sastra adalahsebuah dari aspek mana saja. Jika cara
Daftar Isi ) sangat diperlukan.
inisampai tuntas, barangkali apa yang akan tejawab. Barangkali meneliti sasha, akan semakin - entah tenublirnasi ke arah
A. Ketirnpangan Penelitian Sastra .................................................1kepada penerbit CAPS karya ini. Kepada ternan-teman ek-mengejek, debat-mendebat, ada kalanya penuh
C . Kerancuan Istilah Penelitian Sastra .......................................... 5 D. Persoalan Metode, Teknik, dan Pendekatan ..........................7 1.Penkgnya Metode ........................................................................................... 7 2. Pendekatan: AntaraMih Sasfra d m Makro Sasfra ...................... . ........8
og dan tegur sapa saya buka. ar.Namun, sebelum tunggu danselamat
1BAGIAN 2 1 MANATEMEN PENXITIAN SASTRA ........................................
10
B. Penelitian Sastra Sebagai Ilmu ................................................. ZL C . Antara Subyektivitas dan Obyektivitas ................................ .. 23 D. Positivisme dan Konstruk Penelitian Sastra ......................... 25
B. Penelitian Beraliran Ekspresivisme ......................................... 29
1. Munculnya Ekspresivisme ............................................................................. 29 2. Kritik Ekspresivisme ................................................................................ 31
8. Strukturalisme Dinarnik ........
32
C . Strukturalisme Serniotik ....... 1. semiologi ......................................
C. Penelitian Beraliran Romantisme ............................................ 33 D. Penelitian Beraliran Simbolisme dan Mistisisme ................ 34
2. Kerangka Teori ........................... 3. Langkah Analisis Dah.............
3. Aspek yang Diungkap ..................................................................................
pKKq pEGq MODEL BARU PENELITIAN SASTRA A. Grounded Research ........................................................................ 36 8.Kajian Fenomenologi Sastra ...................................................... 38 1.TitikTokk Fenomenologi Saska ................................................................. 38 2. Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ....................................................................... 40
C. Kajian Hermeneutik Sastra ....................................................... 42
PENELITIAN ESTETIKA DAI
A. Estetika Sastra ........................ 1.Hakikat Estetika .........................
2. Analisis Estetika .........................
8.Stilistka Sastra ........................
1.Konsep dan Asumsi ..................
1.PenLingnya Hemeneutik ...............................................................................42 2. Langkah KeIja dan Aspek Kajian ............................................................. 43
p E q PENELITIAN FORMALISME DAN STRUKTURALISME MURNI ... 47 A. Model Formalisme Sastra ......................................................... 47 1.Karakteristik Formalisme ................................................................................47 2. Analisis Formalis ............................................................................................ 48
B. Model Strukturalisme Murni .................................................... 49 1.PrinsipStrukturalisme ................................................................................. 49 2. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Strukturaliime ...................................... 5 1
3. Langkah Ke~ja.................................................................................................... 52
PENGEMBANGAN PENELITIAN STRUKTURALISME SASTRA ..................................................................... 55 A. Strukturalisme Genetik ............................................................. 55 1.Prinsip Dasar Strukturalisme Genetik ............................................. 55 2. Sasaran:Memahami Pandangan Dunia ..................................................57 3.Teknik Analisis .................................................................................................. 61
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PENELITIAN SOSIOLOGISA A. Sosiologi Sastra ...................... 1.Rasionalisasi SoswlogiSastra
2. Pmpektif SosiologiSastra......
8. Sasaran Penelitian Sosiologi
1.FungsiSosial Sash .................. 2. Pmduksi danPemasaranSast 3. Saska sebagai CerminMasya 4. Konteks Sosiobudaya ...............
pEixq PENELITIAN PSIKOLOGI SI A. Landasan Pijak Psikologi Sa B. Pendekatan Psikologi Sastra 1.Beberapa Kemungkmm Kaji
2. Kajian EstetikaEksperherda
B.StrukturalismeDinamik ............................................................. 62 C.ShukturalismeSemiotik ............................................................ 63 1.Semiologi .............................................................................................................. 63
.................................................................... 32 me ............................................ 33 e dan Mistisisme ................ 34
2.h g k a Teori
3.Langkah Analisis Data ...................................................................................
64 66
PENELITIAN ESTEIlKA DAN STILISTZKA ............................. 68 A .Estetika Sastra .............................................................................. 68
ASTRA ..................................... 36
1.Hakikat Estetika ................................................................................................
68
2.Analisis Estelika
69
B.Stilistika Sastra .............................................................................
71
1.Konsep dan Asumsi ........................................................................................
7l
2.Pokok-pokok Analisis Stilistika ...................................................................
73
~ E E q !
PENnITIAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA ........................................... 77 A.Sosiologi Sastra ........................................................................... 77 1.Rasionahi Sosiologi Sastra ......................................................................
77
2.Perspektif Sosiologi Sastra .............................................................................
79
B.Sasaran Penelitian Sosiologi Sastra ......................................... 81 1.Fungsi SosialSastra ......................................................................................... 81 2.Produksi dan PemasaranSastra 3.Sastra sebagai Cennh Masyarakat ............................................................
83 87
4.KonteksSasiobudaya.......................................................................................
92
pLGmq ....................................................55
'..................................................
55 tnetik ...................................................... 55 h Dunia ..................................................57
PENELITIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA ........................................... A .Landasan Pijak Psikologi Sastra .............................................. B .Pendeka tan Psikologi Sastra .................................................... 1.Beberapa Kemungkinan Kajian ................................................................... 2.Kajian EstetikaEksperimental ......................................................................
%
96 97 W 99
C. Psikoanalisa .............................................................................. 101 1 . Hubungan Sastra dan Psikoanalisa .......................................................
101
2. Alam Bawah Sadar ......................................................................................... 102
D. Langkah dan Proses Analisis ................................................... 104
(BAGIAN11 ( PENELITIAN ANTROPOLOGI SASTRA .................................. 107 A. Ruang Lingkup Antropolog Sastra ........................................ 107 B. Fokus dan Proses Analisis Antropologi Sastra .................... 109 C. Analisis Mitos Model Levi-Strauss ........................................ 110 1. Keunikan Mitos sebagai Bdhan Kajian ..................... . . ..................... .. 2.Sistem Oposls~................................................................................................
110 1 1
3. Lmgkah Analisis .............................................................................................. 113
PENELITIAN PRAGMATIK DAN RESEPSI SASTRA ...........115 A. Antara Penelitian Pragmatik dan Resepsi ............................. 115 B. Dasar Penelitian Resepsi .......................................................... 117 C. Aspek Penelitian Resepsi Sastra .............................................. 119 D. Analisis Resepsi Sastra .............................................................. 122 1. Pendekatan yangDigunakan ..................................................................... 2. Horison Pembaca dan Kategori Pembaca .....................................
122
... . 123
[BAGIANI PENELITIAN SASTRA BANDINGAN ....................................... 128 A. Konsep Sastra Bandingan .........................................................128 1. Hakikat KajianSastraBandiigan ...........................................................
128
2. Ilmu Sastra Bandingan ...................................................................................129
B. Intertekstualitas dan Sastra Bandingan ................................... 130 1.OrisinalitasTeks ...............................................................................................130 2. Pokok Kajian Interteks ................................................................................... 132
C. Sastra Bandingan, Sastra Nasional, dan Sastra Dunia ......... 134 136 D. Ruang Lingkup Sastra Bandingan ..........................................
E. Konsep Pengaruh dalamsasl F. Metode Sastra Bandingan ......
p i z G q
PENELITIAN FEMINISME SA A. Konstruksi Gender dalamSa: B. Fokus Kajian Feminisme ........ C. Teori Analisis Feminisme ......
1
~ A G I A N15 PENELITIAN SASTRA LISAh A. Antara Kelisanan dan Keberr B. Bahan Kajian ............................ C. Pengumpulan Data ................ D. Teori Analisis Sastra Lisan ... 1.Tahap Kajian ...............................
2. Aspek danTeoriKajian ............
D. PenafsiranSastra Lisan ..........
IBAGIAN 161
PENELITIAN SASTRA:MOD1 A. Alasan Analisis Konten Sasb B. Karakteristik Analisis Kontm C. Prosedur Penelitian ...............
1. Pengadaan data ......................... a. P m h r a n Unit Analisis ....... b. P m t u a n Sumpel .................. c. Perekaman/Pmcaiaiandata ... 2. Roses Weremi dan Analisis a. Infermi .................................. .. b. Anallsls .................................... 3. Validit* d m reliabilitas ........
D. Wilayah Kajian ...................
E .Konsep Pengaruh dalam Sastra Bandingan .......................... 140 F.Metode Sastra Bandingan ............................................................ 140
I SASTRA .................................. 107 Sastra ........................................ 107 tropologi Sastra .................... 109 auss ........................................ 110 ....................................................110
..................................................................... '111 ..................................................................... 113
bRESEPSISASTRA ........... 115 Idan ~ e s e p s............................ i 115 .................................................... 117 ha .............................................. 119 .................................................... 122 ;.................................................................... 122 I
1Pembaca ................................................
123
i P G A N ....................................... 128 ................................................... 128 B I l ..............................................................128
p................................................................. 129 hdingan ................................... 130 I
.................................................................... 130 .................................................................... 132 lonal, dan Sastra Dunia ......... 134 ! lgan ..........................................136
PENELXIAN FEMINISME SASTRA .......................................... A.Konstruksi Gender dalam Sastra ............................................... B.Fokus Kajian Feminisme ............................................................. C.Teori Analisis Ferninisme ...........................................................
143 143 145 147
PENELITIAN SASTRA LISAN ...................................................... 150 A .Antara Kelisanan dan Keberaksaraan ...................................... 150 B . Bahan Kajian ........................................................ .........................151 C.Pengurnpulan Data ...................................................................... 152 D.Teori Analisis Sastra Lisan ....................................................... 153 1.Tahap Kajian ...................................................................................................... 153 ;
. . . 2 . Aspek d m Teon Kal~an.................................................................................
D.Penafsiran Sastra Lisan ................................................................
154
156
pzGq PENELITIAN SASTlW MODEL ANALISIS KONTEN .......... 160 A.Alasan Analisis Konten Sastra ................................................. 160 B.Karakteristik Analisis Konten Sastra ....................................... 161 ..
C.Prosedur Penellban .................................................................... 162
....................... 162 62 63 c.Perekmnnn/PEncntatandata 2 .Proses Inferensidan Analisis .................................................................... a. Infiens .. b. Anallsrs ............................................ 1................................................................. . . . 3 .Validitas d m rehabll~tas............................................................................. ..
63 164 164 164 164
D. Wilayah Kajian .............................................. ...................... 165
PENELITIAN SASTRA:MODEL POSTMODERNISMEDAN POSKOLONIALISME .......................................................167 A. Kajian Dekonstruksi ......................................................... 167 1. Antara Pasca-struktural, Dekonstruksi, dan Postmodemime ........... 167
3.Teori Analisis .....................................................................................................
171
B. Postkolonialisme .........................................................................176 1. Dasardasar Postkolonial ............................................................................... 176 2. RefleksiSastra: "Penjajah" d m "Te j a j a h ............................................. 178
3. Teori Poskolonialkrne: Mimikri dan Hibriditas .................................... 179
PENELITIAN CYBERSASTRA: SEBUAH PENJELAJAHAN AWAL ................................................................................... 182 A . Seluk Beluk Cybersastra ........................................................... 182B. Aspek-aspek KajiaA ...............................................................184 C. Menengok Kebebasan Bereksperimen ................................... 186
PENELITIAN PENGAJARAN SASTRA ...................................... 189 A. Pentingnya Penelitian Pengajaran Sastra.............................. 189 B. Pemikiran Dasar KBK Bidang Sastra ........................:............. 190 C. .4rah,KBK:Pengajaran Pragrnatik Sastra ..............................: 192 D. Action Research dan Bengkel sastra .........................................193 E. Persiapan Penelitian Action Research .......................................194 Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................. 197 Biodata Penulis ................................................................................ 203
xii
A. Ketimpangan Penelitian Saa Penelitian sastra sampai S a t 11 lah. Maksudnya, di beberapa lembaga orientasi penelitian masih terbatas pad; sastra cendemng bersifat deskriptif belr penelitian pada umumnya masih berk sebuah wilayah penelitian sastra untuk anggap kurang lengkap, karena karya munikasi antara pengarang dengan pen Wajah penelitian sastra semaci ~enelitianintrinsik. Yakni, upaya pen1 sendiri. Penelitian sastra model ini lt untuk sastra. Memang, pemahaman k dak salah, namun unsur di luar sast bangkan. Kemungkinan besar kecende miskinnya teori yang membumi, khus telah ada penelitian ekstrinsik, mungk ralisme genetik yang sedikit berkemba kologi, filsafat, politik, ekonomi, dan S Kepincangan penelitian sastra jarang peneliti yang berani menerapka an yang satu ini sedikit banyak akan abaikan. Pemakaian metode ini sekurz seberapa jauh tanggapan pernbaca % penting dalam rangka pengembangan aspek pembaca, tentunya penelitian sa
