Topography and geo-ecological nature of Krakonoš s Back Garden in the Giant Mts

JENÍK J. 2013: Topography and geo-ecological nature of Krakonoš´s Back Garden in the Giant Mts. Opera Corcontica 50/S: 39–54.

Topography and geo-ecological nature of Krakonoš´s Back Garden in the Giant Mts Topografie a geo-ekologická povaha Krakonošovy zahrádky v Krkonoších JAN JENÍK Přírodovědecká fakulta UK v Praze, Benátská 2, 120 00 Praha, CZ, [email protected]. Private: Na Pískách 89, 160 00 Praha, CZ

Abstract The concept and place name of Krakonoš´s Back Garden developed from botanical observations of species-rich vegetation in the summit area of Mt. Studniční Hora and the adjoining slopes of the Obří Důl valley. According to historical and current information this toponym best corresponds to a 400 m long altitudinal belt situated on the east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque, between about 1,300 and 1,350 m a.s.l., on both sides of the upper reaches of the Sněžný Potok stream, and extended along the Sněžný Žlab trough. Serious confusion in the scientific literature arose due to misidentification with Devil´s Back Garden, a traditional source of medicinal herbs. Summarization of the available geo-ecological knowledge suggests a remarkable synergy of geological morphostructure, exogeodynamic processing, near-the-ground aerodynamics, surface hydrodynamics and local biodiversity. The leeward position with regard to the dominant westerly winds and mechanical disturbance by frequent snow avalanches played a key role in the overall environmental diversity and ecosystem pattern. Adequate identification of the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym contributes to better spatial orientation in conservational values of the entire Giant Mts. Keywords: topography, mountain ecology, environmental aerodynamics, biodiversity

Abstrakt Pojem a místní jméno Krakonošova zahrádka se vyvinuly z opakovaných pozorování květnatých míst v oblasti Studniční hory a v závěru Obřího dolu. Podle historických a současných pramenů toto místní jméno nejlépe odpovídá cca 400m dlouhému pásu na východně orientovaných svazích Úpské jámy, ve výšce mezi 1 300 až 1 350 m n. m., po obou stranách Sněžného potoka, s prodloužením podél Sněhového žlabu. Toponymum Krakonošova zahrádka bylo v odborné literatuře mylně ztotožňováno s druhově bohatou Čertovou zahrádkou, která byla tradičním zdrojem léčivých bylin. Shrnutí dostupných geo-ekologických informací nasvědčuje tomu, že Krakonošova zahrádka se nachází v místech, kde dochází k výrazné synergii geologické stavby, tvarů reliéfu, aerodynamiky přízemního ovzduší a biodiverzity. Klíčovou roli ve fyzicko-geografickém prostředí a druhové skladbě ekosystému má její poloha v závětří dominantních západních větrů a opakující se mechanická disturbance sněhovými lavinami. Patřičná identifikace toponyma Krakonošské zahrádky přispívá k lepší prostorové orientaci v ochranářských hodnotách Krkonoš. Klíčová slova: topografie, ekologie pohoří, environmentální aerodynamika, biodiverzita

Introduction Mountains represent a complexity of abiotic and biotic phenomena, which are examined by numerous natural sciences in a wide range of spatio-temporal scales. Current mountain research is in most cases performed by individual experts and specialized teams, which understandably narrow their topic

of study and develop specialized terminology. Available information is interpreted in national languages or temporary lingua franca, and dispersed in specialized journals or monographs. Thus the gap between physical and biological disciplines is continually deepened, and generalized transboundary syntheses are rare. Specialized data scattered in regional writings are a burden in recognition of Central European “mid-

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OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013

mountains”. This region was described and interpreted in numerous national languages, theoretical concepts and methods arriving from the distinguished universities and academic centres in Vienna, Munich, Leipzig, Praha and Wrocław. Basic scientific data were published in Latin, German, Czech and Polish, recently also in English. Contemporary science referring to these mountain ranges developed unilaterally, seldom astride the political boundary, which split the natural wholeness and interpretation of these ranges. It is no wonder that topographic names and related information were confused and related writings became an uneasy task. These difficulties also refer to the Giant Mts, where the differences between national and scientific languages played a historical role. Lesser accessibility of scientific information also complicated transboundary cooperation in nature conservation. The recent international conference in Špindlerův Mlýn, 2013, was a welcome stimulus to overcome this obstacle.

Method The following article is an attempt to explain the questionable identity of an outstandingly species-rich place in the Giant Mts (Krkonoše, Karkonosze and Riesengebirge in Czech, Polish and German, respectively). The author´s earlier empirical studies in European mountains were completed by the examination of accessible historical documents, past literature, maps, internet and web-cameras (mainly HumlNet web cameras). Creation of a legible text in English required the introduction of distinct allonyms for two local place names: Krakonošova zahrádka (=Krakonoš´s Back Garden) and Čertova zahrádka (=Devil´s Back Garden). The majority of other place names got their English allonymous character by capitalization of all words composing the respective Czech endonym (KADMON 2000, UNGEGN 2002, JENÍK 2002). Transdisciplinary explication of geo-ecological factors interacting in the nature of the Krakonoš´s Back Garden required theoretical extension of spatial and temporal data beyond the range of empirical measurements. For example, the crucial role of aerodynamics in the area of Krakonoš´s Back Garden is deduced from diverse field observations, accidental

events, photographs, snapshots, films and web-camera records. Multiscale interactions between georelief, wind action, cloudiness, snow cover and life-forms remain non-measurable and the calculation of statistically valid averages appear less meaningful than records of the occasionally encountered extremes. Speculation across multiple boundaries of specialized physical and biological disciplines appears unavoidable (MAYR 1982). Basic Czech endonyms follow the 1:25 000 maps edited by Vojenský kartografický ústav since 1994 and PILOUS (2007a, b). The Upper Giant Mts oronyms are according to JENÍK (2006). Names of vascular plants are according to KUBÁT et al. (2002), names of bryophytes according to KUČERA et al. (2004).

Topography and toponyms Like most of mountain ranges, the Giant Mts host a mythical ghost called Krakonoš, Rübezahl, or Karkonosz/Liczyrzepa (in Czech, German and Polish, respectively), which/who is occasionally personified as a powerful old man. His name has been connected with prominent cliffs, outcropping rocks, exceptional meteorological events, impassable trails, etc. Conspicuous flower-rich areas resembling artificial garden beds were also named after Krakonoš, and these names were later used in tales, fictional literature and even science. Since the 18th century geographers and botanists tried to stabilize the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym with a particular place in the eastern Upper Giant Mts. Available writings suggest that this toponym was first vaguely situated in the culmination zone of Mt. Studniční Hora and later shifted to some parts of the upper reaches of the Obří Důl valley. In the same region, however, another ghost-related place name occurred: the Devil´s Back Garden, a rocky gully renowned for its medicinal herbs, such as Rhodiola rosea or Allium victorialis. In the absence of detailed maps and prior to glaciological knowledge disclosed by PARTSCH (1894), the abrupt gullies situated directly to the east of Mt. Studniční Hora were not properly distinguished from the steep, yet smoothly sculpted slopes, situated within the spectacular glacial cirque, under the Studniční Stěna headwall and below the Úpská Hrana edge.

JENÍK: NATURE OF KRAKONOŠ´S BACK GARDEN

Stabilization of the topographical terminology started on Silesian side of the Giant Mts in the writings of SCHWENCKFELD (1601, 1607). On the Bohemian side the same author mentioned only Riesengrund, Mummelgrund and Teuffelsgrund, the latter name without adequate localization; a toponym referring to Krakonoš´s name was missing. After a lengthy break of scientific literature in the 17–18th century, the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym first appeared in the treatise of the Royal Bohemian Science Association (JIRASEK et al.1791). The mineralogist JIRASEK (op.c., p.18–19) described his trip down into the Obří Důl valley as follows: „Zwischen der Schneekoppe und dem Brunnberge stiegen wir in den Auppen- und Riesengrund herab, wo der Fluss Auppa von der Weissen Wiese mit vielen zuströmenden kleinen Quellen herabstürzt. Ueber diesem Grunde am Brunnberge ist ein kleiner Fleck Landes, der wegen der häufigen allda wachsenden Pflanzen, der Rübezahls Garten oder Teufelsgarten genannt wird“. These sentences suggest a synonymity of the both ghost-related toponyms and reference to a „kleiner Fleck“ very likely points to the Devil´s Back Garden; its name is also indicated in a sketchy petrographic map. Another participant on the same expedition, the botanist HAENKE (1791, p.75), evidently used the Devil´s Back Garden toponym also with regard to the rocky gully, however

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his long botanical text clearly describes species-rich vegetation on eastern flanks of the Obří Důl valley, in a situation which corresponds to the future Úpská Jáma cirque and Krakonoš´s Back Garden. First catalogues of the Silesian flora compiled by MATTUSCHKA (1779) and KROCKER (1787) did not use toponyms related to a mythical ghost. Only general progress of botany and geology in the 19th century enabled the localization of the actual position of botanically interesting places. The occurrence of newly found rare plants, such as Saxifraga oppositifolia, Hedysarum hedysaroides and Festuca versicolor, appeared to be clearly connected with the outcroppings of base-rich porphyrites in rocky gullies of the Obří Důl valley, i.e., within the Devil´s Back Garden. The location of species rich vegetation on the eastfacing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque became evident from references to individual vascular species in the catalogues. Stabilization of toponyms proceeded rather slowly. In the catalogues of REICHENBACH (1830–32), the occurrence of the rare Saxifraga oppositifolia is connected with Krakonoš´s Back Garden. GÜNTHER, GRABOWSKI & WIMMER (1824) recorded the same species in the Devil´s Back Garden. In the writings of WIMMER & GRABOWSKI (1827, 1829) and WIMMER (1832) the location of Saxifraga oppositifolia Fig. 1. Situation of Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Rübezahls Lustgarten) on the summit of Mt. Studniční Hora, towards the east-facing rocky gullies with the Devil´s Back Garden (original topographic map by KOŘISTKA 1877). Obr. 1. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky (Rübezahls Lustgarten) na Studniční hoře, směrem k východně situovaným skalnatým roklím s Čertovou zahrádkou (topografická mapa, KOŘISTKA 1877).

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Fig. 2. Position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Rübezahls Lustgärten) on the east- and south-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque (topographic map in LETZNER 1902). Obr. 2. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky (Rübezahls Lustgärten) na východních a jižních svazích karu Úpské jámy (topografická mapa, LETZNER 1902).

Fig. 3. Situation of Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Rübezahls Lustgarten) on the shady north-east facing slopes of Mt. Studniční Hora, possibly under the Studniční Stěna wall (birdseye view drawing from the summit of Mt. Sněžka in LETZNER 1902). Obr. 3. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky (Rübezahls Lustgarten) na stinných severovýchodních svazích Studniční hory, pravděpodobně pod Studniční stěnou (kreslené panorama z vrcholu Sněžky, LETZNER 1902).

was called Krakonoš´s Back Garden again. WIMMER (1840) placed the rare species in the Devil´s Back Garden gully. Only to the end of the 19th century botanist FIEK (1894) recognized the difference between the Devil´s Back Garden and Krakonoš´s Back Garden nature and related toponyms. In the fundamental book on the Geography of the Giant Mts, HOSER (1841, p. 82) again equated the names of Devil´s Back Garden (Teufelslustgarten or Teufelsgärtchen) and Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Rübezahlsgärtchen) and described the occurrence of herb-rich vegetation in a broad area on the east-facing slopes between the sharp Čertův Hřebínek ridge and the Horní Úpský Vodopád waterfall. Even the coarsescale maps from the second half of 19th century left

Krakonoš´ Back Garden in uncertain topographic position and extension. In a detailed text and 1:100,000 map, KOŘISTKA (1877: 46) located Krakonoš´s Back Garden on the southern slopes of Mt. Studniční Hora (Fig. 1). Only at the turn of the 20th century did the topographic situation of the ghost-related toponyms became stabilized, possibly due to many editions of the excellent guide-book and accompanying maps by LETZNER (1902). Czech botanical works (ČELAKOVSKÝ 1879, POLÍVKA 1901, DOMIN & PODPĚRA 1928) traditionally located the Devil´s Back Garden toponym into the rocky gully of the Obří Důl valley and left the species-rich east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque unnamed. Even the occurrence of the extra unique species, such as


Carex vaginata or Salix bicolor, were recorded just “on the slope of Mt. Studniční Hora” (DOMIN & PODPĚRA op.c.). Botanical and phytogeographical monographs by SCHUSTLER (1918) and ZLATNÍK (1928) did not favour the application of the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym, possibly due to difficulties with its spatial delimitation within the Úpská Jáma cirque. HUECK (1939: 112–113) again took the German place names Rübezahls Lustgarten and Teufelgärtchen toponyms as equivalent synonyms. Geopolitical changes after the World War II required prominent terminological revision of the topographic terminology in the Giant Mts. The botanist ŠOUREK (1946; 1970) revised the German terminology and,

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both in the text and maps, proposed new toponyms in the eastern part of this range. In the written chapter and detailed drawings in his fundamental book ŠOUREK (1970: 48–50) narrowed the Devil´s Back Garden toponym to only one of the prominent gullies descending down the southern slope of Mt. Studniční Hora, and situated the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym on the east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque, under the conspicuous Sněhový Klín wedge, at about 1,300 m a.s.l. and downwards into the Sněhový Žlab trough (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5); this position and spatial extension was richly documented by quotations of individual vascular plant species in the comprehensive catalogue. Fig. 4. Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Krakonošova zahrádka) on the east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque situated on both sides of the Sněžný Potok stream (ŠOUREK 1969). Obr. 4. Krakonošova zahrádka na východních svazích karu Úpské jámy, situovaná po obou stranách Sněžného potoka (ŠOUREK 1969).

Fig. 5. Position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden (Krakonošova zahrádka) in the eastern Upper Giant Mts (red asterisks) on the background of a satellite picture (Google Maps). Obr. 5. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky ve východních Vysokých Krkonoších (červené hvězdičk v satelitním snímku z Google Maps)vy zahrádky ve východních Vysokých Krkonoších (červené hvězdičky v satelitním snímku z Google Maps).

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Fig. 6. Mesotopographical context and vegetation pattern of the eastern Upper Giant Mts with Krakonoš´s Back Garden (red asterisk) on the upper east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque; in the foreground, the east-facing slopes of the solitary peak of Mt. Sněžka suggest basic geo-ecological differences due to different aerodynamics and disconnection from the etchplain (Photo P. TOMAN). Obr. 6. Mezotopografické a vegetační uspořádání východní části Vysokých Krkonoš s polohou Krakonošovy zahrádky v horní části východních svahů karu Úpské jámy (červené hvězdičky); východně situované svahy izolovaného masivu Sněžky vykazují zásadní geo-ekologické rozdíly, vyjadřující odlišné aerodynamické poměry a nepropojenost Sněžky s vrcholovým etchplénem.

Šourek´s topographical terminology was accepted in many inventories, scientific writings and nature conservation materials published in the Opera Corcontica journal and in summarizing monographs (FANTA 1969, SÝKORA et al. 1983). Authors of geo-ecological articles and monographs were rather selective. JENÍK (1961, 56–60) named the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym in a general analysis of the enhanced biodiversity in the High Sudetes, but did not use this toponym in particular phytosociological relevés. JENÍK & KOSINOVÁ-KUČEROVÁ (1964) referred to Krakonoš´s Back Garden in connection with the Schustler´s Back Garden toponym proposed in the Labský Důl valley. A similar approach was adopted in the article by DVOŘÁK & WAGNEROVÁ (1994), who reasoned the newly proposed Kotelská Back Garden in the Velká Kotelní Jáma cirque. In a voluminous multidisciplinary compendium dealing with all aspects of the Giant Mts (FLOUSEK et al. 2007), the Krakonoš´s Back Garden is properly situated in the Úpská Jáma cirque. Like the majority of oronyms, Krakonoš´s Back Garden cannot be strictly delineated and its position is best indicated by geographical coordinates of its centre. According to maps edited by Vojenský kartografický ústav in the Czech Republic and current Google Maps and Mapy.cz the centre of Krakonoš´s Back Garden is situated at 50° 43’ 56” N and 15° 42’ 52’’ E.

Environmental setting Essential environmental features of Krakonoš´s Back Garden derive from the macroscale geographical position of the Giant Mts in the temperate zone, general pattern of landscapes in Central Europe and geological morphostructure and morphosculpture of the entire Giant Mts. Contemporary aerial pictures offer various mesoscale views, which show the obvious “strategic” position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden within the georelief and vegetation cover of the eastern Upper Giant Mts (Fig. 6). Most important is its situation on the boundary between a large treeless etchplain, in the upper zone of the great Úpská Jáma cirque, on the slopes beneath the sharp Úpská Hrana edge and under the granite wall of Mt. Studniční Hora. Where the northern foot line of Mt. Studniční Hora meets the Úpská Hrana edge, the Sněžný Potok stream enters the Úpská Jáma cirque and flows down across Krakonoš´s Back Garden; the same point is marked in winter by huge snow drifts below and the conspicuous Sněhový Klín wedge lasting throughout the spring time. On the western margin of the etchplain lies the funnel of the Bílé Labe valley which streamlines and accelerates the dominant western winds and profoundly affects the environmental aerodynamics and related geo-ecological regime of the entire eastern massif. Called the Bílé Labe Anemo-Orographic System (JENÍK 1961, 2008) the multilateral processes of deflation, ablation and deposition, frequent snow avalanches, diversified


hydrodynamics and escalated biodiversity take place in the area of Bílá Louka meadow and Mt. Studniční Hora. Krakonoš´s Back Garden, situated in the lee of the dominant air currents, is a natural product of this system. Figs 5 and 6 also provide a clear-cut comparison with the summit of Mt. Sněžka; due to its conical shape, lacking attachment to a snow-rich etchplain and absence of snow avalanches, its eastern slopes remain monotonous in their environmental pattern and vegetation cover. The fundamental geological factors are described in the physico-geographical chapters of KUNSKÝ (1968) and numerous articles and monographs (SEKYRA 1964, CHALOUPSKÝ J., SEKYRA J. & TÁSLER R. 1969, ŠEBESTA & TREML 1976, CHALOUPSKÝ et al. 1989, CZERWINSKI 1985, MIGOŃ 1999, MIGOŃ ET PILOUS 2007, etc.). Krakonoš´s Back Garden is situated in the contact zone between the early Proterozoic crystalline schists and late Proterozoic granite (Fig. 7). The main parent rock in the centre of Krakonoš´s Back Garden is porphyritic medium-grained biotite granite and granodiorite (KLOMÍNSKÝ 1969, PLAMÍNEK 2007),the mineral composition of which is a sufficient source for a variety of less acidic and moderately fertile substrates, including mesic soils with tall-herb vegetation. Available maps indicate only small islands of deluvial and niveo-glacigennic fluviodeluvial sediments. Reputable Czech botanists declared in the past that species-rich flora supported by base-rich rocks is the main glory of the entire Giant Mts (SCHUSTLER 1918, DOMIN 1924). Outcrops of mineral-rich rocks, such as the porphyrites, limestones and erlans, do occur

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in a few sites in the Úpská Jáma cirque, but they were never mapped in the centre of Krakonoš´s Back Garden, including Studniční Stěna wall and the Sněhový Žlab trough. Recent detailed research of bryophytes actually confirmed the local occurrence of erlan (KUČERA et. al. 2004) and set a challenge for future geological exploration. The mesoscale georelief of the Úpská Jáma cirque is a product of the past glacial and periglacial exogeodynamics, and even the current terrain is continually affected by nivation, snow slides, avalanches, congelifraction and arboriturbation (ŠEBESTA & TREML 1976, JENÍK & SEKYRA 1995, JENÍK 2008, KOCIÁNOVÁ 2002, SPUSTA sen., SPUSTA jun. & KOCIÁNOVÁ 2003b). The centre of Krakonoš´s Back Garden is situated on gentler slopes below the precipitous granite wall of Mt. Studniční Hora and below the eastern steep edge of the Bílá Louka meadow. Its east-facing non-rugged area is only microtopographically differentiated by slight variations in the slope aspect, inclination, the related rate of insolation, temperature fluctuations and wetness dynamics. The near-the-ground microclimate (GEIGER 1965, BARRY 1992) is affected by layering, duration and melting of the snowpack, which accumulates in the area of Sněhový Klín wedge and on both sides of the upper reaches of the Sněžný Potok stream. Even small microclimatic and hydrodynamic differences on two sides of the Sněhový Žlab trough contribute to the geo-ecological variety of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. Long-term measurements performed by standard meteostations on the summit of Mt. Sněžka and in the Fig. 7. Location of Krakonoš´s Back Garden (marked by blue arrow) in the contact zone between Proterozoic schists (yellow) and granites (red), with small islands of glacigenic and deluvial sediments in the Úpská Jáma cirque (J. CHALOUPSKÝ, J. SEKYRA & R. TÁSLER 1969). Obr. 7. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky v karu Úpské jámy (modrá šipka) v kontaktní zóně mezi proterozoickými břidlicemi (žlutá) a žulou (červeně), včetně malých ostrůvků glaciálních a deluviálních sedimentů (CHALOUPSKÝ, SEKYRA & TÁSLER 1969).

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Fig. 8. Position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden within the Bílé Labe Anemo-Orographic System in the eastern Upper Giant Mts; straight arrows mark laminar air currents, twisted arrows are turbulent air masses (background photo P. TOMAN). Obr. 8. Poloha Krakonošovy zahrádky v rámci anemo-orografického systému Bílého Labe ve východních Vysokých Krkonoších; rovné šipky vyznačují laminární větrné proudění, stočené šipky turbulentní proudění vzduchu (podkladový snímek P. TOMAN).

vicinity of the Labská Bouda chalet provide valuable macroclimatic values (METELKA, MRKVICA & HALÁSKOVÁ 2007, GRAMSZ, POTOCKA & KOCIÁNOVÁ 2010, etc.), but only provide a framework for the estimates of actual averages and extremes encountered at different altitudes, on variously inclined and exposed slopes. Not far from Krakonoš´s Back Garden, marked differences in temperature, wind action and snow cover were detected during three winter periods between 1967 and 1970 by SÝKORA, BĚLOCHOVÁ & FANTA (1973) in the area of Mt. Studniční Hora. Automatic meteorological stations and dataloggers enabled pioneer microclimatic measurements by HARČARIK (2002) and showed profound differences in temperatures in the dwarf pine stands and on open tundra, the latter one measured on the top of Mt. Studniční Hora. Numerous measurements conducted by the Research Group of Geomorphology and Geodynamics, Charles University in Prague in connection with studies of the treeline ecotone (e.g. TREML 2007, TREML & BANAŠ 2008) also show substantial diversity of tempera-

ture and deviations from the data recorded by standard meteostations. The steep terrain and snow avalanches in the lee do not allow year-round measurements in the centre of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. The importance of wind direction and wind speed can be deduced from scattered observations, occasional photos, web-camera records and growth-forms of plants. The mesoscale model of the above mentioned Bílé Labe Anemo-Orographic System is illustrated in Fig. 8. Primary role belongs to the abrupt change of laminar air current crossing over the large etchplain, and their change into an array of air turbulences above the leeward east-facing slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque. Jointly with different speed and direction also the temperature and atmospheric pressure create variations in the above-the-ground physical environment. In a certain sense Krakonoš´s Back Garden lies in a sheltered place protected from strong winds, but it is also exposed to extreme fluctuations in temperature and atmospheric pressure, and afflicted by mechanical disturbance caused by heavy snow drifts, snow creeping, slushflow and avalanches (Fig. 9).


The geohistorical continuity of western winds and related aerodynamics is an important issue in the assessment of the features of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. Only the uninterrupted effects of snow avalanches could guarantee the coexistence of woody and herbaceous plants; closed-canopy shady forest would destroy the herbaceous plants of the open tundra. During the Quaternary period major changes in the atmospheric circulation are expectable due to the changes in the Gulf Stream, expansion of continental glaciers or climate warming (KOCIÁNOVÁ 2002). Some authors even speculate about the absence of strong western winds and associated snow distribution during the Holocene, which would affect the survival of arctic-alpine species in all of the Giant Mts´ “back gardens”. The earlier assumption of the continual functioning of anemo-orographic systems (JENÍK, 1961, p. 122–126) seems to be supported by the geohistorical synthesis of overall global air circulation in the northern hemisphere (HARTMANN 1994). In the Ferrel Cell between 30° and 60° latitude, the prevailing westerlies are generated by air currents sinking down at 30° latitude, further travelling northwards to the pole, and

Fig. 9. View of the east-facing slopes in the Úpská Jáma cirque with Krakonoš´s Back Garden and downward directed Sněhový Žlab trough after an avalanche event (J. ŠTURSA). Obr. 9. Východní svahy karu Úpské jámy s Krakonošovou zahrádkou a Sněhovým žlabem po sesuvu laviny (J. ŠTURSA).

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eventually bending by the Coriolis force to the right, i.e., to the east. Thus, the environment of Krakonoš´s Back Garden was continually affected by dominant westerly winds. This assessment supports the recognition of historical air currents even in the exposed parts of the Giant Mts (PILOUS 2012). The intensity and redistribution of snow fall, seasonal duration and layering of snowpack, the types and frequency of snow avalanches are the dominant environmental factors in Krakonoš´s Back Garden. Enhanced snow sedimentation during the snowfall and redistribution of snow from the wind-swept etchplain create large snow drifts in the entire leeward space, including the adjoining Sněhový Žlab trough, which is accordingly called “Schneegraben” in many Silesian botanical writings. Until the 1960s, the geoecological impact of snow avalanches was ignored in the entire Giant Mts. After numerous research activities performed in the Upper Giant Mts by JENÍK (1958), VRBA & SPUSTA (1975), SPUSTA & KOCIÁNOVÁ (1998) and SPUSTA sen., SPUSTA jun. & KOCIÁNOVÁ (2003a, b) a register called “avalanche cadastre” was described and related “avalanche ecology” (a term acquired by contemporary American scientists) was slowly acknowledged by Czech botanists and foresters. In the period 1961/62–9997/98 a total of 57 avalanche events have been recorded on the avalanche track No. 4 falling down across Krakonoš´s Back Garden. This second highest avalanche frequency in the Upper Giant Mts can be explained by the aforementioned strategic leeward position below the Sněhový Klín wedge and along the Sněhový Žlab trough. Moreover, the general pattern of late-melting snow fields in the Úpská Jáma cirque (Fig. 10), occasional slushflows and high deposition of airborne pollution (SPUSTA sen, SPUSTA jun. & KOCIÁNOVÁ 2003b) confirm the critical position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. Krakonoš´s Back Garden also differs from other parts of the Úpská Jáma cirque in its general surface and subsurface hydrology and soil wetness. A large proportion of this remarkable location is “irrigated” by the ramified Sněžný Potok stream. Being fed by springs at the foot of Mt. Studniční Hora and by melting snow drifts on both sides of the Sněhový Klín wedge, this stream creates large seepage areas which penetrate the drier patches during the second half of the growing season. The chemical composition of the oligotrophic water differs markedly from the acidic waters drained by the Úpa River from large

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Fig. 10. General view of the snow distribution in the eastern Upper Giant Mts; Krakonoš´s Back Garden (red asterisk) is situated in the lee of the southern snow-rich section of the Bílá Louka meadow, under the Sněhový Klín wedge; see also the snow accumulation left by avalanches at the foot of Sněhový Žlab trough (photo J. KALENSKÁ). Obr. 10. Rozložení sněhové pokrývky ve východní části Vysokých Krkonoš; Krakonošova zahrádka je situována v závětří jižní části sněhem pokryté Bílé louky, pod Sněhovým klínem v Úpské jámě (červené hvězdičky); výrazné sněhové akumulace po sesuvu laviny jsou ve spodní části Sněhového žlabu (J. KALENSKÁ).

etchplain peatbogs and released onto the neighbouring slopes of Úpská Jáma cirque.

Biodiversity views The concept and toponym of Krakonoš´s Back Garden developed from observations of stands composed of conspicuous flower-rich forbs, such as Anemone narcissiflora, Gentiana asclepiadea, Allium victorialis, Lilium martagon, Digitalis grandiflora, Adenostyles alliariae, Streptopus amplexifolius, Pleurospermum austriacum, etc. The primarily “aesthetic” point of view was readily transformed into botanical appreciation in terms of plant taxonomy, phytogeography and phytosociology (ŠTURSA 1999, 2003). In spite of the absence or misidentification of the Krakonoš´s Back Garden toponym, all Silesian and Czech floristic catalogues from the 19th century always refer – in connection with rare species – to particular sites on Mt. Studniční Horal and in Úpská Jáma cirque, which fall within the area identified as the “back garden” in this article. Extensive floristic enumeration has never been performed. There are only three randomly situated phytosociological relevés published by

JENÍK (1961) available. In the Bupleuro-Calamagrostidetum arundinaceae association altogether 36 vascular plant species were recorded in a sample plot of only 25 m2 in size. ŠTURSA (1965) markedly extended the list of vascular species growing in the area of the Krakonoš´s Back Garden. In the introduction to his comprehensive book, ŠOUREK (1970) published only a selected list of Krakonoš´s Back Garden´s species and fully utilized this toponym while describing the distribution of particular species in the main catalogue. Due to absence of a strict topographic boundary and difficult taxonomy of the apomictic Hieracium genus, an up-to-date enumeration of all vascular species growing in Krakonoš´s Back Garden is still missing. However, the available knowledge is sufficient to identify an outstanding mixture of plant populations which belong to diverse phytogeographical elements (according to their total distribution), ecological elements (with regard to their total ecosystem). In midmountains of Central Europe, the occurrence of nordic and alpine species always attracts much scientific attention. Krakonoš´s Back Garden accommodates species with a close affinity to some alpine and subarctic ecosystems. It is equally important, however,


that the same area hosts numerous species that belong to montane forests and even submontane vegetation. For example, the arctic-alpine Cryptogramma crispa, Pedicularis sudetica or Carex vaginata grow in close vicinity to boreal forest elements, such as Convallaria majalis, Paris quadrifolia and Pulmonaria obscura. Many vascular plant species achieve in Krakonoš´s Back Garden their uppermost or lowest altitudinal limits in the context of the Giant Mts and thus represent altitudinal records in the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe or within the national boundaries of the Czech Republic. Of ecological interest is the encounter between (sub-) alpine woody species, such as Pinus mugo, Prunus padus ssp. borealis, Betula carpatica, Salix lapponum, and Sorbus aucuparia subsp. glabrata, and forest species, such as Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, Populus tremula, Salix caprea, Daphne mezereum or Juniperus communis in the Sněhový Žlab trough (JENÍK 1958). A stunning mixture of geographical and ecological elements has developed in the composition of the tall-herb Crepido conyzifoliae-Calamagrostietum villosae and Bupleuro longifoliae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae associations described by JENÍK (1961) and recently acknowledged by KOČÍ (in CHYTRÝ 2010). The biodiversity of Krakonoš´s Back Garden should also be considered with regard to predictable micro-evolutionary processes in the Hercynian Mountains (JENÍK 1983). As summarized by KRAHULEC (2006), many endemic taxa of the Giant Mts´ flora are concentrated around the summits and in glacial cirques. The aforementioned environmental setting makes the Úpská jáma cirque a highly probable cradle for new botanical taxa. Historical collections and recent taxonomical studies of the Hieracium genus (KRAHULEC et al. 2000, CHRTEK jun. 2004, etc.) suggest that apomictic reproduction, hybridization and speciation might have also occurred in the area of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. According to molecular studies by KRZAKOWA & DUNAJSKI (2007), hybridization between Calamagrostis arundinacea and C. villosa took place in the lee of an anemo-orographic systems in the Giant Mts. As mapped by ŠTURSA and ŠTURSOVÁ (in litt.) Krakonoš´s Back Garden is a place where the aforementioned grass species meet, owing to gentle changes of E and SE slope aspect. The strategic position of Krakonoš´s Back Garden played an influential role in the immigration of

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plant species and served during the Holocene period as a refuge for small populations, which occasionally reached this place (JENÍK 1997). The isolated and stabilized occurrence of Salix bicolor in the Sněhový Žlab trough is a particular example. This willow was first observed by J. A. V. WEIGEL in 1790 and continually registered for more than two centuries. The few female shrubs understandably did not reproduce sexually and the same isolated shrubs resisted competition from vigorous woody species in the vicinity (NÝVLTOVÁ 2010). The biodiversity view cannot be limited only to vascular plants. Botanical research in progress has disclosed that Krakonoš´s Back Garden excels in its species-richness of bryophytes and lichens. KUČERA et al. (2004, 2005) studied mosses and liverworts in all glacial cirques in the Giant Mts and confirmed their outstanding diversity. A fall-line belt crossing Krakonoš´s Back Garden and Sněhový Žlab trough contained an outstanding abundance of bryophytes. While the entire surface of the summit of Mt. Sněžka hosted only 108 species, the above mentioned belt accommodated 157 species, which contained a marked mixture of boreal-montane, (sub-) arctic and (sub-) alpine geographical elements. Not only plants, but also animals, contribute to the outstanding characteristics of the glacial cirques in the Giant Mts. Understandably, the lives of mobile animals cannot be spatially limited to a relatively small area of Krakonoš´s Back Garden. However, numerous zoological observations and collections often refer to upper slopes of Mt. Studniční Hora and the Úpská Jáma cirque. SÝKORA et al. (1983: 79–86) and FLOUSEK & ŠTURSA (2007: 353–362) published summarizing chapters about the glacial cirques in the Giant Mts and confirmed that many vertebrate and invertebrate species markedly contribute to the specificity and biodiversity of these topographically prominent regions. According to long-term mapping of birds (FLOUSEK & GRAMSZ 1999) the rare Prunella collaris, Anthus spinoletta and Falco peregrinus breed in the culmination area of the eastern Upper Giant Mts. We can only speculate that Krakonoš´s Back Garden lying amidst the Úpská jáma cirque serves as an exceptionally favourable source of food and suitable breeding site. The strategic topographic setting, environmental factors and outstanding biodiversity of Krakonoš´s Back Garden can best be substantiated by compar-

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ison with similar phenomena observed in the western Upper Giant Mts in connection with the Mumlava Anemo-Orographic System. J ENÍK & K OSINOVÁ KUČEROVÁ (1964) and ŠTURSA et al. (1973) described analogous features in the Pančavská Jáma cirque and identified an extraordinary species-rich area called Schustler´s Back Garden. Situated in the lee of dominant western winds, this location is heavily affected by snow redistributed from a large etchplain. The resulting snow avalanches enable the coexistence of tundra and forest ecosystems and induce extraordinary species diversity. In spite of the difference in elevation, Krakonoš´s Back Garden and Schustler´s Back Garden represent real poly-natural twins. Comparative observations by researchers from Charles University in Prague and Krkonoše National Park repeatedly point to the geo-ecological similarities found in European mountain ranges, which only moderately surpass the alpine treeline (e.g. JENÍK 2008; ŠTURSA, JENÍK & VÁŇA 2010). In Central Europe the Hercynian Mountains offer many similarities of “strategic” environmental position and subsequent origin of centres of biodiversity. A spectacular analogy is found in the Vosges, namely in the area of Hohneck, and in the Black Forest, namely in the Feldberg massif (BOGGENRIEDER et al. 1982, BOGGENRIEDER 2001). As in the case of Krakonoš´s Back Garden, multi-scaled spatio-temporal syntheses are missing, but even the overspecialized data enable relevant comparison and argumentation for regional “back gardens”. Both the physical and biotic structures and processes observed in Krakonoš´s Back Garden at the present time require a backward view along the temporal scale. The immigration of individual plant populations was a short-term event, but the establishment of expressive plant communities took a long time. Most authors assume that major changes of vegetation were caused by the Mid-Holocene warm period, about 6,000 years ago, when higher summer temperatures supported the ascending forests and lowered the alpine tundra (KERWIN et al. 1999). The winter climate in the Giant Mts possibly did not change enough to stop the quasi-periglacial conditions on the summits, and snow avalanches kept limiting the expansion of forest trees. Current climate change inevitably poses the question of the future development in the “back gardens”. The considerable increase in air temperature – 0.6 oC in the last hundred years – and the related changes in precipitation predicted by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) may favour the ascending shady forest, weaken the herbaceous species and lower the total biodiversity of Krakonoš´s Back Garden.

Concluding remarks Adequate identification of Krakonoš´s Back Garden should emphasize the values of the Krkonoše National Park. Here again we have to consider the topographical and geo-ecological aspects of the Giant Mts in their broad spatio-temporal scales. Due to their low elevation, moderate size, rounded terrain, the prevailing siliceous bedrocks and regional isolation, the diversity of the entire Giant Mts lags far behind the rugged ranges encountered in the neighbouring Alps and Carpathians. In the large mountain ranges, the local rarities are mostly explained by local lithology, stratification and georelief; due to the branched ridges and deeply-incised valleys their environmental aerodynamics is very complicated and the important role of air currents and “dangerous snow avalanches” in biodiversity remained rather obscure. The Giant Mt´s. nature is comparatively simple and thus more transparent and legible for scientific observation and pertinent nature conservation (JENÍK 2007). The validated concept and toponym of Krakonoš´s Back Garden finds a convincing parallel with Schustler´s Back Garden described fifty years ago in the western Upper Giant Mts. In both of these areas, the extraordinary species-richness possibly developed without substantial support from base-rich bedrocks and in comparable positions with regard to the dominant air currents; however, future geological research is highly desirable. Such a parallel is a convincing argument for efficiency of anemo-orographic systems in other Hercynian mountain areas (PILOUS 2012). In terms of axiology, the recognized concept and toponym of Krakonoš´s Back Garden possesses a highly intrinsic value in natural sciences. It would enhance the spatial orientation and monitoring of much broader aspects of mountain biodiversity. The frequently used term “hot spot” gains a more concrete charge. DOBROWSKI (2011) assumes that similar locations in American mountain ranges can serve as comparative objects in studies of global climate change. The extrinsic values of Krakonoš´s Back Garden are still more evident. During the last few centuries


this area was a source of ornamental and medicinal plants, which were collected by Silesian “laboratory technicians” residing in the nearby town presently called Karpacz. This kind of exploitation of the Upper Giant Mts´rarities was subsequently prohibited, but in the middle of the last century the integrity of the Úpská Jáma cirque was again seriously endangered by downhill ski races organised in the spring time. Krakonoš´s Back Garden has been well integrated in the Krkonoše National Park since 1963 and even the trail along the Úpská Hrana edge is closed for the public. The high extrinsic value of Krakonoš´s Back Garden can be fully exploited by observations from the trail traced on the opposite slope of Mt. Sněžka and from the viewpoints on top of this peak. Individual tourists, guided tours and schools can observe the diversity and dynamic seasonal changes on the leeward slopes of the Úpská Jáma cirque, with Krakonoš´s Back Garden situated in the strategic centre. The westward view from the summit of Mt. Sněžka in any season of the year can be used to explain the outstanding relationships between topography, air currents, snow distribution, avalanches and vegetation types in the eastern Upper Giant Mts. This educational role is already utilized by information tables, tourist guides and webcam operations, but further improvements can be expected with the help of modern techniques.

Souhrn Příspěvek rozebírá dostupné geo-ekologické informace umožňující přesný popis místa, kde se nachází známá Krakonošova zahrádka, jedno z dlouhodobě popularizovaných částí krkonošské přírody. Podrobně analyzuje časoprostorové interakce mnoha geo-ekologických faktorů propojených v kontextu anemo-orografického systému údolí Bílého Labe (georeliéfu, větrného proudění, distribuce sněhové pokrývky, frekvence sněhových lavin, hydroklimatických poměrů, výjimečně pestré druhové a biotopové rozmanitosti). To vše na historickém pozadí vývoje užívání známých krkonošských toponym – Čertovy a Krakonošovy zahrádky ve východních Krkonoších nebo Schustlerovy zahrádky v západních Krkonoších. Přesná identifikace Krakonošovy zahrádky a její dobrá viditelnost z protějších svahů Sněžky je tak vítanou příležitostností ke srozumitelnému výkladu příčin vzniku tak výjimečného centra geo-biodiverzity Krkonoš.

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Acknowledgements Sincere thanks are due to many colleagues and university students for their cooperation during my earlier geobotanical research in the Giant Mts. Fully acknowledged are the photographers, who provided me with the attached photographs.

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