2009 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali*

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© 2009 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali*

Katalog dalam Terbitan

Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global. Prosiding Seminar/Agung Kurniawan, Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta, I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa, I Gede Tirta, Wawan Sujarwo (Ed.). – Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2009. xx + 738 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm ISBN 978-979-799-447-1 1. Konservasi 2. Flora Indonesia

2. Keanekaragaman Hayati 4. Pemanasan Global

333.95

Penelaah

Setting dan Layout Desain Sampul Penerbit

: Bayu Adjie, Dedy Darnaedi, Sutrisno, Joko R. Witono, Pande Ketut Sutara, Eniek Kriswiyanti, Teguh Triyono, Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa : I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa : Gede Wawan Setiadi : LIPI Press, anggota Ikapi

*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali 82191 Telp. : +62368 21273; Fax.: +62368 22051 E-mail: kebunrayabali.yahoo.com www.kebunrayabali.com

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PROSIDING

Seminar “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global” Bali, 14 Juli 2009 ISBN : 978-979-799-447-1

Penelaah : Bayu Adjie Dedy Darnaedi Sutrisno Joko R. Witono Pande Ketut Sutara Enik Kriswiyanti Teguh Triyono Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa

Penyunting : Agung Kurniawan Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa I Gede Tirta Wawan Sujarwo

Penyelenggara : UPT BKT Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali - LIPI

bekerja sama dengan PTTI, FMIPA Universitas Udayana dan BLH Prov. Bali

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PROSIDING

Seminar “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global” Bali, 14 Juli 2009 Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit. Diterbitkan oleh : UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali – LIPI Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali 82191 website : www.kebunrayabali.com e-mail : [email protected] cetakan 2009© ISBN : 978-979-799-447-1

Penelaah : Bayu Adjie, Dedy Darnaedi, Sutrisno, Joko R. Witono, Pande Ketut Sutara, Eniek Kriswiyanti, Teguh Triyono, Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa Penyunting : Agung Kurniawan, Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta, I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa, I Gede Tirta, Wawan Sujarwo

Setting & Layout : I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa Desain Sampul : Gede Wawan Setiadi

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KATA PENGANTAR

Seminar Nasional Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global telah diselenggarakan pada tanggal 14 Juli 2009 di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali - LIPI. Dipilihnya tema tersebut didasari oleh rasa kepedulian kita terhadap perubahan iklim yang mulai tidak menentu akhir-akhir ini, yang membawa konsekuensi secara global umat manusia di seluruh belahan dunia, terlepas dari apakah daerah tersebut berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya perubahan iklim atau tidak. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan yang beriklim tropis membuatnya berada dalam posisi yang sangat rentan terhadap perubahan iklim. Ide pelaksanaan seminar ini sebenarnya didorong oleh tugas dan rasa tanggung jawab kami sebagai lembaga konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan tropika khususnya pegunungan kawasan timur Indonesia, dan tuntutan peran serta kami untuk turut berpartisipasi dalam mengatasi pemanasan global yang semakin ramai dibicarakan. Seminar ini terlaksana atas kerjasama antara UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” - LIPI dengan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Udayana beserta Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia (PTTI) dan Badan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali. Seminar ini diikuti oleh 165 orang, yang mewakili 16 instansi, termasuk lembaga penelitian, universitas dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat. Dalam seminar ini akan dipaparkan 1 makalah kunci, 4 makalah utama, 5 makalah terpilih, dan diikuti oleh 120 makalah yang tersaji dalam bentuk poster. Pada kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada panitia pelaksana dan seluruh pihak yang telah secara langsung maupun tidak langsung membantu terselenggaranya seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi flora Indonesia dalam mengatasi dampak pemanasan global yang terus berlangsung.

Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali - LIPI

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DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ REKOMENDASI ................................................................................................... SAMBUTAN KEPALA UPT BALAI KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN KEBUN RAYA “EKA KARYA BALI” LIPI ...................................................... SAMBUTAN DEPUTI ILMU PENGETAHUAN HAYATI – LIPI ..................

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MAKALAH KUNCI Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global Endang Sukara .........................................................................................................

1

MAKALAH UTAMA Pembangunan Kebun Raya Daerah dan Peran Strategisnya dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim Global Mustaid Siregar, Hendrian dan Sutrisno ..................................................................

7

Kedalaman Informasi dan Kelembagaan Taksonomi Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim Global Dedy Darnaedi ..........................................................................................................

14

Pemanasan Global Sebagai Akibat Ulah Manusia Diplanet Bumi I Wayan Kasa ............................................................................................................

15

Bali dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim Ketut Suryadarmadi ..................................................................................................

22

MAKALAH ORAL Impact of Climate Change on Distribution of Elatostema (Urticaceae) In Indonesia Barry J. Conn dan Julisasi T. Hadiah ......................................................................

31

Menyusun Prioritas Koleksi Bagi Kebun Raya Baru di Indonesia Irawati .....................................................................................................................

40

Perubahan Iklim dan Pemanasan Global di Indonesia; Dampaknya terhadap Kondisi Biogeofisik Rachmat Fajar Lubis dan Robert Delinom ..............................................................

45

Peran Hutan Masyarakat Adat dalam Menjaga Stabilitas Iklim Satu Kajian Perspektif Deep Ecology (Kasus Masyarakat Desa Adat Tenganan, Bali) I.G.P.Suryadarma .....................................................................................................

50

New cpDNA Sequences Of The Tree Fern Dicksonia From Indonesia Bayu Adjie .................................................................................................................

58

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MAKALAH PENUNJANG Inventarisasi dan Eksplorasi Anggrek di Wamena-Papua I Gede Tirta dan I Nyoman Peneng ..........................................................................

61

Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Kawasan Sungai Busang, Kalimantan Tengah Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas .......................................................................................

66

Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Hutan Komara oleh Kebun Raya Purwodadi Esti Endah Ariyanti ..................................................................................................

75

Konservasi Tumbuhan Secara Ex Situ Langkah Awal Domestikasi Subekti Purwantoro ..................................................................................................

81

Beberapa Jenis Pohon yang Menjadi Inang Anggrek Pteroceras javanicum (J.J.Sm.) Bakh.F. di Twa Lejja Kab. Soppeng Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan Suhartono .................................................................................................................

85

Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack) di Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain Kabupaten Balikpapan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur Suhartono .................................................................................................................

88

Peranan Konservasi Tumbuhan Warna Alam di Kab. Gianyar dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global Pande Ketut Sutara ...................................................................................................

91

Konservasi Nipah (Nypa fruticans) Sebagai Alternatif Desa Banjarasem dalam Kaitannya dengan Penekanan Pemanasan Global I Gusti Ngurah Puger ................................................................................................

99

Eksplorasi Begonia di Cagar Alam Pulau Batanta Barat, Propinsi Papua Barat I Made Ardaka, I Wayan Mudarsa dan I Nyoman Sudiatna ....................................

110

Kerapatan dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Pohon pada Perbedaan Status Kepemilikan Lahan Garapan di Lampung Barat Indriani Ekasari ........................................................................................................

119

Anggrek Epifit di Twa Bukit Kelam, Kecamatan Kelam Permai, Kabupaten Sintang, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat Pa’i Dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ...................................................................................

128

Digitalisasi Data Konservasi dan Penelitian Tiga Jenis Anggrek Langka di Jawa Timur Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi Diah Harnoni Apriyanti dan Nina Dwi Yulia ...........................................................

133

Identifikasi Dendrobium Spp Daun Pipih dari Seksi Aporum (Orchidaceae) di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Nina Dwi Yulia .........................................................................................................

139

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Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Tanaman Upacara Agama Hindu di Kecamatan Kintamani, Bangli – Bali I Made Sudi ...............................................................................................................

145

Eksplorasi Flora di Bukit Silangjana Singaraja-Bali I Made Sudi, I Gusti Putu Wendra dan Ketut Sandi .................................................

149

Taman Begonia Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali : dalam Tinjauan Analisis I Made Ardaka dan I Dewa Putu Darma .................................................................

154

Biologi Konservasi Tumbuhan Holoparasit : Percobaan Kultur Invitro Rafflesia patma dan R. meijerii . Sofi Mursidawati dan Elizabeth Handini .................................................................

158

Studi Pertumbuhan Anthurium x. ferriense dan Philodendron wendlandii Schott di Dalam Ruangan pada Intensitas Cahaya yang Berbeda Siti Fatimah Hanum .................................................................................................

162

Manipulasi Warna Bunga Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla) dengan Pengaturan pH Tanah Made Ria Defiani dan Ni Luh Suriani .......................................................................

170

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Cair dan Jenis Media Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Anggrek Epidendrum (Epidendrum radicans Pav.)” Gede Lemes ..............................................................................................................

175

Studi Penyimpanan Biji Anggrek Cymbidium finlaysonianum Elizabeth Handini dan Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ..................................................

183

Pelestarian Majegau (Dysoxylum caulostachyum) Flora Identitas Propinsi Bali Yunita Hardini dan Hartutiningsih M. Siregar ........................................................

191

Masa Berbunga Beberapa Jenis Rhododendron spp. (Sub Sect. Vireya) Koleksi Kebun Raya ’Eka Karya’ Bali Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ..............................................................................

196

Kultur Daun Phalaenopsis sumatrana Korth. & Rchb.f. Asal Kalimantan Barat Elizabeth Handini dan Yupi Isnaini .........................................................................

206

Isolasi Bakteri Dari Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophalus titanium Becc.) di Kebun Raya Bogor Sri Hartin Rahaju, Novik Nurhidayat dan Yuzammi ................................................

211

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Kelompok Pseudomonas “Fluoresens” dari Bunga Bangkai Amorphophalus paeoniifolius Sri Hartin Rahaju dan Novik Nurhidayat .................................................................

215

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Keanekaragaman Isolat Bakteri dari Bunga Bangkai Amorphophalus titanum Becc. di Kebun Raya Cibodas Sri Hartin Rahaju dan Novik Nurhidayat .................................................................

220

Perbanyakan Baccaurea dulcis dengan Cara Cangkok dengan Pemberian Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Reni Lestari ...............................................................................................................

227

Aplikasi Bahan Organik untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanaman dan Populasi Cacing Tanah di Sumberjaya Lampung Barat Agus Karyanto, Sri Murwani, Rusdi Evizal dan Sugiatno .......................................

232

Perkecambahan Biji Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Berpotensi Tri Handayani dan Melani Kurnia Riswati ..............................................................

240

Daya Hidup Biji Majegau (Dysoxylum caulostachyum Miq) dan Rijasa (Elaeocarpus grandiflorus JE.Smith). Dewi Lestari .............................................................................................................

244

Kajian Tumbuhan Endemik Kalimantan: Osmoxylon borneense Seem. Hary Wawangningrum dan Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ..........................................

249

Manfaat Aren, Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr. dan Potensinya Sebagai Tanaman Reintroduksi di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) I Made R. Pendit, Ni Putu Sriasih, dan I Made Sumerta .........................................

254

Pemanfaatan Gatep (Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosb.) Sebagai Penghijauan Lahan Marginal I Made Sumerta, I Made R. Pendit dan I Made Suja ................................................

258

Averrhoa spp. di Kebun Raya Bogor dan Upaya Konservasinya Inggit Puji Astuti dan Rugayah .................................................................................

261

Keanekaragaman Flora di Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Danau Pulau Besar Danau Bawah - Jamrud, Riau. Esti Munawaroh ........................................................................................................

265

Studi Populasi Jenis-Jenis Bambu Alam di Kawasan Hutan Palungan Batu, Kabupaten Jembrana-Bali. Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa ...........................................................................................

271

Reintroduksi Palem Nyabah (Pinanga arinasae J.R. Witono) Jenis Endemik di Bali Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa ...........................................................................................

276

Inventarisasi Tumbuhan di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Togean Sri Hartini dan Hary Wawangningrum ....................................................................

280

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Analisa Kromosom dan DNA Serta Diversifikasi Morfologi; Studi Kasus pada Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) Sudarmono dan Izu A. Fijridiyanto ..........................................................................

295

Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon spp.; Lamiaceae) di Indonesia dan Indikasi Jenis Baru dari Pulau Waigeo, Papua Barat Sudarmono dan Izu A. Fijridiyanto ..........................................................................

303

Studi Pendahuluan Deteksi Keragaman Populasi Jati (Tectona grandis L.) dengan Marka RAPD Made Pharmawati ....................................................................................................

307

Taman Panca Yadnya Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali Suatu Konsep Konservasi dan Budaya Dalam Harmoni I Dewa Putu Darma...................................................................................................

312

50 Tahun Peran Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Siti Fatimah Hanum dan Wenni Setyo Lestari ..........................................................

316

Inventarisasi Jenis Tanaman Pekarangan yang Berpotensi Obat di Desa Sukajadi Kabupaten Bogor Siti Fatimah Hanum .................................................................................................

328

Potensi Ficus benjamina L. sebagai Tanaman Konservasi di Bali I Nyoman Peneng .....................................................................................................

337

Peranan Ecopark dalam Pengembangan dan Pelestarian Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Berpotensi di Indonesia Tri Handayani, Sugiarti dan Ika Sartika ..................................................................

344

Keanekaragaman Jenis Araliaceae di Cagar Alam Sago Malintang, Sumatera Barat Hary Wawangningrum .............................................................................................

353

Kekayaan Sumber Daya Alam di Cagar Alam Dolok Sibual-Buali, Sumatera Utara Rismita Sari ...............................................................................................................

359

Keanekaragaman Spesies Burung dan Habitatnya di Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali Sudaryanto ................................................................................................................

365

Keanekaragaman Hayati Tumbuhan Buah di Kalimantan Tengah dan Habitat Tumbuhnya Reni Lestari, Rismita Sari, Didit Okta Pribadi dan Andy Bhermana .......................

370

Potensi dan Konservasi Genitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum) di Bali Dewi Lestari .............................................................................................................

382

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Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Tangkoko, Bitung, Sulawesi Utara Agung Kurniawan dan I Made Raharja Pendit ........................................................

386

Pematahan Dormansi Biji Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.) dengan Larutan H2SO4 Sri Wahyuni dan Syamsul Hidayat ...........................................................................

396

Perkecambahan Palem Endemik Sulawesi Pigafetta elata (Giseke) Becc. Kebun Raya Purwodadi Rony Irawanto ..........................................................................................................

404

Biji dan Perkecambahan Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott Kebun Raya Purwodadi Rony Irawanto dan Abban Putri Fiqa ......................................................................

410

Studi Perilaku Perkecambahan Biji Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) Abban Putri Fiqa dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ..................................................................

416

Teknik Perbanyakan Konvensional dengan Spliting Batang pada Beberapa Media Tanam Anggrek Dendrobium macrophyllum A. RICH. I Gede Tirta ..............................................................................................................

420

Efektivitas Media Tanam dan Perlakuan Pratanam pada Perkecambahan Biji Tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) dan Trengguli (Cassia fistula L.) sebagai Tumbuhan Penyerap Karbondioksida Winda Utami Putri ...................................................................................................

424

Analisis Kandungan Klorofil Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh Ditinjau dari Aspek Fisiologis dan Ekologis Ni Wayan Sri Ika Yadnyasari dan Ni Putu Adriani Astiti ........................................

430

Palem Marquesas (Pelagodoxa henryana Becc.;Arecaceae), Salah Satu Koleksi Kritis di Kebun Raya Bogor dan Perbanyakannya Sumanto ....................................................................................................................

433

Induksi Pembentukan Kantong Tanaman Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Media dan Ukuran Wadah Kultur Eka Martha Della Rahayu dan Yupi Isnaini ............................................................

436

Perbanyakan Syzygium cumini dan Syzygium polyanthum di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Deden Mudiana ........................................................................................................

442

Kegiatan Perbanyakan Tanaman di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Deden Mudiana dan Suhadinoto ..............................................................................

447

xi

Variasi Konsentrasi Giberelin (GA3) terhadap Pertumbuhan Planlet Dendrobium conanthum Secara In Vitro Destario Metusala dan Fajar Nurrachman ..............................................................

451

Efektifitas Beberapa Tanaman Penyerap Timbal (Pb) pada Kawasan Pabrik dan Padat Lalu Lintas di Kawasan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang Agung Sri Darmayanti dan Siti Sofiah .....................................................................

456

Kondisi Fisiologis Daun Puring (Codiaeum variegatum) pada Tingkat Cemaran Timbal (Pb) yang Berbeda Agung Sri Darmayanti ..............................................................................................

461

Perkecambahan Biji Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.) pada Berbagai Media In Vitro dan di Rumah Kaca Yupi Isnaini ...............................................................................................................

465

Biologi Konservasi Tumbuhan Holoparasit : Inokulasi Biji Rafflesia patma Secara In-Vivo Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani Kurnia Riswati ..........................................................

472

Pemekaran Bunga Hibiscus Di Kebun Raya Cibodas Sumanto .....................................................................................................................

476

Sempupu Island Nature Reserve : A Contribution To Small Island’s Plant Diversity And Karst Ecosystem Conservation As A Potential Investment In Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation Activity Rosniati A. Risna and Dwi Narko ............................................................................

481

Keberadaan Pulai (Alstonia spp.) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon dan Upaya Perbanyakannya untuk Bahan Baku Kerajinan Maupun Obat Tradisional Syamsul Hidayat dan Sutrisno ..................................................................................

491

Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali dan Begonia Sewindu Perjalanan Konservasi, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Begonia Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar, I.M. Ardaka, G. W. Setiadi, I.N. Lugrayasa dan Mustaid Siregar .......................................................................................................

497

Konservasi Tanaman Upacara Agama Hindu Bali dari Kecamatan Bebandem, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali Agung Kurniawan, I Gusti Putu Wendra dan I Ketut Sandi ....................................

505

Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Limbah Kulit Suren (Toona sureni Merr.) dalam Upaya Konservasi Bahan Wawan Sujarwo ........................................................................................................

513

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Karbon Aktif Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) dalam Memperbaiki Kualitas Air Wawan Sujarwo ........................................................................................................

517

Potensi Obat Tumbuhan Benalu di Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Cani Sirenreng Dusun Maningo Desa Tellu Boccoe Kecamatan Ponre Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan Sri Wuryanti dan Deden Mudiana ...........................................................................

521

Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Beberapa Daerah di Kabupaten Banyuwangi Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ......................................................................

527

Potensi Baccaurea spp. : Studi Kasus di Kebun Raya Bogor Popi Aprilianti, Reni Lestari dan Winda Utami Putri ..............................................

534

Pemanfaatan Bahan Tumbuhan dalam Tradisi Nginang Sirih pada Perayaan Sekaten di Keraton Kasultanan Jogjakarta Destario Metusala ....................................................................................................

545

Studi Potensi Beberapa Jenis Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) di Kebun Raya Purwodadi sebagai Tumbuhan Epifit Penyerap CO2 Destario Metusala ....................................................................................................

550

Pendugaan Nilai Keindahan Tanaman Palem Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Dendik Subekti dan Rony Irawanto ..........................................................................

554

Etnobotani Sirih ( Piper betle.L.) sebagai Pelengkap Canang untuk Sarana Upacara Yadnya Cornelius Sri Murdo dan Pande Kadek Ayu Suarsini ..............................................

557

Skrining Tumbuhan Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Pestisida Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Meminimalisir Penyebab Pemanasan Global I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ....................................................................................

562

Pemanfaatan Gleditsia assamica Bor. Sebagai Tanaman Reboisasi I Nyoman Peneng dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri .........................................

569

Diversifikasi Pangan Sebagai Salah Satu Alternatif untuk Mengurangi Pemanasan Global Joko Ridho Witono dan Yuzammi .............................................................................

573

Fenologi Empat Jenis Tumbuhan Akumulator Merkuri Syamsul Hidayat, Titi Juhaeti dan Nuril Hidayati ...................................................

579

Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis dalam Evaluasi Pemilihan Lahan Tanam Rachmawan Adi Laksono dan Diah Harnoni Apriyanti S.T. ...................................

587

xiii

Murraya sp. dari Cyclops : Karakteristik Morfologi dan Persebarannya I Nyoman Lugrayasa, Inggit Puji Astuti dan Sutrisno .............................................

590

Beberapa Tanaman Penyerap Polutan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Dewi Ayu Lestari dan Siti Sofiah ..............................................................................

595

Kadar Karbon Pohon Manii (Maesopsis eminii Engl.) di Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman, DIY Wawan Sujarwo ........................................................................................................

600

Studi Habitat Dan Populasi Ascocentrum Miniatum (Lindl.) Schltr di Kabupaten Malang Pa’i, Siti Nurfadilah dan Nina Dwi Yulia ................................................................

603

Ki Calung (Diospyros macrophylla Blume) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon Banten Dodo .....................................................................................................................

608

Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Perkotaan untuk Menciptakan Kenyamanan Klimatik di Jakarta Pusat Imawan Wahyu Hidayat ...........................................................................................

612

Estimasi Stok Karbon Tanaman Penyerap Polutan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Siti Sofiah dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ..............................................................................

621

Peran Masyarakat dalam Penurunan Efek Global Warming: Studi Kasus Pada 5 Desa di Kecamatan Bebandem, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali Ni Luh Watiniasih, N. L. P. Eswaryanti K., I. A. Astarini, Retno Kawuri dan Ni Made Suartini ...........................................................................................................

626

Analisis Pemanfaatan Digital Library: Hubungannya dengan Konservasi Tumbuhan dan Isu GlobalWarming Diah Harnoni Apriyanti, Patmiati ............................................................................

630

Digitalisasi Data Keragaman dan Penelitian Tiga Jenis Anggrek Langka di Jawa Timur Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi Diah Harnoni Apriyanti dan Nina Dwi Yulia ...........................................................

634

Keragaman Vegetasi di Plot Permanen Cibogo, Kawasan Hutan Kebun Raya Cibodas: Studi Awal Dinamika Populasi Anggun R. Gumilang ................................................................................................

640

Potensi Hutan Pinus Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon di Kecamatan Ngantang, Kabupaten Malang Titut Yulistyarini, Rossyda Priyadarshini dan Eny Dyah Yuniwati ........................

644

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Estimasi Sumbangan Karbon, Serasah, dan Hubungannya dengan Keberadaan Cacing Tanah pada Sistem Agroforestri Amir Hamzah dan Rossyda Priyadarshini ...............................................................

650

Persebaran dan Pemanfaatan Ketak [Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.] di Gunung Pusuk, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. I Dewa Putu Darma dan Ida Bbagus Ketut Arinasa ................................................

658

Peranan Pertanian Organik dalam Mencegah Pemanasan Global Solikin .....................................................................................................................

664

Sistem Bertanam untuk Meningkatkan Penyerapan CO2 dan Cadangan Karbon : Kajian Pada Pekarangan Solikin .....................................................................................................................

670

Evaluasi Kualitas Visual Arsitektur Pohon untuk Desain Lansekap Dwi Setyanti dan Aris Munandar .............................................................................

675

Peranan Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Perapat Benoa sebagai Kawasan Konservasi Flora di Daerah Kota Denpasar A. A. Ketut Darmadi .................................................................................................

684

Penurunan Keragaman Pohon dan Nematoda Akibat Alih Guna Hutan Menjadi Lahan Pertanian Memacu Munculnya Masalah Nematoda I G. Swibawa, R. Evizal, F.K. Aini, F.X. Susilo, K. Hairiah dan D. Suprayogo .......

688

Could The Antagonistic Plants In Rubber Plantation Save The Natural Carbon Dioxide Sequestration? Joko Prasetyo and F.X. Susilo ..................................................................................

698

Jenis-jenis Lygodium dari Cagar Alam Bukit Bungkuk, Riau dan Pertumbuhannya di Kebun Raya Bogor Sri Hartini .................................................................................................................

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Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forster) Trevisan: Potensi Pemanfaatan, Keberadaan di Alam dan Konservasinya di Kebun Raya Bogor Sri Hartini .................................................................................................................

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Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Lahan Kering I Gede Tirta ...............................................................................................................

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Cadangan Karbon pada Sistem Penggunaan Lahan Kopi : Apakah Umur Tegakan Mempengaruhi Besarnya Karbon Tersimpan? Rossyda Priyadarshini, Titut Yulistyarini dan Enny Dyah Yuniwati .......................

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Pelestarian Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Berguna Melalui Kearifan Lokal Di Desa Adat Tenganan Pegringsingan, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali Nyoman Wijana ........................................................................................................

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DAFTAR PESERTA ................................................................................................

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REKOMENDASI Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global

Peserta seminar lebih lanjut menyampaikan beberapa rekomendasi sebagai berikut : 1. Konservasi ex situ flora dalam bentuk kebun raya mempunyai peluang untuk dijadikan model mitigasi dan adaptasi terhadap pemanasan global. 2. Konservasi harus diimbangi dengan kegiatan riset mendasar baik untuk menggali nilai ekonomi tumbuhan maupun untuk mempelajari sifat tumbuhan dalam kaitannya dengan adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap pemanasan global 3. Penerapan hasil riset diharapkan dapat menekan laju kepunahan jenis akibat dampak pemanasan global sekaligus meningkatkan nilai ekonomi tumbuhan yang bermanfaat bagi masyarakat untuk pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan berbasis sumber daya keanekaragaman hayati. 4. Diperlukan sosialisasi yang lebih intensif untuk meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam mengembangkan, menanam dan memelihara tumbuhan untuk mengatasi pemanasan global tanpa mengabaikan kearifan lokal. 5. Pendirian kebun raya daerah membuka kesempatan pemanfaatan tumbuhan lokal untuk kegiatan konservasi, penelitian, pendidikan, pembangunan ekonomi serta perbaikan lingkungan hidup.

Tim Perumus Ketua : Ir. Mustaid Siregar, M.Si (Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI) Sekretaris : Wawan Sujarwo, M.P (Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI) Anggota : Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa (Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI) : Dr. Irawati (Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI) : Prof. Dr. I Wayan Kasa (FMIPA - Universitas Udayana) : Drs. Pande Ketut Sutara, M.Si (FMIPA - Universitas Udayana) : Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa, M.Si (Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI)

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SAMBUTAN KEPALA UPT BALAI KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN KEBUN RAYA “EKA KARYA” BALI - LIPI

Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa

Om Swastiastu Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb. Selamat pagi dan salam sejahtera untuk kita semua Yth. Bapak Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI Yth. Bapak Kepala Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI Yth. Para Pemakalah Utama dan seluruh peserta seminar Serta para undangan yang Saya hormati Pertama-tama mari kita panjatkan puji syukur ke hadapan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan berkah dan anugerah - Nya sehingga di pagi ini kita dapat bersama-sama kembali di Gedung Serba Guna “Nayaka Loka” ini untuk mengikuti Seminar Nasional “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global.” Para hadirin yang saya hormati, Ide pelaksanaan seminar ini sebenarnya didorong oleh tugas dan rasa tanggung jawab kami sebagai lembaga konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan tropika khususnya pegunungan kawasan timur Indonesia, dan tuntutan peran serta kami untuk turut berpartisipasi dalam mengatasi pemanasan global yang semakin ramai dibicarakan. Sebelumnya, tiga seminar dan simposium yang pernah diselenggarakan oleh Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali : yaitu yang pertama di tahun 2004, bekerja sama dengan Universitas Udayana dan Universitas Mahasaraswati, menyelenggarakan seminar khusus tentang “Konservasi Tumbuhan Upacara Agama Hindu”. Yang ke dua, di tahun 2005, bekerjasama dengan Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Daerah Provinsi Bali, untuk menyelenggarakan Simposium “Analisis Daya Dukung dan Daya Tampung Sumber Daya Air di Kawasan Tri-danau Beratan, Buyan dan Tamblingan.” Dan yang ke tiga, di tahun 2007 melalui kerja sama dengan Universitas Udayana dan Universitas Hindu Indonesia - Denpasar menyelenggarakan seminar tentang tumbuhan usada dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Usada Bali dan Peranannya dalam Mendukung Ekowisata”. Pada tahun 2009 ini Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali menggandeng kembali Universitas Udayana, beserta Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia dan Badan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali untuk menyelenggarakan seminar dengan tema “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global.” Dipilihnya tema tersebut didasari oleh rasa kepedulian kita terhadap perubahan iklim yang mulai tidak menentu akhir-akhir ini, yang membawa konsekuensi secara global umat manusia di seluruh belahan dunia, terlepas dari apakah daerah tersebut berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya perubahan iklim atau tidak. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan yang beriklim tropis membuatnya berada dalam posisi yang sangat rentan

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terhadap perubahan iklim. Naiknya permukaan air laut sebagai salah satu dampak perubahan iklim menyebabkan terancamnya jutaan penduduk yang tinggal di daerah pesisir pantai. Selain itu para petani dan nelayan yang mata pencahariannya sangat bergantung pada cuaca dan musim juga rentan terhadap perubahan iklim. Dampak dari pemanasan global terhadap flora yang ada di dalam kawasan hutan, beberapa juga akan diperkirakan punah karena tidak mampu beradaptasi, sebaliknya spesies yang mampu bertahan akan berkembang tak terkendali. Kebakaran hutan juga punya andil besar terhadap hilangnya berbagai keanekaragaman hayati terutama yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi, dan diperkirakan setiap tahunnya telah terjadi kebakaran hutan di Indonesia seluas 5 juta Ha. Para hadirin yang saya hormati, Kita menyadari bahwa mengkonservasi tumbuhan bukanlah pekerjaan mudah, tidak cukup dikerjakan oleh satu instansi dan sekelompok orang. Di sinilah dibutuhkan kesadaran dan kerja sama semua instansi dan lapisan masyarakat harus terlibat aktif berperan. Hal ini tidak mudah kita lakukan apalagi harus mengubah suatu kebiasaan. Ini tantangan untuk kita bersama ke depannya, bagaimana tumbuhan di muka bumi tidak mudah habis akibat penggunaan yang berlebihan dan akibat degradasi habitat. Sebuah sumber yang saya kutip dari hasil Konferensi Kelautan Dunia (WOC) di Manado yang diselenggarakan pada tanggal 11 - 15 Mei 2009, yang mengkaji secara ilmiah tentang potensi laut dalam menyerap dan melepas karbon, turunnya produksi pangan serta meningkatnya banjir dan badai karena perubahan iklim. Iklim sudah mengalami perubahan ekstrim dan jika dibiarkan akan membuat bumi hancur atau bumi tetap ada tetapi manusia tidak ada/punah. Sebuah peringatan bagi perusak lingkungan, usia bumi diramalkan tinggal 100 th lagi terhitung sejak terjadinya pemanasan bumi akibat ulah manusia pada kurun 1990 - 2000 (Sek. Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, Ir. Arief Yuono, M.A, 16/5, dalam seminar Nasional bertajuk “Strategi Adaptasi dan Mitigasi terhadap Perubahan Iklim” yang disampaikan di Universitas Kristen Surabaya). Bapak Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI yang saya hormati, Pada kesempatan ini dapat kami laporkan bahwa target peserta seminar ini adalah 150 orang. Kini jumlah peserta yang terdaftar di sekretariat adalah 165 orang, yang mewakili 16 instansi, termasuk lembaga penelitian, universitas dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat. Dalam seminar ini akan dipaparkan 1 makalah kunci, 4 makalah utama, 5 makalah terpilih, dan diikuti oleh 120 makalah yang tersaji dalam bentuk poster. Kami selaku penyelenggara berharap, semoga seminar ini dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik sebagai ajang diskusi dan tukar menukar informasi, mengenai segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan pemanasan global, khususnya mengenai peran serta konservasi flora dalam mengatasi dampaknya. Dalam kesempatan ini pula, kami sampaikan terima kasih kepada Bapak Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI atas kehadirannya, dan nantinya kami mohonkan pula untuk dapat memberi sambutan sekaligus membuka secara resmi acara seminar ini. Ucapan terima kasih juga kami sampaikan kepada Dekan Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana, Ketua Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan dan Kepala Badan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali atas kerjasamanya. Semoga kerja sama ini dapat terus kita jalin.

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Akhirnya, adalah karena keuletan dan kegigihan dari seluruh panitia, seminar ini dapat terlaksana. Tiada kata yang lebih tepat dalam menggambarkan dedikasi dan jerih payah Saudara. Dari hati yang paling dalam Saya ucapkan terima kasih atas kebersamaannya. Akhirnya, kepada seluruh peserta seminar saya ucapkan selamat datang dan selamat berdiskusi.

Om Shanti Shanti Shanti Om Wassalamualikum Wr. Wb.

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SAMBUTAN DEPUTI ILMU PENGETAHUAN HAYATI - LIPI

Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara

Ass. wr. wb. Selamat pagi Salam sejahtera Om swastiastu Yth. Bapak Prof. Dr. Suparka Yth. Bapak Dr. Deddy Darnaedi Yth. Ibu Dr. Irawati Yth. Saudara Kepala Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor, Yth. Saudara Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Ekakarya Bali, Para tamu undangan dan sdr peserta seminar yang berbahagia Pertama-tama, marilah kita panjatkan puji syukur kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa yang atas ridhoNYA, kita dapat hadir dalam keadaan sehat walafiat. Saudara sekalian, kebun raya sebagai mana kita maklumi, memiliki posisi strategis. Kebun raya adalah tempat untuk konservasi tumbuh-tumbuhan. Di Kebu Raya pula, tumbuhan diteliti secara mendasar agar potesi tumbuhan cepat terungkap. Melalui Kebun Raya ini pula pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan ini dapat dikomuniksikan kepada masyarakat. Kebun Raya mempunyai peran sebagai sarana pendidikan. Karena keindahannya, kesejukannya, dan kenyamanannya, kebun raya merupakan tempat rekreasi. Saudara sekalian yang berbahagia, Dalam kaitan tema dari seminar ini, peran konservasi flora Indonesia dalam mengatasi dampak pemanasan global, maka yang menjadi isu penting saat ini meningkatnya kesadaran publik tentang arti pentingnya tumbuhan untuk menjaga keutuhan bumi shg dapat dihuni manusia lebih lama lagi. Saya sangat menghargai usaha yang dilakukan Kebun Raya Bali menggalang kemitraan menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan produktif termasuk menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan seminar melalui kerjasama strategis dengan berbagai pihak seperti Universitas, pemerintah daerah dan Departemen Sektor. Aksi nyata untuk merespon isu strategis dapat segera dilakukan dengan penghijauan untuk menekan laju pendangkalan danau, dengan melaksanakan pelestarian adat dan tradisi kedekatan masyarakat dg tumbuhan, pembangunan ekonomi berbasis kekayaan hayati Bali mulai ecotourism industry (keindahan landskap ekosistem dan budaya) sampai ke industri pharmaceutical berbasis usada. Saya yakin, melalui usaha positif kita untuk melindungi tumbuhan dan memanfaatkan tumbuhan akan memberikan sumbangan terhadap penurunan laju pemanasan global.

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Dalam kesempatan, perkenankanlah, saya menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih kepada panitia yang telah bekerja keras dan tekun sehingga acara ini berlangsung dengan baik. Saudara sekalian, demikian sambutan saya, Dengan mengucapkan bimillahirrokhmanirrohim, Seminar Nasional Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global. Dibuka dengan resmi. Selamat berseminar Ass. wr. wb. Om Santi Santi Santi Om

31 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DISTRIBUTION OF ELATOSTEMA (URTICACEAE) IN INDONESIA

1)

Barry J. Conn1) dan Julisasi T. Hadiah2) National Herbarium of New South Wales Mrs Macquaries Road Sydney NSW 2000, Australia 2) Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI

ABSTRACT - Elatostema (Urticaceae) is a large herbaceous genus that is widely distributed throughout tropical, subtropical and sub-temperate regions, with a major centre of diversity in the Indonesian Archipelago. The projected climatic changes resulting from global warming are predicted to result in major species extinctions. This paper considers the impact of climate change and anthropological pressures on the future distribution of Elatostema in Indonesia showing that simple bioclimatic modeling tools can indicate areas where the loss of suitable habitat is likely to occur because of the adverse affect of predicted climate change. Key words : Elatostema, climate change, Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION Global warming is caused by the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). These gases are responsible for the absorption of solar radiation and thus moderate the earth’s temperature. These gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons. Human activities have an impact upon the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the levels of these gases are regarded as resulting in increases in global average temperature since the mid-20th century (IPCC, 2007). Most of the greenhouse gases are emitted by agriculture and farming, fossil fuel use for vehicles, industries, power plants, and deforestation. Global warming not only results in increased air and sea temperatures, but uneven precipitation, rises in sea level, extreme weather that results in droughts and floods (IPCC, 2007). These expected changes may cause species extinctions (Parry et al., 2007). Widhiyanti (2007) predicts the extinction of 20−30% of plant and animal species if the global average temperature increases by 1.5−2.5oC. The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase the acidity of sea water, thus harmfully impacting on sea organisms, such as corals and other species that live on them (IPCC, 2007). Climate responds to several types of external forcing, such as changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, changes in solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun (Hegerl et al., 2007). The latter authors predict that the transient climate response, based on observational constraints, is ‘very likely larger than 1°C and very unlikely to be greater than

3.5°C at the time of atmospheric CO2 doubling in response to a 1% yr–1 in CO2’(Hegerl et al., 2007; p. 666). This paper considers the known distribution of Elatostema in Indonesia and discusses its potential distribution based on bioclimatic parameters derived from mean monthly climate estimates (Nix, 1986). Species distribution models provide conservation agencies and environmental managers with estimates of the potential spatial distributions of species. The creation of accurate species distribution models is often affected by sample size (Hernandez et al., 2006). To minimize the relatively low number of collections for each of the species of Elatostema occurring in Indonesia, only the known and potential distributions of the genus were considered. Morphological features of Elatostema Elatostema J.R.Forster & G.Forster (Urticaceae) is a very large genus of approximately 300 species that are characterised by having female flowers arranged on a flattened discoid or lobed receptacle (Friis, 1993). It is mostly herbaceous, often with fleshy stems; however, some species are sometimes woody at base, such as E. rostratum. One of the important characters of Elatostema is anisophyly. Although the phylotaxy is opposite, one leaf of the pair (nanophyll) is greatly reduced but persistent (subgenus Elatostematoides and subg. Weddellia), soon deciduous (subg. Elatostema) or even completely missing. Therefore, the phylotaxy appears alternate. The size of the megaphyll (larger leaf of pair) varies from very small (eg. E. parvum) to large (eg. E. macrophyllum).

Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global

32 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1 The inflorescences are mostly sessile, but male inflorescences are usually pedunculate. The cymose inflorescences are either arranged in a broad or very broad disk-shaped receptacle (subg. Elatostema and subg. Weddellia), with outer bracts broad and variously enclosing the whole inflorescence, or the inflorescence consists of sessile head-like cymes crowded together in leaf axils (subg. Elatostematoides). The latter inflorescence type does not have a receptacle (cf. first two subgenera) or broad outer bracts. Instead, the outer bracts are small and do not enclose the inflorescence (eg. inflorescences of E. rostratum, subg. Elatostematoides). Elatostema has monoecious flowers; 3merous (female flower of subg. Elatostema and Weddellia), 4- or 5-merous (female flowers of subg. Elatostematoides, and male flowers of all subgenera). Tepals of male flowers have an appendage just below apex, whereas tepals of female flowers of subg. Elatostematoides are equal and about as long as mature ovary, whereas those of subg. Elatostema and subg. Weddellia are unequal, very much reduced or absent. Staminodes are present and inflexed in female flowers, reflexing in fruit and ejecting achenes at maturity. This feature is a synapomorphy for Tribe Elatostemateae (Conn and Hadiah, 2009), being not present in other tribes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Distribution data on Indonesian species of Elatostema are based on collections held at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW). Realistic distribution models are dependent on good coverage of the range of environments present within each species’ distribution. Therefore, the regional coverage of both geographical and environmental space was analysed and attempts were made to fill any gaps in both of these environmental variables. Each record was checked for both positional and taxonomic reliability and only records of high reliability were retained. The spatial geocode information was calculated for those collections that lacked these data. The accuracy of geographic information for all other collections has been evaluated and corrected if the error was sufficiently large. The analyses presented here used a subset of these data consisting of 305 unique (non-duplicate) records of species of Elatostema that occur in Indonesia. The modelling program used was Bioclim (Bioclimatic analysis and prediction

system – Nix,1986), as part of the DIVA-GIS package (Hijmans et al., 2005). Detailed descriptions of Bioclim are provided by Nix (1986) and Busby (1991). Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in order to generate more biologically meaningful variables. These bioclimatic variables represent annual trends (for example, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation) seasonality (for example, annual range in temperature and precipitation) and extreme or limiting environmental factors (for example, temperature of coldest and warmest month, and precipitation of wet and dry quarters). Bioclim provides a predicted distribution map accompanied by a bioclimatic profile represented by a set of climatic indices (Jackson and Claridge, 1999). Bioclim generates up to 35 climatic parameters based on maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, radiation and evaporation. However, the unrestricted use of so many variables in a climatic envelope method results in over parameterisation and loss of predictive power of the models (Williams et al., 2003). Therefore, we restricted the environmental variables to 19 parameters that had previously demonstrated significance in explaining biological patterns of diversity within the region. The parameters chosen were mean annual temperature, mean monthly temperature, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of warmest month, minimum temperature of coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of wettest quarter, mean temperature of driest quarter, mean temperature of warmest quarter, mean temperature of coldest quarter, annual precipitation, precipitation of wettest month, precipitation of driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of warmest quarter, precipitation of coldest quarter. Core environmental distribution was defined as the areas where the climatic parameters fall between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the values of the parameters in the species profile. CCM3 version 2.5 (Erik et al., 1999) is the fourth generation in the series of the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR) Community Climate Model (Kiehl et al., 1996). Although the relationship between levels of CO2 and temperature is logarithmic (Cook, 2009), a linear relationship exists between CO2 and radiative forcing. Radiative forcing is the change in net energy flux in the upper atmosphere (Cook, 2009). Representing a measure of the change in the amount of energy the planet is accumulating or losing. Although CO2 is not the only factor influencing global


33 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1 temperatures, and hence climate, over the last 35 years it has been the dominant climatic forcing. Using the level of CO2 in the atmosphere as an indicator of the effects of greenhouse gases on the distribution of Elatostema within Indonesia, the proposed effects of increasing the levels of CO2 to twice the current level were modeled and compared with current bioclimatic variables. Distribution of Elatostema Elatostema (Urticaceae) is widely distributed throughout tropical, subtropical and sub-temperate regions from the west to east coast of Central Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, through Sri Lanka, southern India, tropical Himalaya, Bangladesh, and Myanmar to South-East Asia, Micronesia, then throughout Papuasia, to eastern Australia, New

Caledonia, northern New Zealand, and Polynesia. It also occurs in subtropical and subtemperate regions of China, Taiwan and Japan (Fig. 1). The Indonesian Archipelago is a major centre of diversity for Elatostema with all subgenera present in the region. It occurs throughout the Archipelago, from Sumatera in the west, through Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Indonesian Papua in the east (Fig. 2). Within Indonesia, the genus occurs over a wide range of elevations from forested lowlands up to more than 3600 m in alpine shrublands (Fig. 2). It is an understorey plant of forests and prefers to grow on damp and wet places such as river banks, near lakes, and waterfalls. It is also lithophytic, growing on rocks in streams and on sheer rock cliffs above rivers or nearby waterfalls. It also occurs in open and disturbed areas.

Fig. 1. Generalised distribution map of Elatostema (dark blue).


34 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1

Fig. 2. Distribution of Elatostema in Indonesia, based on data-processed collections at BO and NSW, mapped onto generalized topography. Light green 351–969 m; dark green 969–2289 m; yellow 2289– 3609 m; orange 3609–4829 m; red 4829–6294 m.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Using current climate factors of precipitation and temperature (as listed above), the likely habitats where the genus would potentially occur in the Indonesian archipelago are shown in Fig. 3 (scale: 2.5 minute). The results of the simulations using DIVA-GIS suggest many areas where it is likely that the genus occurs; however, most areas with a medium or better probability of the genus occurring already have voucher herbarium material available for study. The changes in the pattern of predicted geographic distribution of the genus is complex, but dramatic in a scenario of doubled atmospheric CO2 (Fig. 4). Using the level of CO2 as an indicator of the effects of greenhouse gases, 2 times the amount of CO2 shows the changes in potential habitats available to Elatostema. In several areas there is a predicted increase in the number of suitable habitats, for example, in central Borneo. However, there is an overall increased in the number of areas unsuitable for this genus throughout Indonesia, particularly in southern Sumatera and Sulawesi Tenggara. The climatic variables that Elatostema prefers include: higher monthly temperatures,

higher maximum temperatures in warmer months and higher minimum temperatures in coldest months, less seasonality, but interestingly, lower annual rainfall 2000–4000 mls per annum, lower rainfall in wettest months (300–500 mls) and lower precipitation in driest months (80–180 mls). Modeling strategies for predicting the potential impacts of climate change on the natural distribution of species have often focused on the characterisation of a species' bioclimate envelope. Although many factors, other than climate, such as biotic interactions, evolutionary change and dispersal ability all determine species distributions (Pearson and Dawson, 2003), bioclimatic modeling has proven useful in understanding the role of climate change on species’ distributions. The relatively small number of collections of Elatostema and, in particular, the small number of records with adequate geocode data limited the precision of any spatial analyses. In the areas where collections have been made, only one or two collections have been made in most of these (Fig. 5), with only four 2.5 minute areas (approximately 4.5 km2) with four or more collections known.


35 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1

Fig. 3. Distribution of Elatostema based on herbarium collections held at BO and NSW, mapped onto probability of occurrence in Indonesia as predicted by Bioclim modelling using DIVA-GIS. Colour is indicative of the probability of occurrence. Grey = not suitable; dark green = low (≤2.5 percentile); light green = medium (2.5–5 percentile); Yellow = high (5–10 percentile); orange = very high (10–20 percentile); red dots = excellent (20–30 percentile). Scale: 2.5 minutes.

Fig. 4. Potential distribution of Elatostema with the projected future world climate data based on 2X CO2 levels (CCM3) on the Bioclim 2004 data, scale 2.5 minute. Legend listed in Fig. 3 (above). the coarse scale (2.5 minutes) used by these This overall lack of herbarium vouchers climatic models. and the lack of geographical coordinates for Apart from climatic factors, many of the existing collections limit the anthropogenic pressures may represent an accuracy of climatic modeling. Species of equally, if not more devastating impact of the Elatostema are known to occur in many other available of suitable habitats available to areas within Indonesia but have not been Elatostema. A map of the generalized included because there is no voucher material. vegetation communities of Indonesia and areas This lack of adequate voucher material may that have been cleared and modified (Fig. 6) explain the unexpected climatic profile of the show that although areas might be suitable genus. Since many of the species occur in bioclimatically, they have been converted to normally wet areas, such as in the spray-zone of rural or urban lands. In particular, the largely waterfalls, the preferred lower precipitation modified landscape of Jawa, large parts of may be caused by insufficient distribution Sumatera and Kalimantan, severely limits the points. However, it is also probable that the available habitats for Elatostema. In these areas, micro-climatic conditions of waterfalls and conservation of all remaining natural similar environments is not resolved because of Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global

36 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1 communities and buffer zones between the former and rural/urban pressures should be maximized. The difficulties facing environmental and conservation agencies is

further compounded because of the population pressures (Fig 7). Therefore, the major pressure on this genus, and many other genera, still remains the land use and population pressures.

Fig. 5. Map of richness of collections. Data based on density of collections per 2.5 latitude minute area, using herbarium material held at BO and NSW. White = no known collections; dark green = 1–2 collections; light green 3; yellow 4–5; orange = 6; red = 7–8.

Fig. 6. Map of land cover in Indonesia. Green = forests, blue = swamp forests, brown = shrublands, light green = herbs, pink/mauve = converted land. Red dots = vouchered collections of Elatostema.


37 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1

Fig. 7. Population density of Indonesia mapped onto distribution map of Elatostema. Yellow and red = densest populations, respectively. Dark green = least dense. Red dots = vouchered collections of Elatostema.

Despite its importance, Borneo has one of the world’s highest deforestation rates. Once this region was almost completely covered in forests, now only half of the forested areas remain. Between 1985 and 2005, Borneo lost an average of 850,000 hectares of forest annually. In 1996, Sunderlin and Kesosudamo reported that the forests of Indonesia are being logged at a rate of approximately 40 million cubic metres per year (Sunderlin and Kesosudamo, 1996), whereas the ‘sustainable’ rate recommended by the Ministry of Forestry is 22 m cum/yr (World Bank, 1995). However, the low level of forest enrichment post-logging further exacerbates the problem. If this trend continues, forest cover will drop to less than a third by 2020. Damaging human activities such as commercial and illegal logging, large-scale agriculture for oil palm or tea, mining, dam construction, shifting cultivation, illegal collection of species, and infrastructure development have meant that well over half of the lowland forests are now gone, with large fires burning away the remaining tracts (WWF, 2009a). All of the

lowland forests of Borneo, outside of protected areas, are doomed to disappear by 2010, and its montane forests by 2020 (WWF, 2009b). However, it is important to remember that although the forest crisis in Borneo is crucial to Indonesia and the world, past events have been equally devastating. It is estimated that 85 percent of the forests of Sumatera have been destroyed by commercial logging and conversion to agriculture since 1930s (WWF, 2009b). The deforestation of Jawa during the 18th Century has had major implications for the natural biodiversity and for the current people. The removal of wood from remaining forests continues to cause hardship for current human population (Suryana, 2002). The errors in forest management in Borneo, Jawa and Sumatera are begining to be repeated in Indonesian Papua. Even though changes in global climates are predicted to be devastating, current forest management practices are threats that are known to be disastrous; one that can be directly influenced by appropriate changes in political and social practices.

CONCLUSION

impacts of climate change on this region will conceivably be much more severe owing to a range of compounding factors. With respect to changes in habitats through increased CO2 levels, the predicted changes in geographical distribution may move species from nutrient-

In the distribution model discussed here, only the effects of increasing levels of CO2 has been considered, even though this indirectly infers increasing temperature changes. The


38 ISBN 978-979-799-447-1 rich soils to increasingly poorer soils at higher elevations. It has been recorded that tropical forests on these poorer soils support lower densities of arboreal folivores (Kanowski et al., 2001). Likewise, a reduction in the cloudforests (Still et al., 1999) directly resulted in lower levels of mist and water at these high altitudes, resulting in a reduction of critical habitats for many organisms that require the forest as a source of food, shelter or for breeding. The expected increased rainfall seasonality is predicted to negatively impact on the sizes of population of species. Associated with the predicted decrease in population size, it is also expected that such things as the size of fruit-set, which affects the potential reproduction rate of a species, will also impact on the herbivores that feed on these fruits. Increases in levels of CO2 have shown that there is likely to be fewer suitable habitats available for Elatostema. Associated with these climatic changes, there is likely to be habitat fragmentation, at least for species of this genus. Fragmentation has two implications, namely, (1) current habitat fragmentation will result in a series of contracted and more or less isolated populations of species of Elatostema as the species contract into smaller or more isolated suitable habitats; (2) impede climate-induced shifts in faunal distributions which will directly affect those organisms as well as the plant species. Ultimately, the impacts of global climate change will depend on two factors: (1) the final amount of change and, (2) the resilience of the ecosystem in question (Williams et al., 2003). The first factor needs to be addressed globally and at a governmental level by reducing global greenhouse-gas emissions. However, the resilience of an ecosystem, including the individual species within, can be addressed locally and immediately. Resilience refers to the ability of a system to withstand and/or recover from perturbation and is a key management concept in dealing with an unpredictable future (Walker et al., 2002). To maximise ecosystem resilience, ecological processes must be maintained. It is also important that damage to the inherent resilience of these systems, such as habitat fragmentation, feral animals, weeds and diseases, must be minimised. Conservation management can increase the probability of ecosystem survival and/or recovery by focusing on the protection of ecosystem resilience. A greater understanding of how ecosystems maintain resilience and the factors that currently limit the distribution of species is required so that sophisticated predictive tools can be developed that incorporate the complex impacts of global climate change (Williams et al.,

2003). Only then will it be possible to plan and implement realistic conservation strategies to minimise the damage to these unique biota and ecosystems. However, the simple bioclimatic modeling tool presented here already indicates areas that are likely to be adversely affected by climate change. The species associated with these areas should receive immediate attention to evaluate suitable conservation strategies to ensure their survival.

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2009 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali*

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