THESIS
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF PREMODIFIED NOUN PHRASES IN “LALITAVISTARA”
NI PUTU DIAN PURNAMA DEWI
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2013 i
THESIS
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF PREMODIFIED NOUN PHRASES IN “LALITAVISTARA”
NI PUTU DIAN PURNAMA DEWI NIM 1190161027
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2013
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis has been examined on 12th December 2013
by
First Supervisor,
Second Supervisor,
Prof. Dr. I Gusti Made Sutjaja, M.A NIP19441002.1978.031
Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum NIP 19620916.198702.2.001
Acknowledged by
Head of Linguistics Program Postgraduate Program Udayana University,
Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University,
Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M. Hum NIP 19620310.198503.1.005
Prof.Dr.dr.A.A.Raka Sudewi, Sp.S.S(K) NIP 19590215.1985102.001
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This thesis has been examined on 12th December 2013 based on the Decree of Rector of Udayana University No. 3366/UN14.4/HK/2013 dated on 12th December 2013.
Chairman
: Prof. Dr. I Gusti Made Sutjaja, M.A
Members
: Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha. M.A Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum
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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT Saya yang bertandatangan di bawah ini: Nama
: Ni Putu Dian Purnama Dewi, S.S.
NIM
: 1190161027
Program Studi : Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana Judul Tesis
: Translation Techniques Applied to Translate Premodified Noun Phrases in “Lalitavistara”
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa Tesis ini merupakan hasil karya sendiri dan bebas dari plagiat. Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti terdapat unsur plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan Mendiknas Republlik Indonesia No. 17 Tahun 2010 dan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, 16 Desember 2013
Ni Putu Dian Purnama Dewi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My greatest gratitude addressed to the Lord, the Almighty, for His endlessly marvelous blessings for me. Only due to His magnificent mercy, this thesis can be finished at the time. This thesis was written to fulfill the requirements of completing my study in Translation Study, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. I would also like to address my sincerest gratitude to: 1. The Director of Postgraduate Program of Udayana University: Prof Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp S(K), The Head of Master Program in Linguistics: Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M. Hum and the secretary: Dr. Made Sri Satyawati, M.Hum. 2. The Board of Examiners: Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha. M.A, Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A, and Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum, for the significant inputs during the examinations to improve my thesis. 3. Prof. Dr. I Gusti Made Sutjaja, M.A, my first supervisor, for his professional guidance and encouragement, and Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum, my second supervisor for her valuable suggestions, detailed supervision and patience in guiding me composing this thesis. 4. Dr. Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum, for the suggestions to improve my journal article as one of the requirements for thesis examination, as well as the staffs of Translation Study of Postgraduate
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Program at Udayana University for their patient and helpful guidance in fulfilling the bureaucratic stuffs. 5. My parents and brother, the small family who support me continuously to finish my study. They gave the best support and patiently encourage me in finishing all assignments, composing my thesis, and funding my entire study. Also, my gratitude for the beloved one for the mental support and his help in some technical parts such as CD, thesis format, and others. Considering the broad field of research in translation study and my limitation in term of knowledge and time, this thesis is far from perfection. Though, my great expectation, what is written down on this thesis will be beneficial for Udayana University, especially for the translation study of the post graduate program.
Denpasar, 16th December 2013
Ni Putu Dian Purnama Dewi
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ABSTRACT Translation practise is never easy. There are some problems occur, related to the lexical gaps, grammatical constructions, concept difference, and many others. Premodified NP translation can be tricky because some parts are omitted to make compact phrase construction. This study aims at finding the translation techniques applied to translate English premodified NPs into Indonesian in historical-religious genre of text by collecting the data from a bilingual book entitled “Lalitavistara” written by Leber (2011). The collected data were analyzed by using the theory of premodified English NP by Quirk et al (1985), the theory of Indonesian NP by Chaer (2009), translation equivalent by Baker (1992), and the translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). At the end of the analysis process, overall results were obtained, showing the translation technique mostly used by the translators. Results of this study showed that the premodified English NPs found in “Lalitavistara” which are premodified in term of adjective are constructed by one to four premodifiers. The meaning of these NPs can only be analyzed in term of grammatical equivalence. In order to cope with grammatical problem, literal translation is the most common technique used. The use of this technique of translation is possibly caused by three reasons: to keep the ambiguity and redundancy of the text, to preserve form features of the SL text, and bring the target reader closer to the SL. Keywords: premodified noun phrase, equivalent translation, and technique of translation
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ABSTRAK Menerjemahkan bukanlah perkara yang mudah. Terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang muncul dalam penerjemahan, menyangkut perbedaan kosakata dan leksikon, struktur gramatikal, perbedaan konsep, dan banyak lagi masalah lainnya. Penerjemahan frase kata benda dengan premodifier bisa jadi membingungkan karena dalam frase tersebut beberapa bagian dilesapkan demi mendapatkan bentuk frase yang rapat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencaritahu teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai untuk menerjemahkan frase kata benda dengan premodifier ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia dalam jenis teks historis-religius dengan cara mengumpulkan data dari buku bilingual berjudul “Lalitavistara” ditulis oleh Leber (2011). Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan memakai teori premodified English NP oleh Quirk et al (1985), teori frase kata benda oleh Chaer (2009), penerjemahan ekuivalen oleh Baker (1992), dan teknik penerjemahan oleh Molina dan Albir (2002). Pada akhir proses analisis, hasil keseluruhan yang didapat akan menunjukkan teknik penerjemahan yang sering dipakai penerjemah. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa frase kata benda Bahasa Inggris dengan premodifier yang ada dalam “Lalitavistara” tersusun atas satu sampai empat premodifier. Makna masing-masing frase kata benda hanya bisa dianalisis melalui ekuivalensi makna gramatikal. Untuk memecahkan masalah terkait makna gramatikal ini, penerjemah menggunakan teknik penerjemahan literal. Penggunaan teknik ini dimungkinkan oleh tiga alasan, yaitu: mempertahankan ambiguitas dan redundansi teks sumber, mempertahankan karakteristik struktur teks sumber, dan membawa pembaca terjemahan lebih dekat ke bahasa sumber. Kata kunci: frase kata benda dengan premodifier, penerjemahan ekuivalen, dan teknik penerjemahan
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ……………………………..….………….…………………………….....i APPROVAL SHEET …………………..…………………………………………iii SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT………………………………….....v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………….….vi ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENT ..……………………………….……………...…………x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………………..……….……………………...…xiii LIST OF FIGURES …..………………..……………...………………………xiv LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………….…….xvii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..………….……….….….……………………...1 1.1. Background of the Study ….……………...…….…………………………….1 1.2. Problems of the Study ……………...……………………………………........7 1.3. Aims of the Study………………..…….…….…………………………..……7 1.3.1. General Aim ……………..……………...……………………………..……7 1.3.2. Specific Aims …………………….………………………….………..…….8 1.4. Significance of the Study ..………………………..……………..……………8 1.4.1. Theoretical Significance ………………………..………………..…….….8 1.4.2. Practical Significance………………...…………..……………..……….….9 1.5. Scope of the Study …….………………………...…………….…………..….9
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CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ....……………………....…..….…10 2.1.
Literature Review ………………….…...…………….……………...……10
2.2.
Concept …….…………………………………...……..………………….18
2.2.1. The Concept of Translation Techniques.............…….………...………….18 2.2.2. The Concept of Noun Phrase……………...…………….......…………….18 2.3.
Theoretical Framework……………..………………….……………….…19
2.3.1. Types of English Premodified Noun Phrase….……………………......….19 2.3.2. Types of Indonesian Noun Phrase ………………………...…...….………25 2.3.3. Translation Equivalence ………………………………......………………30 2.3.4. Translation Techniques………….……………………...…....……………35 2.4.
Research Model …………………………….…………...……………...…42
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD………………………...……………….44 3.1. Research Approach …………………….…………………………...……….44 3.2. Research Location
.……………………………………………...…….….44
3.3. Data Source ………………………………………....……………...……… .45 3.4. Research Instrument….…………………………...…….…………………...46 3.5. Method and Technique of Collecting Data .…….………………...…………46 3.6. Method and Technique of Analyzing Data .…..…………………...……..….47 3.7. Method and Technique of Presenting Data……………….……..…………..49
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CHAPTER IV. THE PREMODIFIED NOUN PHRASES FOUND IN LALITAVISTARA” AND THEIR TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES.................50 4.1.
“Lalitavistara” and Its Indonesian Translation ………………….………...50
4.2.
Premodified English NPs Modified in Term of Adjective ………….…….51
4.2.1. Premodified English NPs with 1 Premodifier …………………………….51 4.2.2. Premodified English NPs with 2 Premodifiers……………………………61 4.2.3 Premodified English NPs with Three Premodifiers……………………….88 4.3.
Overall Result of Translation Techniques Used to Translate the NPs from English into Indonesian …………………………..…………………..….114
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………………116 5.1. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………...116 5.2. Suggestions ………………………………………………………………...116 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………….………..…….…………117 APPENDICES..………………………………….……………………...………119
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NP
: Noun Phrase
SL
: Source Language
TL
: Target Language
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1.
Research Model of Premodified NPs Translation Study of “Lalitavistara” ……………………………………………..…………42
Fig. 3.1.
Sample of the NP structures …………………………………………48
Fig. 4.1.
Structures of NPs “volcanic eruption” and “letusan gunung berapi” .................................................................................................52
Fig. 4.2.
Structures of NPs “marvelous play” and “pertunjukan mencengangkan”…………………………………..…………………54
Fig. 4.3.
Structures of NPs “mandala-like layout” and “penampangnya yang mirip mandala .................................................86
Fig. 4.4. Structures of NPs “self-mortification exercises” and “penyiksaan diri ekstrem” ...................................................................56 Fig. 4.5.
Structures of NPs “learned brahmins” and “brahmana terpelajar”............................................................................................58
Fig. 4.6.
Structures of NPs “renewed existence” and “kelahiran kembali”...............................................................................................60
Fig. 4.7.
Structures of NPs “this major sanctuary” and “tempat suci raksasa itu”..........................................................................................62
Fig. 4.8.
Structures of NPs “a sumptuous carriage” and “rombongan kereta yang megah” .......................................................64
Fig. 4.9.
Structures of NPs “the coming Buddha” and “kedatangan Buddha” ...............................................................................................67
Fig. 4.10. Structures of NPs “a wandering monk” and “seorang biksu pengembara” ..............................................................69 Fig. 4.11. Structures of NPs “countless divine beings” and “makhluk-makhluk surgawi yang tak terhingga jumlahnya”..............70 Fig. 4.12. Structures of NPs “innumerable divine beings” and “makhluk-makhluk surgawi yang tak terhingga jumlahnya”..............72 Fig. 4.13. Structures of NPs “three lavish palaces” and “tiga istana megah” ......74
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Fig. 4.14. Structures of NPs “five ascetic companions” and “lima rekan petapa”.................................................................................................75 Fig. 4.15. Structures of NPs “the blessed one” and “Bhagava”............................77 Fig. 4.16. Structures of NPs “the Enlightened One” and “Sang Tercerahkan” .............................................................................78 Fig. 4.17. Structures of NPs “Siddharta’s Great Renunciation” and “pelepasan agung Siddharta”...............................................................80 Fig. 4.18. Structures of NPs “Siddharta’s jealous cousin” and “sepupu Siddharta yang cemburu”.......................................................82 Fig. 4.19. Structures of NPs “an ever-changing rhythm” and “alunan nada yang senantiasa berubah”..............................................83 Fig. 4.20. Structures of NPs “his self-destructive fasting” and “puasa yang menyiksa diri”..................................................................85 Fig. 4.21. Structure of NP “this uniquely vibrant life” ..........................................88 Fig. 4.22. Structures of NPs “his first deep meditation” and “meditasi yang mendalam untuk pertama kalinya”..............................91 Fig. 4.23. Structures of NPs “the Buddhist Sailendra rulers” and “para penguasa Buddhist, Sailendra” ..................................................93 Fig. 4.24. Structures of NPs “the great playful arrangement” and “pengaturan agung yang memukau” ....................................................95 Fig. 4.25. Structures of NPs “one gigantic teaching tool” and “alat didik raksasa” ..............................................................................97 Fig. 4.26. Structures of NPs “far reaching mental journey” and “perjalanan mental yang jauh”.............................................................98 Fig. 4.27. Structures of NPs “certain spiritual healing powers” and “kekuatan spiritual untuk menyembuhkan” ........................................100 Fig. 4.28. Structures of NPs “500 young white elephants” and “500 gajah putih”................................................................................101 Fig. 4.29. Structures of NPs “a magnificent Plaksa Tree” and “sebatang pohon Plaksa raksasa”......................................................103
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Fig. 4.30. Structures of NPs “his faithful servant Chandaka” and “pelayannya yang setia, Chandaka”...................................................104 Fig. 4.31. Structures of NPs “such an erudite being” and “makhluk agung yang begitu fasih”....................................................106 Fig. 4.32. Structures of NPs “seven distant metal drum” and “tujuh tong besi yang jauh letaknya”..................................................108 Fig. 4.33. Structures of NPs “the unsurpassed perfectenlightenment” and “pencerahan sempurna yang tiada bandingannya”.....................110 Fig. 4.34. Structures of NPs “his five former ascetic companions” and “lima mantan rekan petapanya”.........................................................111 Fig. 4.35. Structures of NPs “a world cultural heritage site” and “situs warisan budaya dunia”.............................................................113
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LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1. List of Premodified NPs Found in “Lalitavistara”…..……………119
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