Studia paedagogica URÿÿURN ZZZSKLOPXQLF]MRXUQDOVVS '2, 63
1(0Ì&+(-0(32/,7,.< 9ê=.801Ì.<$35$.7,.< 52=+29256/(-)(00226(0 /(7·61270,;32/,7,&,$16 5(6($5&+(56$1'35$&7,7,21(56 $1,17(59,(::,7+/(-)0226 5R]KRYRU V SURIHVRUHP 0RRVHP SUREěKO Y %UQě OLVWRSDGX X SőtOHæLWRVWL VpULH MHKR SőHGQiäHN QD ÓVWDYX SHGDJRJLFNëFK YěG )LOR]RÀFNp IDNXOW\ 0DVDU\NRY\ XQLYHU]LW\ 5R]KRYRU YHGOL 3HWU 1RYRWQëD5RPDQãYDőtÿHN 3HWU1RYRWQë 31 +ODYQtPWpPDWHPYDäLFKYë]NXPţMHYHGHQtäNRO\.URPěWRKRVH DOHYěQXMHWHYëFKRYěNGHPRNUDFLLDGDOätPWpPDWţP&RY\ViPSRYDæXMHWH]DVYpKODYQt WpPD" /HMI0RRV /0 -GHVNXWHÿQěSőHGHYätPRYHGHQtäNRO9SRVOHGQtFKGYRX OHWHFKäORWDNpRGDOät~URYQěőt]HQtNRQNUpWQěMVPHVH]DEëYDOLYHGRXFtPL SUDFRYQtN\ äNROVNëFK REYRGţ QD ~URYQL PXQLFLSDOLW Y VHYHURHYURSVNëFK ]HPtFK$SRNXGMGHRGHPRNUDFLLSURPěMHWRVStäH~KHOSRKOHGXQHæWpPD YëFKRYXNGHPRNUDFLLMDNRWDNRYRXYODVWQěQH]NRXPiP=DMtPiPěVStäHWR ]GD MH WőHED QěMDNpKR ]YOiäWQtKR GUXKX YHGHQt FKFHPHOL Y\FKRYiYDW SUR GHPRNUDFLL7RMHMHGQD]KODYQtFKRWi]HNNWHUpVLNODGX'iOHPě]DMtPi MDNE\PRKO\EëWSőLYëFKRYěNGHPRNUDFLLQDVWDYHQ\Y]WDK\PH]LVWXGHQW\ DXÿLWHOLPH]LXÿLWHOLDYHGRXFtPLSUDFRYQtN\DSRGREQě7\WRRWi]N\SRG QěFXMH VRXÿDVQë YëYRM VSRMHQë V WpPDW\ MDNR MH DNRQWDELOLWD 1DSőtNODG Y'iQVNXVHYHGHQtY]GěOiYDFtFKLQVWLWXFtQDKOtætMDNRW\SYHőHMQpKRPDQD JHPHQWXWDNæHSURYHGHQtäNROQHPiPHæiGQpVSHFLiOQtIRUPiOQtY]GěOiYi QtþORYěNNWHUëFKFHPtWY]GěOiQtNYHGHQtäNRO\PXVtPtWGLSORP]YHőHM QpKR PDQDJHPHQWX 7R SRWRP Y SUD[L ]QDPHQi æH YH äNROVWYt YLGtPH SRGREQpSRVWXS\MDNpXætYDMtRVWDWQtYHGRXFtSUDFRYQtFLYHőHMQpKRVHNWRUX 1LFIRUPiOQěYi]DQpKRQDäNRO\DäNROQtY]GěOiYiQtYäDNQHPiPH
1(0Ì&+(-0(32/,7,.<9ê=.801Ì.<$35$.7,.<
31 -DNVHQDWXWRVLWXDFLGtYiWH" 2VREQěVWtPQHVRXKODVtPSURWRæHVLP\VOtPæHYpVWäNROXMHQěFR]FHODML QpKRQHæYpVWÀQDQÿQtQHERMLQë~őDG.G\æSőLYHGHQtäNRO\SUDFXMHPHSRX ]H V PDQDæHUVNëPL QiVWURML ]DORæHQëPL QD SULQFLSX DNRQWDELOLW\ MH WR SR GREQpMDNRNG\æVHQěNGHYKRUiFKőtWt]NRSFHDXWRDőLGLÿPtVWRWRKRDE\ VHGtYDOQDFHVWXVOHGXMHSRX]HWDFKRPHWU 3URWRMVHPWHĐWDNpYUiPFL(YURSVNpVtWěSROLWLN\YHGHQtäNROGDOGRKURPD G\ QiURGQt GiQVNRX Vtř NGH MVRX ]DVWRXSHQL OLGp ] PLQLVWHUVWYD äNROVWYt ]XÿLWHOVNëFKRGERUţ]HVGUXæHQtPěVWVNëFKDREHFQtFK~őDGţFRæMVRX]D PěVWQDYDWHOpXÿLWHOţDWDNGiOH$YWpWRVtWLVHVQDætPHSURVDGLWVSHFLÀFNp Y]GěOiYiQtYHGRXFtFKSUDFRYQtNţY'iQVNX 31 9VRXYLVORVWLVYHGHQtPäNROMHYþHVNpUHSXEOLFHDNWXiOQtWpPDDXWRQRPLHäNRO 1DYHGRXFtSUDFRYQtN\äNRO]GHE\ODGHOHJRYiQDYHONiÿiVWSUDYRPRFtDRGSRYěGQRVWL]D IXQJRYiQtäNRO0\VOtWHVLæHSRVLORYiQtDXWRQRPLHäNROYHGHNH]YëäHQtMHMLFKNYDOLW\" /0 3őHGHYätPQHSRYDæXML]DSőHVQpKRYRőLWYWRPWRSőtSDGěRDXWRQRPLL 1HYtPMDNpNWRPXE\O\GţYRG\WDG\YþHVNpUHSXEOLFHPRæQiMHWRYOLY 2(&' QHER MLQëFK VWUXNWXU =DÿQěPH RG ]DÿiWNX SRVLORYiQt DXWRQRPLH äNROMHYHOLFHäLURNpKQXWt=DÿDORWRYVHGPGHViWëFKÿLRVPGHViWëFKOHWHFK NG\SőHYOiGORSőHVYěGÿHQtæH~ÿLQQěYOiGQRXWVWiWţPDUHJLRQţP]MHGQRKR PtVWDQHO]HWXGtæMHWőHEDMLQëSőtVWXS$WHKG\VHY\QRőLORWpPDYHőHMQpKR PDQDJHPHQWXDVQtPVRXYLVHMtFtGHFHQWUDOL]DFH-HQæHYLGtPHæHGHFHQWUD OL]DFHMHQHURYQRPěUQiYQěNWHUëFKSőtSDGHFKVHSRVN\WXMHYtFSUDYRPRFt D Y MLQëFK PpQě 7R KQXWt R NWHUpP POXYtPH VSRÿtYi Y WRP æH YLGtPH GHFHQWUDOL]DFLNG\æMGHRÀQDQFH YMLVWëFKPH]tFKVDPR]őHMPě QHERRRSH UDFH VPěőXMtFt N YODVWQtP FHVWiP őt]HQt äNRO\ URÿQtP SOiQţP WëGHQQtP SOiQţPDSRGREQě7DG\GRFKi]tNXYROQěQt=iURYHłWXRYäHP]ţVWiYiYOi GDNWHUiVH]RGSRYtGiSDUODPHQWXDSDUODPHQWFKFHYěGěW]DFRVHXWUiFHMt SHQt]H ] UR]SRÿWX 0XVt VH WHG\ PQRKp ]MLäřRYDW PěőLW Y\KRGQRFRYDW KOHGDW QRYi őHäHQt 9HGOH XYROłRYiQt WDN SDUDOHOQě GRFKi]t N XWDKRYiQt SőLSUDYXMtVHSRGUREQěMätFtOHDVWDQGDUG\MHQH]E\WQiGHWDLOQěMätGRNXPHQ WDFHDWHVWRYiQt7DNæHSőHGHYätP]KOHGLVNDREVDKXNXULNXODVHYODVWQěVSt äHUHFHQWUDOL]XMH 9SRVOHGQtFKGHVHWLSDWQiFWLOHWHFKVOëFKiPWpPěőSRőiGRGOLGtYHYH GHQtGiQVNëFKäNROMDNőtNDMt -iMVHPVHKOiVLOGRYHGHQtäNRO\SURWRæHPě ]DMtPiY]GěOiYiQtDOHWHĐMH]HPěPDQDæHUÀQDQFtDYäHFKQRRVWDWQtMGH PLPRPě7DNæHMiP\VOtPæHPţæHPHPOXYLWRDXWRQRPLLäNROQDURYLQě SURYR]QtFK]iOHæLWRVWt$OHNG\æMGHRREVDKSULQFLSDXWRQRPLHVHY\WUiFt 31 -DNiDXWRQRPLHMHWHG\GREUiSURNYDOLWXäNROQtKRY]GěOiYiQt" /0 'RPQtYiPVHæHMHWőHEDQHFKDWSURVWRUSURVDPRVWDWQRXSUiFLMDNYH GHQtäNRO\WDNXÿLWHOţP7LSRWőHEXMtXPěWLQWHUSUHWRYDWDNWXiOQtVLWXDFLSR
52=+29256/(-)(00226(0
99
]QiYDWNGRMVRXæiFLMDNpPDMt]i]HPt]iMP\PRWLYDFLDSRGREQě$QDWRP WR ]iNODGě YROLW MDN MH XÿLW $ WR QHO]H VWDQGDUGL]RYDW D VKUQRXW GR XND ]DWHOţ 6RXÿDVQi GLNFH ]DPěőHQi QD VWDQGDUG\ D DNRQWDELOLWX QHQt XGUæL WHOQi3UR]DWtPWRY\SDGiæHQDVWDYXMHPHV\VWpPSURSURGXNFLWRYiUQtFK GěOQtNţ &KFHPHOL PtW GRVSěOp V P\äOHQtP WRYiUQtFK GěOQtNţ PţæHPH WtPWRVPěUHPSRNUDÿRYDW3RNXGYäDNFKFHPHY\FKRYDWRVYtFHQpGRVSěOp V DXWRULWRX SRWőHEXMHPH YëFKRYX NWHUi GRNiæH YpVW N RGSRYtGDMtFtP SR VWRMţPDNRPSHWHQFtP 5RPDQãYDőtÿHN 5ã 3URÿMHWDNRYëUR] SRUPH]LDNDGHPLN\DőHNQěPHYHőHMQRX VIpURX" $VL VH VKRGQHPH æH QiURGQt VWDQGDUGL]RYDQp WHVWRYiQt MHKRæ YëVOHGN\ XUÿXMt EXGRXFQRVWGtWěWHQHQtWRXQHMOHSätFHVWRX5RGLÿHQHMHQYþHVNpUHSXEOLFHYäDNVWiOHYtFH RÿHNiYDMt WDEXONX MDNR YH IRWEDORYp OL]H &KWěMt YLGěW äNROX R]QiPNRYDQRX MHGQLÿNRX 3URÿH[LVWXMtGYDWDNUR]GtOQpVQ\RY]GěOiYiQt"-HSUREOpPDNDGHPLNţæHWRQHXPěMtY\ VYěWOLWYHőHMQRVWLQHERMHWRSUREOpPQDVWDYHQtYHőHMQRVWL" /0 7RSDWőtNYěFL0QRKRURGLÿţPRæQiGRNRQFHYěWäLQDVHYSőtSDGě Y]GěOiYiQtSRPDOXDOHMLVWěVWiYiVStäHQiNXSÿtPLQDWUKX=GiVHMLPWREëW VWHMQpMDNRYNDæGpMLQpVLWXDFL PiPHWXWUKDPţæHPHVLY\EtUDW$NG\æ FKFHPHY\EtUDWSRWőHEXMHPHVURYQiQtFRMHQHMOHSätFRQHMOHYQěMätDWG$WR GěODMtLURGLÿHYRWi]FHY]GěOiYiQt&KWěMtWRQHMOHSätSURVYpGěWLDSRWőHEXMt QěMDNRXSőHGVWDYXRWRP]ÿHKRO]HY\EtUDW$NG\æWRQHQDFKi]HMtYÅOLJR YëFK´WDEXONiFKWDNFKRGtSRäNROiFKDNODGRXRWi]N\9'iQVNXWR]QiPH XæDVSRłGYDFHWOHW0ţMNDPDUiGVHVWDOőHGLWHOHPP\VOtPYURFH DE\O YHOLFHSőHNYDSHQëNG\æURGLÿHNWHőtFKWěOL]DSVDWVYpGěWLSőLFKi]HOLVQRWH VHPSOQëPYäHOLMDNëFKSRæDGDYNţMDNRE\äOLGRVDPRREVOXK\VHVH]QDPHP FR MH SRWőHED NRXSLW 7DNæH XPtWH«" 1DEt]tWH«" &KFHWH«" $ WDN GiO &KRYDOLVHMDNR]iND]QtFL$WHQWRSRVWRMGQHVQHMVStäSőHYOiGi 31 9HVYëFKSőHGQiäNiFKVHY\MDGőXMHWHWDNpNRWi]NiPPěőHQtDNSUiFLVYëVOHGN\ PěőHQtYHäNROiFKDYHäNROVWYt8SR]RUłXMHWHæHÿDVWRQHPěőtPHWRFRMHGţOHæLWpDOHMHQ WR FR XPtPH ]PěőLW $ V WtP SDN SUDFXMHPH -DN PţæHPH PěőLW WR ÿHKR VL VNXWHÿQě FHQtPHDMDNPiPHPěőLWDE\FKRPVHGR]YěGěOLWRGţOHæLWp"-VPHVFKRSQLGHÀQRYDWFR FKFHPHPěőLW" /0 9SUYpőDGěVHSWiPNGRMVPHWLP\NWHőtWRKRPDMtEëWVFKRSQL3UR WRæHWXPiPHSUDVWDURXRWi]NXMVPHOLWtPP\äOHQLP\MDNRSURIHVLRQiORYp XÿLWHOpDWDNGiOHQHERMVRXWRSROLWLNRYp0\VOtPæHVHPXVtPHVKRGQRXW æH WLWR ÅP\´ MVRX KODYQě SROLWLFL 2 WRP MDNë Pi EëW Y]GěOiYDFt V\VWpP UR]KRGXMHSDUODPHQWWHQXUÿXMHFtOH~ÿHO\DWDNGiOH$OHE\ORE\YëERUQp NG\E\QDVORXFKDOSURIHVLRQiOţP$WDNpSURIHVLRQiORYpE\PěOLMDVQěMLDOpSH őtNDWSROLWLNţPFR]QDPHQiY\EUDWVLWRQHERRQRQHERřQHYäLFKQLSROLWL NRYpGRWRKRGRVWYLGt1HYěGtFRVLY\EUDWQHUR]XPtGţVOHGNţPYROE\
1(0Ì&+(-0(32/,7,.<9ê=.801Ì.<$35$.7,.<
$OH]iURYHłVHSWiWHMHVWOLMVPHVFKRSQLGHÀQRYDWFRMHYODVWQěGţOHæLWp 0\VOtPæHQHMVPH1HYtPHGRVWGREőHFRWtPP\VOtPHNG\æWőHED]PLłX MHPH%LOGXQJYGHPRNUDWLFNpPVP\VOX&RWRMH"0QRKHPMHGQRGXäätMHY\ VYěWOLWÿtVORMHGQDYKRGQRFHQt3,6$7RMHFK\WODYpOLGpWRYLGt9HäNROVWYt PiPHYěÿQëSUREOpPæHGREUpNRQFHSFHVHWěæNRY\VYěWOXMt$ÿDVWRMHQH Y\VYěWOXMHPHYţEHFSURWRæHMHVQD]ätMHQHY\VYěWOLW.DæGëSőLN\YXMHæHPiPH EëWGHPRNUDWLÿWtDOHQHNDæGëNëYQHQDWRFRWR]QDPHQi0ěOLE\FKRPVH ]OHSäLW YH VFKRSQRVWL VGtOHW QDäH SR]QiQt D VDPR]őHMPě R QěP GLVNXWRYDW YFRQHMYěWätätőLPH]LSURIHVLRQiO\$OHWDNpOpSHSURGiYDWSőLMDWiRSDWőHQt DGLVNXWRYDWRQLFKVYHőHMQRVWt-DNRDNDGHPLFLUiGLMGHPHGRKORXEN\YěFL GHEDWXMHPHPH]LVHERXGHEDWXMHPHPH]LVHERX3RWőHEXMHPHWDNRYpGHEDW\ DE\FKRPVLWőtELOLP\äOHQN\-HQæHSRWőHEXMHPHYtFGHEDWLVYHőHMQRVWtDSR OLWLN\0XVtPHVHYGHEDWiFKVYHőHMQRVWtDURGLÿLMDVQěMLY\MDGőRYDW 31 =PtQLOMVWHGHPRNUDFLLMDNRKRGQRWXDGHPRNUDFLLMDNR~KHOSRKOHGX=YDätSHU VSHNWLY\²SőLVStYiVNXWHÿQěY]GěOiYiQtNGHPRNUDFLL" /0 7R]DVHVDPR]őHMPě]iYLVtQDGHÀQLFLGHPRNUDFLH .G\æVLYH]PHPH OLEHUiOQt QiKOHG QD GHPRNUDFLL MDNR MHM SěVWXMt YH 6SRMHQëFK VWiWHFK DPH ULFNëFK SDN N Qt VRXÿDVQp Y]GěOiYiQt VNXWHÿQě SőLVStYi SURWRæH SRVLOXMH NRQFHSWLQGLYLGXDOLW\3RVLOXMHWRWLæYÿORYěNXWRXKXYROLWY\EtUDWVL7RPX YëFKRYD N GHPRNUDFLL RGSRYtGi $OH QHRGSRYtGi WRPX FR ]D GHPRNUDFLL SRYDæXMHPH YH YěWäLQě HYURSVNëFK ]HPt WRWLæ GHPRNUDFLL VH VRFLiOQtPL DNFHQW\GHPRNUDFLLVRFLiOQtKRVWiWX%OtæLWVHWRPXWRW\SXGHPRNUDFLHGQHV MHVWiOHWěæätQHERřMVPHVYěGN\VWiOHYëUD]QěMätKRSRVXQXRGXYDæRYiQtÿLV WěSROLWLFNpKRVPěUHPNXYDæRYiQtWUæQtPX3őLWRPGHPRNUDFLHMHNRQFHSFH VYRXSRGVWDWRXSROLWLFNi.G\æQěNWHőtNROHJRYpKRYRőtRWUæQtGHPRNUDFLL MHWRP\VOtPYHONëRP\OSURWRæHSDNQHMGHRGHPRNUDFLLWUKXDOHRORJLNX WUæLäWě7DVHQiPOtELWPţæHÿLQHPXVtDOHQHQtWRGHPRNUDFLH+RYRőtPHOL RGHPRNUDFLLSDNRSROLWLFNëFKSRVWXSHFKDXYDæRYiQt$WRMHQěFR]FHOD MLQpKR 31 9DätPGORXKRGREëP]iPěUHPMHVQDKDVGtOHWSR]QDWN\Y\FKi]HMtFt]Yë]NXPţVOLG PLNWHőtVHVDPLQDYë]NXPQpPSROLQHDQJDæXMtPLPRMLQpVSROLWLN\ÿLőHGLWHOLäNRO -DNiMHYDäH]NXäHQRVWYWpWRREODVWL"0\VOtWHæHYëVOHGN\Yë]NXPţPRKRXRYOLYQLWQD SőtNODGFKRYiQtQHERIXQJRYiQtőHGLWHOHYHäNROH" /0 0\VOtPæHPRKRXDOHQHVPtPH]DSRPtQDWæHP\Yë]NXPQtFLXVLOXMH PHRSR]QiQt]MLQëFKGţYRGţQHæSROLWLFLDSUDNWLFL0XVtPHMDVQěőtFWæH Yë]NXPQtFLYSRGVWDWěKOHGDMt]GURMHSUDYGLYpKRSR]QiQt3UDNWLNRYpMGRX SR YěGRPRVWHFK NWHUp MLP SRPRKRX Y SUD[L Y SUDNWLFNpP UR]KRGRYiQt -HMLFKSőtVWXSPţæHEëWYHOPLSUDJPDWLFNë3ROLWLNRYpFKWěMtYë]NXPNWHUë MHDSOLNRYDWHOQëÿLOLMHNEH]SURVWőHGQtPXXæLWNXDřXæMLPVDPëPQHEROL GHPYSUD[L3ROLWLNRYpVDPR]őHMPěFKWěMtEëWXPRFL1ěNG\SURWRYë]NXPX
52=+29256/(-)(00226(0
QDVORXFKDMtQLFPpQěQHYæG\FN\9HOPLÿDVWR]Yë]NXPţÿHUSDMtLQIRUPD FHW\SXSURÿMHYWRPWRVPěUXOHSätWRDYMLQpPRQRDOHGUXKëGHQXGěODMt ~SOQěMLQpUR]KRGQXWt³QHERřMHMLFKUR]KRGQXWtMHIRUPRYiQRSROLWLFNëP ]iMPHP7RMHGţYRGSURÿMVRXSROLWLN\DSURÿMVRXYROHQL 7\WRWőLVWUDQ\E\VSROXVDPR]őHMPěPěO\POXYLW$OHP\Yë]NXPQtFLE\ FKRPVHQHPěOLSRNOiGDW]DSUDNWLN\DQHPěOLE\FKRPVHSRNOiGDW]DSROLWL N\-VPHYë]NXPQtFLDPţæHPHőtNDWSROLWLNţPMDNYLGtPHVYěW0RæQiWR YH]PRXYSRWD]5R]KRGQXWtMHQDQLFKVDPëFK2VREQěVHNWUHQGţPÅGRE UpSUD[H´DÅQDGţND]HFKSRVWDYHQpSROLWLN\´VWDYtPYHOPLNULWLFN\3URWRæH FRMHWR]DGţND]\QDMHMLFKæ]iNODGěVHPDMtOLGp]SUD[HUR]KRGRYDW"9ěW äLQRXDQLQHMVRXSRGORæHQ\Yë]NXPHP9ěőtPæHMHWőHEDMDVQěGUæHWOLQLL DQHPtFKDWYäHFKQ\W\WRVNXSLQ\GRKURPDG\0\VOtPæHMHOHSätGěODWMHGQX YěFDWpVHGUæHW7DNpE\FKQHE\OUiGNG\E\VHPLDXWRPHFKDQLNSOHWOGR Yë]NXPX 31 9MHGQp]HVYëFKSőHGQiäHNMVWHSRXæLOPHWDIRUXRSUYQtPDGUXKpPGQLYHäNROH 6GRYROHQtPYiVRFLWXMHPH 'iQVNëKLVWRULN3DOOH/DXULJYHVYëFKSDPěWHFK]GHYDGHViWëFKOHWPOXYt RWRPMDNYOHWHFKWőLFiWëFKSURæLOVYpSUYQtGYDäNROQtGQ\9SUYQtGHQSDQt XÿLWHONDSőHVYěGÿLYěDSRXWDYěY\SUiYěODRYHMFLNXőDWHFKVOHSLFtFKMHMLFK QRKiFKDSHőtDWDNSRGREQěÓSOQěKRGRWRKRSőtEěKXYWiKODE\ODWRFK\W UiSDQtXÿLWHOND3DOOHE\OMHMtPY\SUiYěQtPXQHäHQëDWěäLOVHQDSRNUDÿRYi Qt3UREXGLODVHYQěP]YěGDYRVW$OHQD]tWőtKRÿHNDORRSUDYGRYp]NODPiQt 3DQtXÿLWHONDDVLYäHFKQR]DSRPQěODQHERřVHSWDODæiNţSőHVQěQDWRRÿHP VDPDSUYQtGHQPOXYLOD 3DOOHSURæLOWHPQRXDQHäřDVWQRXVWUiQNXäNROQtKRY\XÿRYiQt²QHMGH MHQ RRVYRMRYiQtQRYëFK]QDORVWtDQDSOłRYiQt]YěGDYRVWLMGH WDNp RVOHGRYiQt D NRQWUROX WRKR FR æiFL XPěMt D YěGt -H WőHED GEiW QD WR DE\ GRFKi]HOR NSRVWXSQpPXSőHQRVXYěGRPRVWt-GHYHOPLÿDVWRRWRDE\FKRPYěGRPRV WLSRMtPDOLMDNRNRPRGLWXNWHURXSőHGiYiMHGQDRVREDGUXKp /0 3RXæLOMVHPWRMDNRPDORXLOXVWUDFLWRKRMDNVHGtWěVH]QDPXMHVLQVWLWX FtYěGRPRVWtDOLGVNpKRUR]YRMH²äNRORXþDVWRMVPHXäNROVNpSROLWLN\VYěG N\WRKRæHVH]DSRPtQiQD]iNODG\XÿHQt1D]YěGDYRVWæiNDQDMHKRQXW NiQtQěFRVHGR]YěGěWUHÁHNWRYDWD]YOiGDWYQěMätVYěWDæLYRWYQěPFKiSDW Y]WDK\NMLQëPOLGHPDMHMLFKPtVWRYWěFKWRY]WD]tFKDYWRPWRVYěWěåiFL VH FKWěMt XÿLW D SRNXG XÿHQt SRVORXæt WRPXWR QXWNiQt Gi WR YěGRPRVWHP QRYRXSHUVSHNWLYX=YěGDYRVWMHVWěæHMQt]iNODGD]GURMUR]YRMHNRPSHWHQFt æiNţYGORXKRGREpPVP\VOXL]GURMMHMLFKVRFLiOQtKRUR]YRMH8ÿLWHOpDäNR O\PRKRX]QDÿQěSRGQěFRYDW]YěGDYRVWWtPæHæiNţPSőHGVWDYXMtQRYpFtOH
1(0Ì&+(-0(32/,7,.<9ê=.801Ì.<$35$.7,.<
QDQěæVHPRKRX]DPěőLWDRQLFKæVHPRKRXFKWtWXÿLW9HOPLGţOHæLWpMH YWRPWRSURFHVXXPěQtPRWLYRYDWæiN\DYpVWMHNWRPXDE\VHSRXäWěOLGR QRYpKRDWYţUÿtKR]NRXPiQtWRKRMDNÅVHYěFLPDMt´DMDNE\ÅVHPtWPRK O\´-HWőHEDæiNţPXPRæłRYDWDE\QDFKi]HOLVYpYODVWQtPtVWRXSURVWőHG YäHKRQRYěSR]QDQpKR$E\QDFKi]HOLVHEHVDPD 31 þHVNiDVRFLDFHSHGDJRJLFNpKRYë]NXPXRVODYLODGYDFHWOHWVYpH[LVWHQFHD(YURSVNi DVRFLDFHSHGDJRJLFNpKRYë]NXPX ((5 $ MtæMVWHSőHGVHGRXMHMHQRQěNROLNOHWPODGät -DNYLGtWHYë]QDPWěFKWRVGUXæHQtQDQiURGQtDPH]LQiURGQt~URYQL".ÿHPXMVRXGREUi" /0 ŐHNO E\FK æH MVRX XæLWHÿQi Y PQRKD RKOHGHFK SőLVStYDMt QDSőtNODG NQěNWHUëP]PěQiPYUiPFL(YURSVNpXQLH8æGőtYHMVPHPQRKRNUiWXVSR őiGDOLIyUDYMHMLFKæUiPFLPRKOLYë]NXPQtFLVSROHÿQěGLVNXWRYDWSUH]HQ WRYDWQDY]iMHPVYi]MLäWěQtDSRGREQě6YRXSRYDKRXWRYäDNE\ODVStäHX]D YőHQiMHGQiQt9SRVOHGQtFKQěNROLNDOHWHFKQiVRYäHPGěQtY(YURSVNpXQLL SőLPěORDE\FKRPVHVQDæLOLEëWYLGLWHOQěMätSURYQěMätVYěW3URWRMVPH]D VWRXSHQLYHGYRXRUJDQL]DFtFKNWHUpVHY\PH]XMtYţÿLLQLFLDWLYiP(YURSVNp NRPLVH²SOiQX+RUL]RQWDSRGREQëP6SROXVGDOätPLVGUXæHQtPL]ML QëFKREODVWtVHVQDætPHYtFHYVWXSRYDWGRSROLWLFNëFKSURFHVţDE\QDäHVWD QRYLVNRE\ORVO\äHWYUiPFL(YURSVNpXQLH 31 0iWHMDNRæWRSőHGVHGD((5 $SROLWLNXREHFQěQHERSROLWLFNpVPěőRYiQt]DVRXÿiVW VYpDJHQG\" /0 9XUÿLWpPVP\VOXDQR=DÿDORWRYODVWQěYHOPLQiVLOQěSőLSUiFLQDSOi QX +RUL]RQW NG\ MVPH ]MLVWLOL æH QiYUK\ SURJUDPRYëFK GRNXPHQ Wţ NWHUp MVPH GRVWDOL RG HYURSVNpKR NRPLVDőH YţEHF QH]PLłXMt VRFLiOQt DKXPDQLWQtYěG\7RE\OSURQěNWHUp]QiVYVNXWNXEXGtÿHN9WXFKYtOLMVPH VLXYěGRPLOLæHSRNXGQiV(YURSVNiNRPLVHQHYLGtRGUD]tVHWRWDNpQDÀ QDQFRYiQtYë]NXPXDQDVWDQRXSURQěM]OpÿDV\9WRPWRVP\VOXMHWHG\VQD KDRRYOLYQěQtSROLWLFNëFKUR]KRGQXWtVRXÿiVWtQDätSROLWLN\DPiWRWDNEëW 1H]QDPHQiWRYäDNæHE\FKRPQDSőtNODGUR]OLäRYDOLPH]LSROLWLFNëPLVWUD QDPL6QDætPHVHQDRSDNPOXYLWVNDæGëP 31 9HVYëFKWH[WHFKVHY\MDGőXMHWHNUR]OLäHQtW]YÅPěNNpKR´DÅWYUGpKR´YOiGQXWt-DN WRPXPţæHPHUR]XPěW" /0 0ěNNpYOiGQXWtSUREtKi²YHOPL]MHGQRGXäHQěőHÿHQR²SURVWőHGQLFWYtP GRSRUXÿHQtUDGSURVWőHGQLFWYtPQDVWDYHQt]UFDGODNUHÁH[LSőHVYěGÿRYiQt 7YUGpYOiGQXWtMGHRSURWLWRPXFHVWRXRSDWőHQtNWHUiMVRXSRGORæHQD]iNRQ\ DMVRXGRSURYi]HQDVDQNFHPL,PěNNpYOiGQXWtMHQěNG\GRSURYi]HQRVDQN FHPLDOHYěWäLQRXPěNNëPL.G\æQHEXGHäGěODWFRWLUDGtPHQHEXGHPHWě PtWUiGL=DMtPDYëPUR]GtOHPPH]LWYUGëPDPěNNëPYOiGQXWtPMHWRæH WYUGpYOiGQXWtVHVQDætRYOiGDWQDäHFKRYiQtNGHæWRPěNNpYOiGQXWtVHVQD ætRYOiGDW]SţVREQDäHKRP\äOHQt
52=+29256/(-)(00226(0
5ã $MH((5 $VRXÿiVWtWěFKWRPHFKDQLVPţPěNNpKRYOiGQXWt" /0 6DPR]őHMPě9PQRKpPVP\VOXMVPHVNXWHÿQěVRXÿiVWtWRKRWRV\VWpPX ((5$VSRMXMHOLGt]FHOp(YURS\LRGMLQXGNWHőtVSROXPOXYtWDNæHMHQXW Qě]DSRMHQDGRPHFKDQLVPţPěNNpKRYOiGQXWtDWRLQDPH]LQiURGQt~URYQL 5ã 1HQtWRSDUDGR[".ULWL]XMHPHPHFKDQLVP\PěNNpKRYOiGQXWtDMVPHMHMLFKVRXÿiVWt" /0 1HGRPQtYiPVHæHMGHWDN~SOQěRSDUDGR[6StäHE\FKőHNOæHWRMH VRXÿiVWtDNDGHPLFNpKRSőtVWXSX²VQDæLWVHPtWMDVQRYWRPFRVHGěMHLNG\æ VDPLMVPHWRKRVRXÿiVWt-iYODVWQěFKiSXLäNROQtY]GěOiYiQtMDNRPěNNpYOiG QXWt7RFRSURYiGěMtXÿLWHOpVæiN\MHVYëP]SţVREHPWDNpPěNNpYOiGQXWt 8ÿLWHOp VH VQDæt æiN\ RYOLYłRYDW WDN DE\ PěQLOL ]SţVRE MHMLFK P\äOHQt QHVQDætVHSőtPRPěQLWMHMLFKFKRYiQt&RæRGSRYtGiSRVWXSţPPěNNpKR YOiGQXWt 7DNæH QHQt SUREOpP EëW VRXÿiVWt PěNNpKR YOiGQXWt QD HYURSVNp ~URYQL3UREOpPHPE\E\ORQHYLGěWWR1HERMtPVHRYOLYłRYDWMLQpOLGLSR NXGMVRXVLWRKRRQLVDPLYěGRPL$WRGěOiPH 31 þHOt((5 $QěMDNëP]iVDGQtPSUREOpPţP" /0 .URPěWHFKQLFNëFK]iOHæLWRVWtDU\FKOpKRUţVWX"=DSRVOHGQtFKSěWOHW PpSőHGVHGQLFNpIXQNFHVHSRÿW\~ÿDVWQtNţ(YURSVNpNRQIHUHQFHSHGDJR JLFNpKRYë]NXPXWpPěő]WURMQiVRELO\0ěOLMVPHSőLEOLæQě~ÿDVWQtNţ YURFHY,VWDQEXOXMLFKYäDNRÿHNiYiPHYtFHQHæ3RNXGVHNRQ IHUHQFHWDNWRUR]UţVWiOLGpYQt]WUiFHMtSőHKOHGWDNæHEXGHWőHED]KRGQRWLW MHMtVWUXNWXUXDRUJDQL]DFL7DNpSURWRæHVH]GiæHQěNWHUpVtWěVHSőHNUëYD Mt&RæMHYHOPLFLWOLYiRWi]NDQHERřYHGRXFtVtWtMVRXGRDVRFLDFH]DSRMHQL MLæGORXKRDMHMLFKVtřMHSURQěSRP\VOQëPGtWěWHP7DNæHGěODW]PěQ\QH EXGHMHGQRGXFKp 31 +RYRőtWHRHYDOXDFLD]PěQiFKFRæPěYHGHNRWi]FH²SR]RUXMHWHQDNRQIHUHQFtFK Yë]NXPQëFKDVRFLDFtQěMDNp]PěQ\VPěUHPNH]NYDOLWQěQtPHWRGRORJLHÿL]YëäHQtVWDQ GDUGXYë]NXPXYSHGDJRJLFNëFKYěGiFK" /0 7RMHWěæNpSURWRæHQHÿWXYäHFKQ\WH[W\NWHUpE\VLæiGDO\SR]RUQRVW ² QD (YURSVNp NRQIHUHQFL SHGDJRJLFNpKR Yë]NXPX Y &iGL]X Y URFH E\ORSUH]HQWRYiQRSőtVSěYNţ1LFPpQěNG\æPOXYtPV~ÿDVWQtN\NRQ IHUHQFt D V YHGRXFtPL MHGQRWOLYëFK VtWt NWHőt ÿWRX YäHFKQ\ SőtVSěYN\ VOë FKiYiPæHNYDOLWDYë]NXPQëFKäHWőHQtVHSRPDOX]Y\äXMH6NDæGëPURNHP VWRXSi -HGQtP ] GţYRGţ MH WDNp WR æH NDæGë URN PiPH YtFH SőtVSěYNţ DSURYHGRXFtVtWtMHWDNVQD]ätÿiVW]QLFKRGPtWQRXW.RQDMtSőLWRPYHOPL XæLWHÿQRX SUiFL ² őtNDMt DXWRUţP æH MHMLFK WH[W VYRX NYDOLWRX QHRGSRYtGi QDVWDYHQëPSRæDGDYNţPDVRXÿDVQěSRXND]XMtQDWRFRE\VHYQěPGDOR ]OHSäLW0\VOtPæHMHWRYHOPLGLGDNWLFNëSőtVWXSNYěFL$OHDQLWRQH]QDPH QiæHYäHFKQ\SUH]HQWDFHMVRXGREUp1LFPpQěVYHGRXFtPLVHNFtVWiOHGLV NXWXMHPHRWRPMDNNYDOLWXXGUæHWD]YëäLW$WRVH]MHYQěGěMH
1(0Ì&+(-0(32/,7,.<9ê=.801Ì.<$35$.7,.<
31 9HGOH IXQNFH SőHGVHG\ ((5 $ SţVREtWH QD $DUKXVNp XQLYHU]LWě NRQNUpWQě QD ÓVWDYXSHGDJRJLFNëFKYěGY.RGDQLDO]HVHVYiPLVHWNDWLQDGDOätFKXQLYHU]LWiFK.GH VHFtWtWHGRPD" /0 6DPR]őHMPěY.RGDQL$OHSRYDæXML]DSőtQRVQp²D]iURYHłPěWREDYt ²SőtOHæLWRVWQěSUDFRYDWLMLQGH3ţVRELOMVHPY7URQGKHLPXY1RUVNXSţO URNX MVHP WDP SőHGQiäHO Y UiPFL GRNWRUVNpKR VWXGLMQtKR SURJUDPX /RQL MVHPVWUiYLOQěNROLNWëGQţQDXQLYHU]LWěY0DQFKHVWHUXFRæE\ODVNYěOiSőt OHæLWRVW9iætPVLLWRKRæHMVHPPRKOSUDFRYDWQDXQLYHU]LWěY1RWWLQJKDPX $OHLPRæQRVWKRVWRYDWQěNROLNGQtQDXQLYHU]LWěYãDQJKDMLYþtQěE\ODVNYě Oi3DWőtWR]NUiWNDNDNDGHPLFNpSUiFL 31 -DNWRYäHFKQR]YOiGiWH" /0 1HGěOiPYäHQDMHGQRX$SLOQěSUDFXML-DNQDYtFMiLPpSUDFRYQtSR YLQQRVWL]UDMHPHGRNiæXXæOpSHRGKDGQRXWÿHPXFKFLYěQRYDWYtFÿDVX
O autorovi 3URI/(-)0226MHSURIHVRUHPSHGDJRJLN\QD.DWHGőHSHGDJRJLN\$DUKXVNpXQLYHU]LW\ Y.RGDQL'iQVNR%\OXÿLWHOHPDNRQ]XOWDQWHPSURREHFQt~őDG\SRWp]DÿDOYURFH SUDFRYDW MDNR Yë]NXPQë SUDFRYQtN 6 NROHJ\ ]DORæLO D YHGO Yë]NXPQp FHQWUXP &/8( 9ë]NXPQp FHQWUXP SUR YHGHQt äNRO UR]YRM äNRO D äNROQt HYDOXDFL 9 URFH ]DORæLO 9ë]NXPQëSURJUDPSURIHVLRQiOQtKRDRGERUQpKRUR]YRMHDYHGHQtDE\OMPHQRYiQMHKRSUY QtPőHGLWHOHP/HMI0RRVMHYVRXÿDVQRVWLSőHGVHGRX((5$ (YURSVNpDVRFLDFHSHGDJRJLF NpKRYë]NXPX SőHGWtPE\OSőHGVHGRX0H]LQiURGQtKRNRQJUHVXSURHIHNWLYLWXDUR]YRMäNRO 3XEOLNRYDOőDGXYOLYQëFKNQLKYÿHWQěNQLK\'HPRFUDWLF/HDUQLQJ7KHFKDOOHQJHWRVFKRROHIIHFWLYH QHVV VSROXV-RKQHP0DF%HDWKHP .RQWDNW PRRV#GSXGk
About the author /(-)0226LVDSURIHVVRURI(GXFDWLRQDWWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQDW$DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\ LQ&RSHQKDJHQ'HQPDUN+HZRUNHGDVDWHDFKHUDQGDFRQVXOWDQWIRUPXQLFLSDODXWKRULWLHV EHIRUHEHFRPLQJDUHVHDUFKHULQ ,QFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKKLVFROOHDJXHVKHHVWDEOLVKHGDQG UDQWKH&/8(UHVHDUFKFHQWUH 5HVHDUFK&HQWUHRQ6FKRRO/HDGHUVKLS6FKRRO'HYHORSPHQW DQG6FKRRO(YDOXDWLRQ +HIRXQGHGWKH5HVHDUFK3URJUDPPHRQ3URIHVVLRQDODQG9RFDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQWDQG/HDGHUVKLSLQDQGZDVHOHFWHGDVLWVÀUVWSUHVLGHQW$WSUHVHQWKHLV WKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH(XURSHDQ(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWLRQDQGEHIRUHWKDWKHVHUYHG DV SUHVLGHQW RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQJUHVV IRU 6FKRRO (IIHFWLYHQHVV DQG ,PSURYHPHQW +HKDVSXEOLVKHGDQXPEHURILQÁXHQWLDOERRNVVXFKDV'HPRFUDWLF/HDUQLQJ 7KH&KDOOHQJHWR 6FKRRO(IIHFWLYHQHVVZKLFKKHFRDXWKRUHGZLWK-RKQ0DF%HDWKLQ &RQWDFWDGGUHVV PRRV#GSXGN
