8) Kdo se nemohl dostavit na školení včas, bude poučen příští týden. ____________________________________________________________________________ 9) Museli jste provádět testování náhodných vzorků zvířat týden po vakcinaci? ____________________________________________________________________________ 10) Kdo z vás mohl potvrdit přímý přenos BSE z dobytka na člověka? ____________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary abortion (n) affect (v) arthritis (n) bacterial (adj) bedding (n) brooder (n) brucellosis (n) contract (v) cure (v) detection (n) diarrhoea (n) discharge (n) dropping (n) dung (n) eradicate (v) flock (n) fungal (adj) haemorrhage (n) hatchability (n) hatchery (n) herd (n) husbandry (n) chills (n) immunocompromised lesion (n) listeriosis (n) malaise (n) mycobacteriosis (n) nausea (n) nest-box (n) occupational (adj) oedema (n) parasitic (adj) pest (n) phage (n) precaution (n) Q fever (n) rare (adj) rear (v) regard (v) reservoir (n) rid (v) rod-shaped (adj)
/əˈbɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n/ /əˈfekt/ /ɑː(r)ˈθraɪtɪs/ /bækˈtɪəriəl/ /ˈbedɪŋ/ /bruːd ə(r)/ /ˌbruːsɪˈləʊsɪs/ /kənˈtrækt/ /kjʊə(r)/ /dɪˈtekʃ(ə)n/ /ˌdaɪəˈriːə/ /dɪsˈtʃɑː(r)dʒ/ /drɒpɪŋ / /dʌŋ/ /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/ /flɒk/ /ˈfʌŋɡ(ə)l/ /ˈhem(ə)rɪdʒ/ /hætʃəˈbɪləti / /ˈhætʃəri/ /hɜː(r)d/ /ˈhʌzbəndri/ /tʃɪls/ /injʊnəʊˈˈkɒmprəmaɪzt/ /ˈliːʒ(ə)n/ /lɪˌstɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ /məˈleɪz/ /maɪkəʊˌbæktɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ /ˈnɔːziə/ /nest bɒks/ /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ /ɪˈdiːmə/ /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/ /pest/ /feɪdʒ/ /prɪˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/ /kjuːˈ fiːvə(r)/ /reə(r)/ /rɪə(r)/ /rɪˈɡɑː(r)d/ /ˈrezə(r)ˌvwɑː(r)/ /rɪd/ /rɒd ʃeɪpt/
přerušení březosti postihnout, zachvátit artritida bakteriální podestýlka, stelivo umělá líheň v drůbežárně brucelóza onemocnět vyléčit, zahojit odhalení průjem výtok trus hnůj, trus vymýtit, vyhladit hejno (ptáků), stádo (ovcí) houbový, plísňový krvácení, krevní výron líhnivost (umělá) líheň stádo (dobytka) zemědělství třesavka imunokompromitovaný poškození, zranění listerióza malátnost, nevolnost mykobakterióza žaludeční nevolnost kukaň (pro slepice) pracovní otok parazitární (drobný) škůdce (bakterio)fág preventivní opatření Q horečka vzácný chovat, pěstovat týkat se, vztahovat se zásobárna, ložisko zbavit se, vymýtit tyčinkovitý
route (n) saliva (n) salmonella (n) sneeze (v) stale (adj) status (n) stool (n) strain (n) typhoid (adj) typify (v) viral (adj) virulent (adj) waterfowl (n) wholesome (adj) yersiniosis (n)
/ruːt/ /səˈlaɪvə/ /ˌsælməˈnelə/ /sniːz/ /steɪl/ /ˈsteɪtəs/ /stuːl/ /streɪn/ /ˈtaɪfɔɪd/ /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/ /ˈvaɪrəl/ /ˈvɪrʊlənt/ /ˈwɔːtə(r)ˌfaʊl/ /ˈhəʊls(ə)m/ /j ɜː(r)s iːnɪˈəʊsɪs/
cesta, trasa slina, sliny salmonela, salmonelóza kýchat zatuchlý, vyčpělý stav stolice, výkaly kmen (bakterií) tyfus být typickým příkladem virový prudce nakažlivý vodní ptactvo zdravý, prospěšný yersinióza
