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CHIARA  SEMPLICINI  

 

Gender  selection  and  syntactic  constructions:     the  case  of  Dutch  double  gender  nouns  

APPENDIX     The  appendix  contains  those  cases  of  intra-­‐speaker  gender  variation  for  DGNs  that  have   been  quoted  in  distinct  sentences  in  the  body  of  the  article.       de/het   aperitief         (aperitif)     De  perfecte  aperitief:  fruitbier  met  chocolade   De  Oudenaardse  brouwerij  Liefmans  serveert  dit  voorjaar   zijn  nieuwste  fruitbier   met   donkere   chocolade.   [...]   Chocolade   kan   perfect   bij   het   aperitief   geserveerd   worden,   oordeelde   men   bij   Liefmans.   "De   bittere   smaak   van   de   chocolade   harmonieert   prima   met   het   zoete   fruitbier   waardoor   een   nieuwe   aperitiefbelevenis  ontstaat",  oordeelt  Marc  Coessens,  meester-­‐brouwer.     The  perfect  aperitif-­‐C:  fruit  beer  with  chocolate     This   year   the   brewery   Liefmans   in   Oudenaarde   serves   its   new   fruit   beer   with   †ƒ” …Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡Ǥ  ȏǥȐ Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡ ‹• ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž› •—‹–‡†   to   be   served   by   the   aperitif-­‐N,   ƒ‰”‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡„›‹‡ˆƒ•ǤǮŠ‡„‹––‡”ˆŽƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Š‡…Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡‰‘‡•˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š –Š‡ •™‡‡– ˆ”—‹– „‡‡” ™Š‡”‡„› ƒ ‡™ ƒ’‡”‹–‹ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ƒ”‹•‡•ǯǡ ƒ••‡”–‡† –Š‡ master  brewer  Marc  Coessens.     http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/39/Lekker-­‐ Eten/article/detail/1081148/2010/03/17/De-­‐perfecte-­‐aperitief-­‐fruitbier-­‐met-­‐ chocolade.dhtml       de/het  altaar     (altar)     De   bovenkant   van   het   raamwerk   bevond   zich   op   1.85   boven   de   altaartafel.   Hij   denkt  dan  ook  dat  de  dief  met  een  stoel  op  het  altaar  heeft  gestaan  om  het  paneel   los  te  krijgen  van  boven.[...]  waarom  er  geen  voetafdrukken  op  het  altaar  waren.   Als  je  binnen  staat  en  het  altaarstuk  naar  boven   uit  de  lijst  wil  halen  dan   moet  je   op   het   altaar   gaan   staan.   Uit   politieonderzoek   blijkt   echter   dat   de   altaar   stoffig   was  en  dat  de  stof  niet  was  aangetast.  Ook  waren  er  geen  voetafdrukken  op  het   opgevouwen   altaarkleed.   Niets   wees   erop   dat   men   op   het   altaar   is   geklommen!   (Bron:  Karl  Hammer.  Hij  baseert  zich  op  een  politierapport  van  Hantsen.).       The  upper  side  of  the  window  frame  is  1.85  above  the  altar  table.  He  also  thinks   that   the   thief   got  on   the   altar-­‐N   ™‹–Šƒ…Šƒ‹”–‘‰‡––Š‡’ƒ‡Žˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǤȏǥȐ™Š› there   were  no   footprints  on  the  altar-­‐N   If  you  are   inside  and  you  want  to   take   the   altar  piece  up  from  the  frame  then  you  have  to   be  on  the  altar-­‐N.  According  to  the   police  investigation  came  out  that   the  altar-­‐C  was  dusty  and  that  the  dust  had  not   been   removed.   Moreover   there   were   no   footprints   on   the   bent   altar   cloth.   Nothing   indicates   that   someone   has   climbed   on   the   altar-­‐N!   (Source:   Karl   Hammer.  He  goes  on  the  basis  of  the  report  of  the  police  of  Hantsen).     http://www.oogvanhorus.nl/03_Diefstal/02_reconstructie.htm     de/het  aanrecht     (work  surface)     Brooddeeg  kneden  op  het  aanrecht       Dan  maar  met  de  handen  kneden  op  het  aanrecht.  [...]  Nadeel  is  dat  je  de  aanrecht   eerst   goed   schoon   moet   maken.   En   dan   nog   een   keer   als   je   klaar   bent,   want   er   blijft  altijd  deeg  achter  op  het  aanrecht.    

On-­‐Line  Proceedings  of  the  8th  Mediterranean  Morphology  Meeting  

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Gender  selection  and  syntactic  constructions:     the  case  of  Dutch  double  gender  nouns  

  Bread  dough  kneading  on  the  work  surface-­‐N   Therefore  kneading  with  the  hands  on  the  work  surface-­‐NǤȏǥȐŠ‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹• that  before  you  have  to  clean  the  work  surface-­‐C.  And  then  again  another  time  as   you  are  ready  because  dough  always  remains  on  the  work  surface-­‐N.       http://floorp.nl/broodbakmachine/hoe-­‐het-­‐begon-­‐brood-­‐bakken.htm     de/het  omslag     (cover)     Handzaam  en  voordelig  fotoboek.     Eigen  foto's  en  tekst  op  het  omslag.     Zachte  omslag  geeft  paperback  uitstraling.     Maak  nu  je  eigen  fotoboek     Fotoboeken  met  zachte  omslag     Paperbacks  waren  altijd  al  populair.  Niet  alleen  door  de  aantrekkelijke  prijs,  maar   ook  omdat  ze  gemakkelijk  zijn  mee  te  nemen  en  door  te  bladeren.  Doordat   je  het   omslag   helemaal   zelf   kan   samenstellen,   krijg   je   een   heel   persoonlijk   exemplaar.   Net   zoals   bij   de   fotoboeken   met   een   harde   omslag   heb   je   ook   hier   alle   mogelijkheden   om   je   fotoboek   te   verfraaien   met   achtergronden,   teksten,   scraps   en  pagina  indelingen.      

 

Photo  books  convenient  and  easy  to  handle     Your  own  photos  and  texts  on  the  cover-­‐N     Soft  cover-­‐C  gives  brightness  to  the  paperback   Make  now  your  own  photo  book   Photo  books  with  soft  cover-­‐C     Paperbacks   have   always   been   popular.   Not   only   because   of   the   attractive   price,   but  also  because  they  are  easy  to  handle  and  to  flick  trough.  Given  that  you  can   yourself   assemble  the   cover-­‐N   you   get   an  highly   personal  copy.   Just   as   in   the   case   of  photo  books  with  a  soft  cover-­‐C  you  have  all  the  means  to  embellish  your  photo   book  with  backgrounds,  texts,  scraps  and  pages  distribution.         http://www.myphotofun.nl/producten/fotoboek-­‐zachte-­‐omslag.aspx   de/het  vergiet     (colander)     Vul  de  pan   met  een   laag   water,  laat   het  water  koken  en  plaats  de  vergiet  erboven   op.   Doe   in   het   vergiet   de  rijst   -­‐   die   je   vantevoren   even   gekookt   heb   -­‐   plaats  een   deksel  bovenop  het  vergiet  en  laat  het  zo  stomen.Let  op:  het  water  mag  niet   in  het   vergiet  komen,  dus  doe  niet  teveel  water  in  de  pan!       Fill  the  pan  with  little  water,  let  the  water  boil  and  put  the  colander-­‐C  over  that.   Put  the   rice   in  the   colander-­‐N   Ȃ   which   you  have   already  cooked   Ȃ   put   a  cover  over   the  colander-­‐N  and  let  it  steam.  Be  careful:  the  water  must  not    pass  through  the   colander-­‐N,  therefore  do  not  put  too  much  water  in  the  pan!     http://eten-­‐en-­‐drinken.infonu.nl/recepten/4031-­‐indische-­‐snacks-­‐lemper-­‐hartig-­‐ gevulde-­‐rijstrolletjes.html     de/het  drop     (liquorice)    

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Wat  moet   je   doen?  Doe  de   drop   in  het   pannetje   en  zet   deze   op   een   laag   pitje.   Laat   de  drop  smelten  en  voeg  naar  smaak  suiker  toe,  om  het  dropijs  zoeter  te  krijgen.     Blijf   goed   roeren.   Als   de   drop   niet   makkelijk   smelt   zou   je   een   beetje   water   toe   kunnen  voegen.  Een  klein  beetje  water  toevoegen  kan  helpen  om   het  drop  beter   te  laten  smelten  zonder  dat  het  aankoekt.       What   do   you   have   to   do?  Put  the   liquorice-­‐C   in   the   little   pan   and   leave   it   on   a   low   heat.  Let  the  liquorice-­‐C  melt  and  add  sugar  as  much  as  you  like  to  get  a  sweeter   liquorice  ice  cream.  Keep  mixing.   If  the  liquorice-­‐C  does  not  melt  easy  you  could   add   a   bit   of   water.   Adding   a   bit   of   water   can  help   to   melt  the   liquorice-­‐N   avoiding   that  it  overcooks.     http://www.dropenzo.nl/drop-­‐en-­‐gerechten/drop-­‐en-­‐ijs/drop-­‐en-­‐ijs-­‐maken-­‐ the-­‐easy-­‐way.html       de/het  kauwgom   (chewing  gum)   Kauwgom  wordt  gemaakt  in  een  kauwgomfabriek.  Men  gebruikt  daarbij  natuurlijke   gom  'de  gom   uit  bomen'   maar   ook  kunstmatige  gom.  Die   maakt   de  fabriek  zelf.  Eerst   gaan  de  gommen  in  een  smeltmachine,  die  roert  de  gommen  door  elkaar.  Gom  smelt   als  het  warm  wordt,  dus  worden  ze  daar  warm  gemaakt.  Daarna  moet  er  suiker  bij  de   gom.   Daarvoor  wordt  poedersuiker  gebruikt.   Als  de  gommen  weer  koud   zijn  gaan    ze   in  de  kneedmachine  en  daar  doen  ze   er  suiker,   een  smaakje,   en  een  kleurstof   bij.   Dan   gaat  de  kauwgom  in  een  machine  die  er  een  lint  van  maakt.  Dan  gaat  het  lint  door  een   walsmachine.   Daar   wordt   het   plat   gemaakt   en   dan   komt   het   in   de   snijmachine   en   daar  wordt  het  in  stukjes  gemaakt.  Het  kauwgom  wordt  afgekoeld  en  dan  is  het  klaar.       [...]     Het  probleem  met  kauwgom.   Gemiddeld   eten   we  met  iedereen   van   de   wereld   100   000   ton   kauwgom   per  jaar.   Men   eet   gemiddeld   per   persoon   330   gram   kauwgom   per   jaar,   en   1   kauwgompje   van   sportlife,  xylifresh,  freedent  of  stimerol  weegt  1.1  gram.  Men  eet  dus  gemiddeld  300   kauwgoms   per   persoon,  per   jaar.   Met   al  het   kauwgom   op   trottoirs  en   de   onderkant   van  schoolbanken  e.d.  kan  men  de  Queen  Elizabeth  II  na  bouwen.  Men  denkt  dat  men   bang  is  om  de  kauwgom  door  te  slikken,  en  dat  daardoor  mensen  de  kauwgom  ergens   opplakken   of   op   straat   gooien.   [...]   Intussen   is   al   het   kauwgom   op   straat   een   heel   milieuprobleem   geworden,   want   het   blijft   liggen.   Daarom   wil   men   een   kauwgom   maken  die  afbreekt  in  je  mond.  Dat  hebben  ze  ook  al  ooit  gedaan.  Hij  loste  na  10  tot   15  minuten  op.  Het  nadeel  van  de  kauwgom  was  dat  niemand  hem  lekker  vond.   How  is  chewing  gum  made?   Chewing  gum  is  made  ‹ƒ…Š‡™‹‰‰—ˆƒ…–‘”›ǤŠ‡”‡’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰—Ǯ–Š‡ ‰—ˆ”‘–”‡‡•ǯ„—–ƒŽ•‘•›–Š‡–‹…‰—ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”›‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ gums  are  put  into  a  mixing  machine,  that  stirs  the  gums  all  together.  When  the  gum   becomes  warm  it  melts  and  therefore  it  must  be   warmed.   After,  sugar  must  be   added   to  the  gum-­‐C  sugar  powder  is  used.  When  the  gums  are  cool  again,  they  go  into  the  cut   machine  where  sugar,  flavor  and  colouring  are  added.  Then  the  chewing  gum-­‐C  goes   in  a  machine  that  transform  it  into  a  ribbon.  Then  the  ribbon  goes  into  the  smoothing   machine  where  it  is  made  flat  and  in  the  cut  machine  where  it  is  cut  into  pieces.  The   chewing  gum-­‐N  is  cooled  and  then  it  is  ready.   ȏǥȐ   The  chewing  gum  problem.   On  average  we  eat  in  the  world  100.000   tons  of  chewing  gum  per  year.  On  average   300  grams  of  chewing  gum  are  eaten  per  person  per  year,  and  a  little  chewing  gum  of  

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sportlife,   xylifresh,   freedent   or   stimerol   weighs   1.1   gram.   Therefore   330   chewing   gums   are   eaten   per   person,   per   year.   With   all   the   chewing   gum-­‐N   on  sidewalks  and   under  school  desks  it  could  be  possible  to  build  Queen  Elisabeth  II.  One  thinks  that   people  are  scared  to  swallow   the  chewing  gum-­‐C  and  therefore  they  either  stick   the   chewing  gum-­‐C  ƒ›™Š‡”‡‘”–Š”‘™ȋ‹–Ȍ‘–Š‡”‘ƒ†ǤȏǥȐ…cordingly,  all  the  chewing   gum-­‐N   on   the   road   has   become   a   problem   for   the   environment,   because   it-­‐N   keeps   staying   there.   Therefore   one   should   develop   a   chewing   gum   which-­‐C   melts   in   your   mouth.  It  has  been  already  made.  It-­‐M  melts  in  10  to  15  minutes.  The  disadvantage  of   this  chewing  gum-­‐C  was  that  nobody  found  it-­‐M  tasty.   http://huiswerk.leerlingen.com/bekijken.php?id=23242  

 

 

 

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Gender  selection  and  syntactic  constructions:     the  case  of  Dutch  double  gender  nouns  

References   Audring,   Jenny  2006.  Pronominal  gender  in  spoken  Dutch.  In  Journal  of  Germanic   Linguistics   18:   85-­‐    116.   Audring,  Jenny  2009.  Reinventing  Pronoun  Gender.  Utrecht:  LOT.     Booij,   Geert   and   Jenny   Audring   2009.   Genus   als   probleemcategorie.   Taal   en   Tongval.   Themanummer  22:13-­‐37.   Booij,  Geert  2002.  The  morphology  of  Dutch.  Oxford:  OUP.   ”ƒ—òŽŽ‡”ǡ—”–ͳͻͻͻǤ ‡†‡”‹‘”–Š ‡”ƒ‹…ǣ†‹ƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ  Unterbeck,  Barbara  and  Matti  Rissanen  (eds),  Gender  in  Grammar  and  Cognition,  25Ȃ 53.  Berlin:  Mouton  De  Gruyter.   Corbett,  Greville  1979.  The  Agreement  Hierarchy.  In    Journal  of  Linguistics  15:  203-­‐224.   Corbett,  Greville  1991.  Gender.  Cambridge:  CUP.   Corbett,  Greville  2006.  Agreement.  Cambridge:  CUP.   ƒŠŽǡ Y•–‡ ͳͻͻͻǤ ‹ƒ…› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹… ‰‡†‡”Ǥ In   Unterbeck,   Barbara   and   Matti   Rissanen   (eds),   Gender   in   Grammar   and   Cognition,   99-­‐116.   Berlin:   Mouton   De   Gruyter.   De   Vogelaer,   Gunther   2006.   ”‘‘‹ƒŽ ‡—• „‹Œ Ǯ—‹†-­‐‡†‡”Žƒ†•‡ǯ –ƒƒŽ˜‡”™‡”˜‡”•ǣ grammaticaal  of  semantisch  systeem?Ǥ ò‹‰,  Matthias,  Vogl,  Ulrike,  Wouden  van   der,   Ton   and   Arie   Verhagen   (eds)   Nederlands   tussen   Duits   en   Engels,   89Ȃ102.   Leiden:  Stichting  Nederlandistiek.   De   Vogelaer,   Gunther,   and   Gert   De   Sutter   2010.  The   geography   of   gender   change:   Pronominal   and   adnominal  gender  in  Flemish  dialects  of  Dutch.  In  Language  Sciences  33:  192Ȃ205.   De   Vogelaer,   Gunther,   and   Lien   De   Vos   2011.   Dutch   gender   and   the   locus   of   morphological   regularization.  Folia  Linguistica  45:  245Ȃ281.   De   Vos,   Lien   2009.   De   dynamiek   van   hersematisering.   Taal   en   Tongval.   Themanummer   22.   80Ȃ 109.   De  Vries,  Jelle  2001.  Onze  Nederlandse  spreektaal.  Den  Haag:  Sdu.   Enger,  Hans-­‐Olav  2004.  On  the  relation  between  gender  and  declension:  a  diachronic  perspective   from  Norwegian.  In  Studies  in  Language  28:  51-­‐82.   ‡”ž†‡œ ”†‘Ó‡œǡ °• ʹͲͲͻǤ Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒss/count   distinctions   in   Indo-­‐European   varieties.  In  Bubenik,  Vit,  Hewson,  John  and  Sarah  Rose  (eds),  Grammatical  change   in   Indo-­‐European  languages.  Papers  from  the  Workshop  on  Indo-­‐European  Linguistics  at   the   28th   International   Conference   on   Historical   Linguistics,   Montreal,   2007,   55-­‐70.   Amsterdam:  Benjamins.     Fletcher,  William   1987.   Semantic   factors   in   Dutch  gender   choice.  In  William   Fletcher   (ed.),  Papers   from   the   2nd   Interdisciplinary   Conference   on   Netherlandic   Studies,   Georgetown   University,  June  7Ȃ9,  1984,  51Ȃ63.  Lanham:  University  Press  of  America.     Haase,   Martin   1999.   Reorganization   of   a   gender   system:   The   central   Italian   neuters.  In   Unterbeck,   Barbara   and   Matti   Rissanen   (eds),   Gender   in   Grammar   and   Cognition,   221Ȃ236.   Berlin:  Mouton  De  Gruyter.   Hockett,  Charles  Francis  1958.  A  course  in  modern  linguistics.  New  York:  Macmillian.  

‘•‡ˆ••‘ǡ —ŽÚ‰ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ ‰‡†‡”• ‹ ™‡†‹•Š Ȃ   independent   but   interacting  dimensions.  In  Lingua  116.9:  1346-­‐1368.   Krifka,  Manfred  1995.  Common  nouns:  A  contrastive  analysis  of  Chinese  and  English.  In  Carlson,   Gregory   and   Francis   Jeffry   Pelletier   (eds),   The   generic   book,   398Ȃ411.   Chicago:   University  of  Chicago  Press.   Langacker,   Ronald   1991.   Foundations   of   Cognitive   Grammar   .   Stanford,   California:   Stanford   University  Press.     Leiss,   Elisabeth   1999.   Gender   in   Old   High   German.   In   Unterbeck,   Barbara   and   Matti   Rissanen   (eds),  Gender  in  Grammar  and  Cognition,  237-­‐257.  Berlin:  Mouton  De  Gruyter.   ò†–‡ǡ‡Ž—–ʹͲͲͳǤ—•’ƒ‹•…Š‡Ž‘—†œ— ‡—•‡—–”—‹‘ƒ‹schen.  In  Gerd  Wotjak   (ed.),  Studien  zum  romanisch-­‐deutschen  und  innerromanischen  Sprachvergleich,  185Ȃ 189.  Frankfurt:  Lang.   Quine,  William  Van  Orman  1960.  Word  and  Object.  Cambridge  CA:  MIT  Press.   Michaelis,  Laura  2005.  Entity  and  event  coercion  in  a  symbolic  theory  of  syntax.  In  Oestman,  Jan-­‐ Ola   and   Mirjam   Fried   (eds),   Construction   Grammar(s):   Cognitive   Grounding   and   Theoretical   Extensions.   Constructional   Approaches   to   Language,   45-­‐88.   Amsterdam:   Benjamins.  

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CHIARA  SEMPLICINI  

 

Gender  selection  and  syntactic  constructions:     the  case  of  Dutch  double  gender  nouns  

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On-­‐Line  Proceedings  of  the  8th  Mediterranean  Morphology  Meeting  

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