UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA REPRESENTASI FREEMASONRY DALAM THE LOST SYMBOL KARYA DAN BROWN

TESIS

ARIEF RAHMAN HAKIM NPM: 0906587533

FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI ILMU SUSASTRA DEPOK 2012

Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA Representasi Freemasonry dalam The Lost Symbol Karya Dan Brown

TESIS Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Humaniora

ARIEF RAHMAN HAKIM NPM : 0906587533

FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI ILMU SUSASTRA DEPOK 2012

i





Dedicated to my beloved parents: Bunyamin and Mukaromah and to my lovely wife: Ira Dina in appreciation for their love, support, and encouragement

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KATA PENGANTAR

Saya tidak dapat membayangkan tesis ini selesai tepat pada waktunya mengingat sempitnya waktu dalam mengerjakan penelitian, di samping ancaman DO (drop-out) yang selalu mengintai saya selama penelitian ini. Namun, Alhamdulillah akhirnya penelitian ini selesai juga. Setelah menyelesaikan tesis ini, ucapan seorang teman terus terngiang-ngiang dalam telinga saya: “pada akhirnya selesai meskipun tidak pada waktunya.” Ada banyak nama di balik selesainya tesis ini, kepada mereka ucapan terima kasih layak disampaikan. Ucapan terima kasih yang pertama tertuju pada Dr. Bambang Wibawarta selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia. Terima kasih untuk Pembimbing Akademik saya Dr. Phil. Lily Tjahjandari yang selalu terbuka dan ramah dalam melayani pertanyaan saya seputar akademik selama saya menjalani studi di Universitas Indonesia. Tidak hanya urusan akademik, beliau juga banyak mengarahkan saya dalam merancang penelitian untuk keperluan tesis. Tidak lupa ucapan terima kasih saya sampaikan kepada Mina Elfira, Ph.D. selaku ketua departemen susastra dan ketua penguji sidang tesis yang menunjukkan kepedulian terhadap anak-anak didiknya dengan cara mengingatkan batas masa studi dan peraturan-peraturan teknis lainnya. Masukan dan saran beliau dalam sidang banyak membantu saya dalam perbaikan tesis. Dalam menggarap penelitian ini saya berhutang budi pada dua pembimbing saya: Prof. Melani Budianta, Ph.D. dan Retno S. Mamoto, Ph.D atas waktu, pikiran dan tenaga yang mereka luangkan dalam membimbing penelitian saya.

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Masukan, saran, dan kritik keduanya menyadarkan saya akan etos keilmuan yang mesti dijunjung oleh peneliti. Keduanya dengan jeli menunjukkan banyak kesalahan alas pikir saya selama penelitian berlangsung. Sungguh suatu kehormatan dan pengalaman berharga meneliti di bawah bimbingan keduanya. Di samping itu, kepada penguji tesis saya Muhammad Fuad, M. A. ucapan terima kasih juga layak disampaikan mengingat kritik dan masukan selama ujian membantu saya memperbaiki tesis ini. Sebagian dana studi dan penelitian ini saya dapatkan atas kemurahan hati The Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund (Sylff) yang memberikan kesempatan saya sebagai fellow selama tahun akademik 2010-2011. Terkait itu, kemudahan mengurus dana beasiswa Sylff juga saya dapatkan dari International Office (IO) Universitas Indonesia. Kepada kedua lembaga tersebut saya menghaturkan terima kasih dengan tulus disertai harapan kerja sama seperti ini ke depan akan melahirkan komunitas epistemik yang solid di Indonesia. Saran, ide dan diskusi teman-teman angkatan 2009 selama perkuliahan medio 2009-2011 merupakan sumbangan berharga bagi penelitian ini, oleh karena itu sudah sepatutnya saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: Sarip Hidayat, Erika Citra Sari, Kiftiawati Sulistyo, Sri Ulumi Badrawati, Turita Indah Setyani, Nilla S. Oetomo, Sari Komala Dewi, Eka Nurcahyani, Aselih Asmawi, Iik Indayati, M. Nur Hatta, Abdullah Sani, dan Devi Kurnia Alamsyah. Terasalah kini betapa saya merindukan perdebatan-perdebatan sengit dengan mereka di kelas hingga jauh melampaui jam perkuliahan. Tak lupa terima kasih untuk sahabat saya Abdul

vii Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

Rosyid yang banyak membantu mengakses jurnal-jurnal internasional yang dibutuhkan untuk menopang penelitian ini. Dorongan dan semangat keluarga merupakan bekal berharga bagi saya dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini. Terima kasih saya ucapkan kepada mertua saya: Syafri Quraisy Hasan Daud dan Irwani Jaman. Keduanya, dari pulau seberang, tidak bosan menanyakan kapan selesainya studi saya. Terima kasih juga untuk adik-adik saya: Eskawati Musyarofah Bunyamin, Fithrotul Faizah Muyamin, dan Muhammad Muyamin yang dengan caranya masing-masing membantu saya dalam penyelesaian studi. Di luar dugaan, keponakan saya Gempar Arief Al-Ghazali turut memberi warna bagi studi saya. Logika pikirnya sering membuat saya tergelak dan kadang berpikir ulang tentang apa yang selama ini saya yakini sebagai kebenaran. Terima kasih tak terhingga untuk Ira Dina, perempuan yang sejak Maret 2009 menjadi istri saya. Sebuah awal pernikahan yang tidak romantis karena di awal pernikahan dia harus merelakan suaminya belajar dan bekerja hingga larut malam. Tidak hanya itu, ketulusannya menyisihkan pendapatannya bagi studi saya melapangkan jalan saya untuk melaju—jalan tiga provinsi Banten-DKI JakartaJawa Barat—Pamulang-Depok, sebuah jarak yang tidak bisa dibilang dekat. Dorongan dan motivasi istri saya turut melecut semangat saya—yang nyaris padam—untuk menyelesaikan tesis ini. Terakhir, yang paling pantas mendapatkan ucapan terima kasih adalah orangtua saya: Bunyamin dan Mukaromah. Keduanya selalu mengajari dan memacu semangat saya menuntut ilmu setinggi-tingginya dan di usia tua mereka masih saja dipusingkan dan direpotkan oleh SPP anaknya

viii Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

ini. Tesis ini saya niatkan sebagai bakti anak—atau dalam istilah agama disebut birul walidain—kepada Bapak dan Ibu. Tidak ada yang sempurna dalam kehidupan manusia begitu juga tesis ini jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu kritik, saran dan masukan amat saya butuhkan demi perbaikan. Terakhir, mekipun banyak masukan ide dan saran dari pembimbing dan penguji segala kesalahan dalam tesis ini tentu saja menjadi tanggung jawab saya sebagai peneliti. Pamulang, 16 Juli 2012

Arief Rahman Hakim

ix Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012


ABSTRAK : Arief Rahman Hakim Nama Program Studi : Ilmu Susastra Judul : Representasi Freemasonry Dalam The Lost Symbol Karya Dan Brown

Tesis ini membahas representasi Freemasonry, strategi representasi dan pengaruhnya terhadap representasi ibu kota Washington, D.C. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori representasi dan semiotik Peirce. Tesis ini menunjukkan bahwa The Lost Symbol merepresentasikan Freemasonry melalui simbol dan ritual Mason, arsitektur kota, monumen, bangunan dan lanskap Washington, D.C. Dengan strategi oposisi biner, dialektika dan negasi afirmasi, Freemasonry direpresentasikan sebagai persaudaraan dengan rahasia, beriman pada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, terbuka, toleran dan pluralis. Representasi Freemasonry berpengaruh terhadap representasi ibu kota Washington, D.C. sebagai kota kenangan (memorial city) dan kota sakral. Di samping itu, tesis ini juga menunjukkan posisi The Lost Symbol sebagai representasi tandingan dan respons atas gagasan konspirasi dalam konteks Amerika.

xi Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

ABSTRACT

Name Program of Study Title

: Arief Rahman Hakim : Literary Studies : Representation of Freemasonry in Dan Brown’s The Lost Symbol

The thesis examines the representation of Freemasonry in Dan Brown’s The Lost Symbol. The thesis looks at the problems: how the Freemasonry represented in the novel, what strategy used in representing Freemasonry and how it influences the representation of the capital city Washington, D.C. This novel is analyzed carefully and accurately using the theory of representation and Peirce’s semiotics. The thesis argues that The Lost Symbol represents Freemasonry through Masonic symbols and rituals, city architectures, monuments, buildings, and landscapes in Washington DC. The representation of Freemasonry as fraternal organization poses the secret, faithful, open-minded, tolerant, and pluralist modes. The analysis uses binary opposition, dialectics and negation-affirmation technique to show that representation of Freemasonry influenced the representation of Washington, D.C. as memorial and sacred capital city. Besides, the thesis argues that The Lost Symbol positioned as counter-representation and response toward the idea of conspiracy in American context.

xii Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ..................................................................................

i

SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ................................

ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................

iii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................

iv

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................

vi

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...............

x

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................

xi

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................

xii

DAFTAR ISI ...............................................................................................

xiii

BAB I Pendahuluan ..................................................................................

1

A. Latar Belakang Masalah ..................................................

1

B. Fokus Penelitian ..............................................................

9

C. Rumusan Masalah ...........................................................

9

D. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................

9

E. Manfaat Penelitian ...........................................................

10

F. Tinjauan Pustaka ..............................................................

10

G. Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian .....................................

12

H. Landasan Teoretis ...........................................................

14

1. Teori Representasi ......................................................

14

2. Teori Semiotika Peirce ...............................................

16

3. Sejarah dan Memori dalam Representasi Kota ..........

17

4. Waktu Cerita ..............................................................

17

xiii Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

I. Metodologi Penelitian .. ..................................................

18

1. Pendekatan, dan Metode ............................................

18

2. Sumber Data ...............................................................

18

3. Proses Pengumpulan data ...........................................

18

4. Proses dan Analisis Data ............................................

19

5. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................

19

BAB II Asal-Usul Freemasonry Dalam Konteks Amerika ...................

21

A. Asal-Usul Freemasonry ...................................................

22

B. Berdirinya Freemasonry di Amerika Serikat ...................

28

C. Representasi Freemasonry dalam Masyarakat Amerika .

32

BAB III Representasi Freemasonry Dalam The Lost Symbol ................

34

A. Representasi Wajah Freemasonry .. .................................

35

1. Strategi Oposisi Biner ................................................

42

2. Strategi Dialektika ......................................................

43

3. Strategi Negasi-Afirmasi ............................................

46

B. Posisi Tokoh dalam Representasi Freemasonry: Kontestasi Pemaknaan ....................................................

52

C. Tautan Sejarah dan Memori dalam Representasi Ibu Kota .. .........................................

66

1. Tautan Sejarah dan Memori .......................................

66

2. Representasi Ibu Kota ................................................

68

xiv Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

BAB IV The Lost Symbol Sebagai Representasi Tandingan ..................

79

A. Representasi Tandingan dalam Konteks Amerika ..........

79

B. Respons Atas Gagasan Konspirasi ..................................

89

C. Ironi dalam Representasi; Perspektif Pengarang Atas Novel ....................................

100

BAB V Penutup ..........................................................................................

103

A. Kesimpulan ......................................................................

103

B. Saran ................................................................................

105

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................

107

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0 00 !"#0$%&%0&0'(0)%*+0,%-.&/002220 0 102 -&03104 5 6" 78 9 7:; 6<#7= 74< #7>!?0 @*.+0A-B.*0CD-.B01EEF0 0 B.%/0D0G7H"6<#7<6W" d#7K5<#7"7:"!;R7K!e"6"<7 =7f<6W" d#7K5<"6R7 o;"6;7 =7><NK<"6;0$%&%+0p%B002120 0 Sq0r%B0,0ss7Zd"7t X 97K57u<67a#;?<=6R7K"d96R7aW"6R7K5"e6R7 =7a#;?<=0'(0)%*0&0$%&%+0p%-^&q0022F0 123 Representasi freemasonry..., Arief Rahman Hakim, FIB UI, 2012

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

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