International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017), pp. 1575-1584 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com
Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in Organ System of Parang Fish (Chirocentrus dorab) and Biang Fish (Setipinna paxtoni) from Meranti Islands, Sumatera Indonesia Yusni Ikhwan Siregar1) Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries And Marine Science Riau University, Pekanbaru
Abstract The presence of heavy metals in coastal ecosystem have deleterious effect on ecosystem, due to that of non-degradable properties and long half-lives. The accumulation rate in the tissue and internal organ of fish are species-dependent and are related to the mechanism of metabolism and detoxification. The present paper aims at gaining information on distribution and accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in fish of organ system of locally consumed fish, Parang Parang as well as Biang fish. Sample of Parang parang (Chirocentrus dorab) and Biang (Setipinna paxtoni) were collected from fish catch of trap-net). Fish sample were kept in ice box prior to analyzing in Laboratorium. Pb, Cu and Zn were analyzing following Hutagalung,1997 by using AAS Perkin Elmer (Model 3110). It revealed that both concentration of nonesential Pb, Cu and esential Zn, of the gill were higher than that in fish muscle and fish bone. It also apperared that essential heavy metal, Zn, is higher in organ system of both fishes. Zn in gill accounted three to four fold higher than that of fish muscle and fish bone. In general those metals were accumulated 20 to 80 folds than that of in seawaters. Based on FAO/WHO Expert Committe on Food Additives (2004), however, the level of heavy metals were in the range of safe for consumption. Keywords: heavy metals, accumulation, fish, tropical coastal ecosystem.
Yusni Ikhwan Siregar
1576 1.
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals have been reported to contribute to the anthropogenic contamination of marine ecosystem. Some of them are esential ( Zn, Cu) to the life processes of organism,; while others are toxic (Pb, Hg and Cd) even at low concentration. Uptake of heavy metals in fish are considerred through penetration passively via gill memberane, skin and via food. The presence of heavy metals in oceans have deleterious effect due to that of nondegradable properties and long half lives. Many heavy metals are accumulated in tropical coastal fish (Siregar 2009; Siregar 2011; Amin, 2009, 2010, 2013) . The accumulation in the tissue and organ system of fish are species –dependent and are related to the mechanism of metabolism and detoxification. Contamination of xenobiotic especially heavy metals in coastal ecosystem were continuously reported in relation to fast development of adjacent coastal area. This anthrophogenik pollutant enter coastal ecosystem and undergoes hidrological processes that also interact with biological prosess through food chain. Aquatic vertebrate such as fish, through passive and active mechanisme may accumulate tha heavy metals. Fish uses a variety of homeostasis strategies to limit the accumulation of metals that coudl elicit toxic effects (Jakimska, 2011). In the metabolism it is internal organ (liver), the site of detoxification, accumulation, biotranformation, and enhance elimination (Fernandes 2007; Triebskorn 1997). Kepulauan Meranti District of Riau Province consists of small islands namely Tebing Tinggi, Ransang and Merbau. As a fast growing urbanization of the district, along the coast of the islands has developed many sago processing plants, harbor, and city infrastructure which presumably brought about variety of pollution to coastal waters. Selat Air hitam is a strait of pollution address which heavily used for sea traffic, water front city development, marine fish culture, and fishing ground for traditional people. The present paper aims at gaining information on distribution and accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in fish of organ system of Parang Parang fish as well as Biang fish, the common consumed fish locally in Kepulauan Meranti District, Riau Indonesia.
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fish sample were collected from traditional trapnet, so-called Gombang, along Selat Air Hitam Meranti Island. Two sample stations were established purposively along the straits (Fig. 1). Station 1 represent area of adjacent to domestic waste source and industrial area of Selat Air Hitam of Meranti , while station 2 with three subsampling station, represent of natural area since far away from dense population city and adjacent a good mangrove vegetation.
Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in Organ System of Parang Fish…
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Map of Sampling Stations
Figure 1. Map of Sampling Stations in Selat Air Hitam of Meranti District.
The fish of various size were sampled and kept in a cool boxes prior to the destruction of the sample in Laboratorium. The organ system of fishes including gills, muscle, bone and internal organ were seperated befor analyzing in AAS Perkin Elmer (Model 3110).
3.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
It revealed that consentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in organ system of Parang-parang fish (C. dorab) and Biang fish (S paxtoni) varied widely, as showed in Table 1.
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Table 1. Consentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in organ systems (Gill, muscle, internal organ and fish bone) of Parang fish (C dorab) (n = 10) 1.a, and Biang fish (S paxtoni) 1.b
1.a. Parang fish Consentration (µg/g)
Organ Pb
Cu
Zn
Gill
8,60± 1,43
9,25± 2,30
40,66± 7,31
Muscle
1,86± 0,32
1,75± 0,31
9,42 ± 2,02
Bone
4,72± 0,48
4,10± 0,59
20,10 ± 1,62
Seawater
0,017
0,107
0,107
1.b Biang fish Concentrations (µg/g) Organ Pb
Cu
Zn
Gill
7,89± 0,43
Muscle
2,45± 0,15
3,38± 0,42
14,19 ± 0,67
Bone
3,74± 0,00
5,20± 0,53
15,85 ± 4,50
Seawater
10,62± 0,08
0,107
0,107
35,34± 3,84
0,107______
Table 2. Summary of statistical analysis of heavy metals content in organ system of Fish. Metal
Organ
Gills
Pb
Muscle
-
Daging
0,001**
-
Internal O
0,001**
0,820tn
-
Bone
0,009**
0,024*
0,030*
Gills
-
Cu
Muscle
Internal
Fish Bone
-
Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in Organ System of Parang Fish…
Zn
Muscle
0,004**
-
I ternal
0,004**
0,912tn
-
Bone
0,014*
0,127tn
0,145tn
Gill
-
Muscle
0,001**
-
Internal
0,001**
0,949tn
-
Bone
0,007**
0,054tn
0,058tn
Note *
1579
-
-
= p < 0,05 (significant)
** = p <0,01 (highly significant) tn (non-signoificant)
Concentration of Pb (µg/g)
It revealed that the gill accumulate toxic metal Pb and Cu highly since the organ function related to respiratory mechanism of fishes. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that concentration/accumulation of both Pb and Cu differs (p<0.05) siginificantly between organ. Gill appeared acummulated all non-essential heavy metals(Zn) the highest Table 1. Comparison of heavy metal concentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in organ system of Parang and Biang fish is illustrated in Figure 2,3 and 4.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Parang Fish Biang Fish
Gill
Muscle
Bone
Fish Organ
Figure 2. Consentration of Pb in Parang fish (C. Dorab) and Biang Biang Fish (S. paxtoni )
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Concentration of Cu (µg/g)
12 10 8 6
Parang Fish
4
Biang Fish
2 0 Gill
Muscle
Bone
Fish Organ
Figure 3. Consentration of Cu in Paran Parang fish (C. Dorab) and Biang Biang Fish (S. paxtoni )
Concentration of Zn (µg/g)
45 40 35 30 25 20
Parang Fish
15
Biang Fish
10 5 0 Gill
Muscle
Bone
Fish Organ
Figure 4. Consentration of Zn in Paran Parang fish (C. Dorab) and Biang Biang Fish (S. paxtoni )
Apparently, there was no different consentration of Pb, Cu and Zn between sampling stations. The body of water in Selat air Hitam tend to be homogen all year long since the two station were closely related in a semi-enclosed hydrooceanic system. Comparison of heavy metals in two station are shown in Figure 5 (Parang Fish) and Figure 6 for Biang Biang Fish.
Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in Organ System of Parang Fish…
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45.00
Consentration (µg/g)
40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00
St. I
15.00
St. II
10.00 5.00 0.00 Pb
Cu
Zn
Metals
Figuire 5. Comparison of Pb, Cu and Zn in Parang fish (C. Dorab) sampled from two stasiun in Selat Air Hitam Kepulauan Meranti, Riau
40.00
Consentration (µg/g)
35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00
St. I
15.00
St. II
10.00 5.00 0.00 Pb
Cu
Zn
Metals
Figuire 6. Comparison of Pb, Cu and Zn in Biang Biang fish (S. paxtoni ) sampled from two stasiun in Selat Air Hitam Kepulauan Meranti, Riau
The main heavy metal sources were attributed to domestic sewage, agricultural effluent and industrial that develop in the regions. Inter-species differences of heavy metal accumulation were attributed to habitat differences as well as food habit of coastal fish. Level of Zn in gill accounted three to four fold higher than that of fish
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muscle and fish bone. Zn and Cu are of the essential metals in fish. In general those metals were accumulated 20 to 80 folds than that of in seawaters. Based on FAO/WHO Expert Committe on Food Additives (2004), however, the level of heavy metals were in the range of safe for human consumption.
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