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Definisi Sistem Human System Interface Technology
• A system is defined as a set of objects together with relationships between the objects and between their attributes related to each other and to their environment so as to form a whole. [Schoderbek et al. 1990, p. 13] •
Schoderbek, Peter P., Scoderbek, Charles G. and Kefalas, Asterios, G., Management Systems: Conceptual Considerations, 4 ed., Irwin Inc. Company, Custom Publishing, USA,1990.
• A system (as defined by Ackoff) "is a whole that cannot be divided into independent parts without loss of its essential properties or functions."
Winda Halim, ST., MT IE-402 Analisis Perancangan Kerja dan Ergonomi 2 Jurusan Teknik Industri Fakutas Teknik Universitas Kristen Maranatha 1
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HSI technology has at least five clearly identifiable sub-parts* :
I/O Model of An Open System
Human – Machine Interface Technology
• Hardware Ergonomic
Human – Environment • Environmental Ergonomic Interface Technology Human – Software Interface Technology
• Cognitive Ergonomic
Human – Job Interface • Work Design Ergonomic Technology Human – Organization • Macro Ergonomic Interface Technology 3
1. HARD WARE ERGONOMICS / HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY
* HFES Directory and Yearbook: Strategic Plan
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2. ENVIROMENTAL ERGONOMICS/ HUMAN ENVIROMENT INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY
Teknologi ini menitik beratkan pada : • Fisik manusia • Karakteristik perseptual manusia • Aplikasi ilmu untuk analisa, desain, evaluasi dari control, display, workspace arrangements
Teknologi ini menitik beratkan pada : • Kemampuan dan keterbatasan manusia dengan berbagai kondisi lingkungan (Seperti : pencahayaan, panas, bising, vibrasi, dll). Penerapannya digunakan untuk mendesain lingkungan manusia, termasuk : comfort, health, dan safety.
Sampai saat ini, dan mungkin untuk masa yang akan datang teknologi ini masih merupakan aspek terbesar dalam profesi ergonomi.
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4. HUMAN – JOB INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY/WORK DESIGN ERGONOMIC
3. COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS/ HUMAN SOFTWARE INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY
Teknologi ini menitikberatkan pada : • Kemampuan dan keterbatasan manusia dan
Teknologi ini menitikberatkan pada : ―bagaimana manusia memberikan konsep dan mengolah suatu informasi”.
syarat suatu pekerjaan untuk memilih pekerja yang dimana karakternya disesuaikan kebutuhan mesin. • Job design ergonomic dikembangkan dalam teknologi ini untuk menemukan metoda yang tepat dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan manusia, menghindarkan stress beban fisik atau mental akan keterbatasannya
Penerapannya digunakan untuk mendesain dan memodifikasi suatu software system untuk lebih meningkatkan kegunaannya.
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5. MACROERGONOMICS/ HUMAN ORGANIZATIONAL INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY
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Sejarah Perkembangan Ergonomi: Dari Mikro ke Makro
• Menurut Hendrick (1986) dijelaskan bahwa perkembangan ilmu ergonomi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tahap generasi yang berbeda, yaitu:
Teknologi ini menitik beratkan pada : • Operator individual • Team operator atau sub sistem
– 1. Generasi I Sistem Manusia dan Mesin – 2. Generasi II HSIT HCI ( Human Computer Interaction ) – 3. Generasi III Makroergonomi
• Yang menjadi fokus dari Generasi I dan II Ergonomi mikro. • Yang menjadi fokus dari generasi III Ergonomi makro. 9
HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
Generasi II •
•
•
•
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Ketika perhatian ahli mulai beralih kepada proses kognitif khususnya dikaitkan dengan berkembangnya sistem kerja komputer. Pada tahap ini para ahli menekankan penelitian pada bagaimana manusia menerima, mempersepsikan, mengolah dan menyimpulkan data/informasi. Karena banyaknya pemakaian komputer maka kita sering menyebutnya dengan human-computer interaction (HCI), yang merupakan bagian dari HSIT ( Human System Interface Technology ) Sistem manusia-mesin dan HCI keduanya kita sebut dengan ergonomi mikro dari sebuah sistem kerja (Hendrick, 1986). 11
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HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
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Keyboards
Input Devices – – – –
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• QWERTY • DVORAK • Split
Keyboard. Pointing devices. 3D Input. Recognized Input.
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3D Input
POINTING DEVICES • Mouse • Trackball • Touch-screen
• Data Glove • 3D-Mouse
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Recognized Input
Output Devices. – CRT. – LCD. – Sound. – Printers – 3D display
• Eye-Gaze • Barcode Scan
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PAST: Machine as Mule”
Machine Interpretation
• The first was the “machine as mule” approach, in which the machine was regarded as a dumb item to be fully controlled by the human. • Later, with the advancement of automation, a technocentered approach often has been taken in which all functions that could be assigned to the machine first were made, and what ever was left over was assigned to the human – such as passively monitoring the machine. Unfortunately, this approach often leads to a failure to take maximum advantage of human capabilities and results in dehumanized jobs with little or no intrinsic motivational characteristics.
Now
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NOW: Machine as a Partner” • In recent decades, a complementary, human-centered approach has been taken in which designers first ask: 1. ―What functions or tasks need to be done by humans 2. ―What fits their capabilities?‖ And then assigns those functions to humans. • The machine then is assigned functions to complement the human – functions that a machine can more accurately and effectively perform than a human. In considering human and machine capabilities in allocating functions or tasks, the following can be useful to keep in mind.
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SISTEM MANUSIA DAN MESIN
Winda Halim, ST., MT IE-402 Analisis Perancangan Kerja dan Ergonomi 2 Jurusan Teknik Industri Fakutas Teknik Universitas Kristen Maranatha 24
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LATAR BELAKANG SMM
Human are GOOD at :
• Manusia dan mesin sama-sama memiliki kekurangan • Ada pekerjaan yang lebih baik dikerjakan oleh manusia dan sebaliknya • Suatu aktivitas dilakukan secara normal, jika kondisi kerja memerlukan fleksibilitas tinggi maka aktivitas dapat bervariasi dan cenderung tidak pasti • Disisi lain mekanisasi atau kondisi peran mesin penting dipertimbangkan bilamana aktivitas cenderung pasti, standard, dan berulang‐ulang (repetitive works)
Humans have been found to be superior to machines in accomplishing the following: • • • • • • •
1. Sensing very low levels of stimuli 2. Detecting signals in a high-noise background. 3. Recognizing patterns in complex stimuli, such as language. 4. Retrieving related items of information from memory. 5. Adapting decisions to situational requirements. 6. Developing entirely new solutions. 7. Adapting responses to changes in operational requirements.
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Human are NOT GOOD at : Human limitations, the following are ones that machines often accomplish more effectively. • • • • • • •
1. Sensing energy outside of a fairly restricted range. 2. Monitoring for infrequent events. 3. Applying physical force with precision. 4. Sensing very gradual changes in stimuli. 5. Performing highly repetitive tasks reliably. 6. Performing several activities at once. 7. Working continuously over long periods.
Sistem Manusia‐Mesin Hubungan Manual (Manual Man‐Machine System) • • • •
Dalam sistem ini input akan langsung ditransformasikan oleh manusia menjadi output. Manusia berfungsi sebagai sumber tenaga. Manusia masih memegang kendali penuh dalam melaksanakan aktivitasnya. • Penggunaan alat hanya sekedar menambah kemampuan kerja.
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Sistem Manusia‐Mesin Mekanistik/ Semiotomatik • Adanya mekanisme khusus yang mengolah input atau informasi dari luar sebelum masuk ke sistem. • Mesin melaksanakan fungsi power/tenaga, manusia memberikan kontrol.
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Sistem Manusia‐Mesin Hubungan Otomatik
Lewat peraga penglihatan (visual display) dan atau peraga pendengaran (auditory display) dapat diketahui bagaimana mesin berfungsi. Hasil kerja mesin merupakan keluaran, bagaimana mesin bekerja merupakan masukan bagi operator yang harus memutuskan apakah mesin telah bekerja sesuai dengan yang diharapkan ataukah harus diambil tindakan perbaikan. Dalam hal yang terakhir operator harus melakukan tindakan korektif dengan mengoperasikan alat operasi atau kendali. Mesin bekerja setelah ada koreksi dan melalui peraga operator mengetahui tentang bekerjanya mesin dan seterusnya.
• Mesin sebagai penerima rangsangan dari luar (sensing) sekaligus pengendali aktivitas. • Fungsi operator hanya memonitor dan menjaga agar supaya mesin tetap bekerja dengan baik, memasukan data dan/atau mengganti program.
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DISPLAY and CONTROL Dalam sistem manusia mesin terdapat dua interface penting, dimana ergonomilah yang memegang peranan penting didalam hubungan tersebut. Interface pertama adalah display yang dapat menghubungkan kondisi mesin pada manusia, Kemudian interface kedua adalah control, yang mana manusia dapat menyesuaikan respon dengan feedback yang diperoleh dari display tadi. Jadi antara display and kontrol harus terdapat interaksi yang saling menyesuaikan. Untuk mendesain interface‐interface tersebut mula‐mula kita harus memahami beberapa karakteristik penting dari panca indera manusia yaitu penglihatan dan pendengaran yang mempengaruhi pemahaman tentang display dan symbol‐simbol (sinyal‐sinyal) yang dapat didengar. 35
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HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES: CONTROLS • Dalam banyak hal, teknologi baru telah menyiapkan mesin‐mesin secara sempurna untuk menggantikan pekerjaan manusia. Akan tetapi teknologi baru tersebut juga membawa suatu integrasi yang lebih baik antara manusia dan mesin, misalnya display digital dan grafik yan mudah dipahami serta kontrol‐kontrol yang membutuhkan lebih sedikit usaha daripada sebelumnya.
• Controls come in a wide variety of types. • Some of the more common hand controls are toggle switches, rotary switches, push buttons, knobs, levers, wheels and sticks. • The most common foot controls are pedals and push buttons.
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KNOBS = TOMBOL
Movement Compatibility Arah Dari Penggunaan Alat Kontrol Yang Sudah Disepakati Secara Umum
Ambiguous
Unambiguous
1. UP : On, Start, High Speed, Increase, Open, Engage, Forward, Positive. 2. Down : Off, Stop, Low Speed, Decrease, Close, Disengage, Reverse, Negative. 3. Clockwise : On and Increase ( for current ), Off and Decrease ( for fluids ), Turn/Move Right. 4. Counter Clockwise : Off and Decrease ( for current ), On and Increase ( for fluids ), Turn/Move Left. 5. Forward : Increase ( for energy control of vihicles ). 6. Push Down : On floor pedals, is associated with increase ( for current or speed ) 39
LEVERS = TUAS
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PHYSICAL COMPABILITY Ambiguous
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Unambiguous
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1.1 Quantitative Display
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES: VISUAL DISPLAYS
1. 2. 3. 4.
• Quantitative displays show exact information. • Quantitative displays are used to give the state of the system with precision. • Digital quantitative displays present information directly as numbers, for example, the clock on your computer. • Analogue quantitative displays can also be used where a length or angle represents the information, for example, a thermometer where the length of mercury or alcohol represents the temperature. • The use of a particular quantitative display depends on the kind of information that is required. If you need a precise reading, then digital indicators are most easily read. • Another ex : an automobile speedometer, or digital, such as a car odometer.
Quantitative and Qualitative Displays Static Displays Graphic Display Tracking Displays
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1.1 Quantitative Display
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1.2 QUALITATIVE DISPLAYS • Qualitative displays are used to determine the “quality” of the system without knowing the exact value. • Qualitative displays give information about particular states, for example, hot or cold, alarm or no alarm, For example “safe”, “caution”, “standby”, “inoperative”
“danger”,
or
“operational”,
•
These displays can provide information about rate of change or direction of deviation from a desired value. • These displays may include indicators and warning devices. They can be used in circumstances where you only need to know that a certain condition exists, for example, when the temperature is too hot or too cold, as in the case of an indicator light on an iron which goes out when the iron is up to temperature. The specific value is not needed, although that may be conveyed to you by other, quantitative visual displays.
Counters show information directly as numbers. 45
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Visual Display of Qualitative Information
QUALITATIVE DISPLAYS
Warning displays call for your attention and will require you to take some action, for example, a red traffic light means that you must stop your vehicle.
I enjoy a good graph. Quantitative information is usually the ingredient, though occasionally a good graphic designer will present qualitative data in a most interesting way. Now available though for everyday amusement: one’s personal microblog topics in graphic form. Programmers at Neoform have cleverly provided us all with a fun, and interactive, display of word frequency from Twitter post streams called –you guessed it– TwitterStream.
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Not infrequently, a quantitative analog display and a qualitative display may be combined.
2009 Toyota Land Cruiser 4WD 4dr (Natl) Photos: Speedometer/Tachometer
• For example, the tachometer in a car may have the safe RPM range marked by a green stripe on the instrument perimeter, the caution range marked in yellow, and the danger range marked in red. This gives the operator the choice of either check reading his tachometer to see in which range the car engine’s current RPM falls, or reading his tachometer quantitatively to determine the actual RPM. Since check reading can be done more quickly than quantitative reading, this capability is particularly useful when the operator must attend to other things, such as steering a car and looking out the window, or operating a piece of complex machinery. Tachometer
Speedometer
odometer
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Design Guidelines for Quantitative Analog Displays :
Display example
1. Numeric progression. • The numeric progression of the scale ideally should be by 1s (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.) or with intermediate markers at 5, 15, 25, etc. • Unusual progression systems (e.g., by 3’s, 8’s, etc.) should not be used as they greatly degrade readability and cause confusion.
Do you think that this set of displays could be confusing? Why? We may have exaggerated a bit here but where might you find this type of combination of displays? Would the users have plenty of time to work out what the displays were telling them? How could you improve the layout or type of displays used?
2. Scale marker dimensions. • Specifications for the length and width of major, intermediate, and unit markers can be found in human factors and ergonomics textbooks and handbooks [e.g., Sanders and McCormick (1993); Woodson, Tillman, & Tillman (1992)].
• For example, if the display indicates compass direction to the nearest degree of azimuth, but the instrument is only accurate to + or – 2 degrees, then it would be more appropriate to have each marker indicate a 5 degree change. 51
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Design Guidelines for Quantitative Analog Displays :
Design Guidelines for Quantitative Analog Displays :
3. Scale pointers.
4. Multiple pointers.
• Research has shown that a simple pointer with a tip angle of approximately 20 degrees works best, with the tip of the pointer just reaching (but not overlapping) the end of the smallest scale marker. • Also, to avoid parallax, the pointer should be as close to the display face as possible. This is especially important for avoiding reading errors when the scale is viewed from an angle, rather than straight on.
• •
•
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Using multiple pointers on the same scale generally should be avoided. For example, if a person is required to mentally integrate the information from two or three pointers in order to derive the composite quantitative reading, such as in conventional round dial aircraft altimeters, the task will take time and even trained pilots will make reading errors – especially when under a high workload demand. Using two pointers on the same round dial display to indicate the status of two identical systems can be done, but usually is not ideal as there is the danger of confusing which pointer refers to which system – particularly if the operator is under a high task load or time pressure. I once investigated an accident where this design induced confusion was determined to be the cause. 54
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2. Static Display
Static Display
• Static displays provide information that does not change on the display. • Such displays may be words, numbers or symbols, depending on their purpose. • Types : 1. Information display 2. Caution display. 3. Danger display.
2.1 Information display • These displays often are signs to provide the reader with needed information. • Typical examples are street signs (numerical or words), signs showing arrows indicating what direction to go, road signs showing speed limits (numerical), signs indicating a hospital (words and symbol).
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Static Display
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Static Display
2.2 Caution display.
2.3 Danger display.
• These displays are used to alert the individual to a caution condition, which, if ignored, could result in equipment damage or possible injury to someone. • Typically, these signs have black lettering on a yellow or yelloworange background, or sometimes, yellow or yellow-orange lettering on a black background. • They usually begin with the signal word, ―Caution‖.
• These displays typically have a red background with white lettering. • They are used to indicate conditions that, if ignored, are highly likely to result in serious injury or death. • They usually begin with the signal word, ―danger‖.
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3. Graphic Display
Static Display
Map of Hong Kong Business Aviation Center and Static Display Area
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Graphic Equalizer Display
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Tracking Display Pursuit Display
4. Tracking Display 2 TYPES :
• Show position of both targets and object doing persuing.
4. 1 Pursuit displays
show the position of both the target object(s) being pursued, and the object doing the pursuing, being controlled by the operator. For example, a display in a combat operations room might be a map that shows a plan view of the position and direction of the enemy aircraft and of the friendly fighter aircraft pursuing them.
4.2 Compensatory display. The radar fire control system display in a fighter aircraft is a good example. The fighter aircraft position is in the middle of the screen; the target being pursued is represented by a moving dot on the screen. The fighter pilots job is to steer his airplane in such a way as to cause the moving dot to move to the center of the screen. The further away the dot from the center of the screen the more the pilot must correct the fighter plane’s direction to get it lined up with the target aircraft. Once that happens, the fighter pilot can ―lock on‖ to the target and shoot it down.
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Tracking Display Compensatory Display
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4 primary principles of arrangement for locating and arranging displays on a workstation panel
Importance of use.
• The most important displays should be located in the central portion of the control panel.
Frequency of use.
• The most frequently used displays should be located in the central portion of the control panel. Determining the arrangement within a given panel location
Group by function.
• Those displays that pertain to the same function should be grouped together.
Arrange by sequence of use. LT Sarvia/2011
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Figure 1 shows the alignment of the engine parameters instruments for a four-engine airplane.
• The engine column 1 represents the outboard engine on the left wing, • Column 2 the left inboard engine, • Column 3 the inboard right wing engine, and • column 4 the right outboard engine. • So They thus have good physical compatibility with what they represent, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of mistaken association and the resultant potential error.
• Displays should be arranged in the order in which the typically are scanned
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HIP (Human Information Processing) HIP (Human Information Processing), yaitu proses pengolahan informasi dari stimulus (rangsangan) luar dan berakhir dalam bentuk respon baik secara sensorik maupun motorik.
Model Human Information Processing (Groover, 2007) Each column of instruments represents the parameter instruments for a single engine.
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Ingatlah kata-kata berikut Lambung Mangga Jeruk Biru Ungu Gajah Gitar
Merah
Apel
Kucing Suling
Paru-paru
Angsa
Modified from Wickens and Hollands (2000, p.11)
Piano
Soeharto
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Ingatlah kata-kata berikut Kucing, Gajah, Angsa Piano, Gitar, Suling Lambung, Paru-paru Biru, Merah, Ungu Soeharto Apel, Jeruk, Mangga
Berapa yang Anda ingat ?
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Menurut penelitian*, ratarata manusia mengingat : • Menurut penelitian*, rata-rata manusia mengingat :
Sekarang, berapa yang Anda ingat ?
– 20% dari apa yang kita dengar – 30% dari apa yang kita baca – 40% dari apa yang kita lihat prosesnya – 50% dari apa yang kita katakan – 60% dari apa yang kita kerjakan – 90% dari apa yang kita lihat, dengar, katakan dan kerjakan *Rose, Colin dan Malcolm J. Nicholl, Accelerated Learning for the 21st Century
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TES PENGACAU OTAK KIRI DAN OTAK KANAN. MAU COBA??
Ingatlah yang Pantas Diingat
• •
Left-right conflict Your right brain tries to say the color, but your left brain insist on reading the word.
Otak kanan — KREATIF — Bentuk, Intuisi, Lagu &musik, Warna warni, Simbol, Gambar, Imajinasi, Menghayal Otak kiri – ANALITIK — Bahasa verbal, Matematika, Logika, Angka2, Urutan2, Penilaian, Analisis, Linier
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sumber :http://ekojuli.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/442/
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Berikut ini tip atau cara mengetahui apakah anda cenderung menggunakan otak kiri atau otak kanan.
• Rentangkan dua tangan anda keatas , Kemudian lakukan suatu gerakan hingga kedua tangan seperti dibawah ini:
LT Sarvia/2011
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Coba anda perhatikan jempol tangan kiri dan tangan anda berada dimanakah?
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We call ―OPTICAL ILLUSIONS‖
HASIL
Jika ―jempol tangan kiri‖ anda berada paling atas (dipuncak) maka selamat anda telah bertipe ―otak kanan‖ Sebaliknya jika ―jempol tangan kanan‖ anda berada diatas (dipuncak) maka maka selamat anda telah bertipe ―otak kiri‖ 77
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What is floor & what is ceiling?
Is this possible?
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Are the purple lines straight or bent?
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Optical Illusions
http://www.janetscorneroftheweb.webpage6 6.com/illusions.html haVE fun
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PERSPECTIVE
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Fisheye Perspective
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Teknik Mengingat
Gunakan irama Grouping
Gunakan singkatan Visualisasi
Mengingat kata kunci
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