THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS

THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS A DISSERTATION

Submitted to the Department of Linguistics of The Graduate School of North Sumatera University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Linguistics

HILMAN PARDEDE REG. NO. 078107003

GRADUATE SCHOOL NORTH SUMATRA UNIVERSITY MEDAN 2011 Universitas Sumatera Utara

ABSTRACT

This disertation focuses on Conversation Analysis (CA) regarding the structure of Adjecancy Pair (AP) and Turn-Taking in Toba Batak (TB) conversations. The aims of the research are to explain: a) how the AP of TB conversation operates, b) how the end of turn is grammatically, intonationally, and semantically projected, and c) how the Turn-Taking in TB conversation operates. The main theory used is CA theory by Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974). This theory assumes that there are four basic assumptions in conversation, they are: a) conversation is structurally organized, b) conversation is jointly produced among participants, c) conversation is contextual, and d) conversation is locally managed. Since conversation is structurally organized and sequentially constrained, there can be found structural approach, that is, adjacency pairs. This exemplifies structural organization as well as orderly sequence of interaction in conversation. Adjacency pairs give slot to the next position whether responded or not. When the first is not responded, the second would be noticeably absent, that leads to a repair actions. As the joint production among participants, recipients show his or her intersubjectivity as the understanding and inferences of the the speaker’s utterance. Again, when recipients do not show his or her intersubjectivity, the speaker may reply with repair work in the next slot, which is called the third position repair. Since conversation is locally managed, it implies that turn-by-turn organization of conversation are analyzed. The research was conducted using qualitative method. The data were collected based on audio recording and video recording of mundane conversation or casual talk which constitute fifty texts of conversations. These texts are categorized into two, they are forty texts dealing with Adjecancy Pair and ten texts dealing with Turn-Taking. The analysis is based on CA, that is sequential analysis. The results of the research are: 1) AP of question-answer in TB conversation is not a basic component in selecting the next speaker, 2) Noticably absent, other than showing a device to make a repair, it is used to show AP of greeting-greeting, 3) AP of questionanswer shows greeting-greeting when the answer to the question is not informative, 4) AP of greeting-greeting, horas-horas is unique and typical as it is a basic component and able to perform as congratulation-response, leavetaking-leavetaking, 5) AP of summon-answer shows greeting-greeting since the summon is not responded by an answer, 6) APs of question-answer, greeting-greeting, and summon-answer are related, 7) Post-offer occurs in TB conversation, 8) AP of invitation embody three kinds of sequence: pre-expansion, post-expansion, inserted-sequence, 9) APs of offer and invitation are related, 10) The AP of accusation has a denial response in SPP as preferred, 11) AP of compliment in TB conversation has a downgrading response in SPP, 12) AP of complaint has a denial response in SPP as preferred. It is formulated in disafiliation, 13) APs of acquisition, compliment, and complaint are related, 14) The first rule of turn-taking (CSSN) is not always applicable in TB conversation, 15) Long

Universitas Sumatera Utara

silence occurs in lapse, 16) The ends of turn which are grammatically, intonationally, and semantically projected occur in TB conversation, 17) The rules of Turn-Taking and the organization such as silence, overlapping talk, and repair are applicable in TB conversation, 18) Turn-taking are not culturally bound. The findings imply that learning the adjacency pairs of foreign language can not depend only on the mechanical structure, but on the ritual constraint, and this is also effective in the first language (TB). On the other hand, there is a room for turn-taking to be further studied based on ritual constraint. It is concluded that there are negative cases in AP and turn-taking of TB. Key words : conversation analysis, adjacency pair, turn-taking, linguistic completion points


ABSTRAK

Disertasi ini berfokus pada analisis percakapan yang mengkaji struktur pasangan berdekatan dan gilir berbicara dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memerikan: a) bagaimana pasangan berdekatan dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba dipraktekkan, b) bagaimana akhir gilir bicara diproyeksikan secara gramatikal, intonasional, dan semantikal, dan c) bagaimana gilir bicara dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba (PBBT) dipraktekkan. Teori utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori analisis percakapan oleh Sacks, Schegloff, dan Jefferson (1974). Terdapat 4 asumsi dasar dalam percakapan berdasarkan teori ini: a) percakapan terorganisasikan secara struktur, b) percakapan merupakan hasil produksi sesama partisipan, c) percakapan kontekstual, dan d) percakapan di kelola secara lokal. Karena percakapan itu terorganisir secara struktur dan dihadapkan pada urutan (sequence), maka ditemukan suatu pendekatan struktur yang disebut sebagai pasangan berdekatan. Ini menunjukkan organisasi struktur serta urutan interaksi yang teratur dalam percakapan. Pasangan berdekatan memberikan tempat kepada posisi/urutan berikutnya yang dapat direspon maupun tidak. Apabila yang pertama tidak direspon, yang kedua dapat dipertanggung jawabkan dan menimbulkan tindakan perbaikan. Sebagai produksi sesama partisipan, pendengar akan menunjukkan keterlibatannya karena mengerti ujaran pembicara. Apabila pendengar tidak menunjukkan keterlibatannya, pembicara akan melakukan tindakan perbaikan pada tempat berikutnya, yang disebut dengan perbaikan pada posisi ketiga. Karena percakapan dikelola secara lokal, hal ini mengimplikasikan adanya analisis giliran per giliran dalam percakapan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan merekam secara audio dan video melalui percakapan kasual. Data yang dianalisis ada 50 data yang terdiri dari 2 bagian: 40 data digunakan untuk menganalis pasangan berdekatan, dan 10 data digunakan untuk menganalisis gilir bicara. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis percakapan, yaitu analisis sekuensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Pasangan berdekatan pertanyaan-jawaban dalam PBBT bukan merupakan komponen dasar dalam menentukan pembicara berikutnya, 2) Kealpaan jawaban, disamping berfungsi untuk melakukan perbaikan, ia juga digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pasangan berdekatan salam-salam, 3) pasangan berdekatan pertanyaan-jawaban berubah menjadi salam-salam apabila jawaban kepada pertanyaan tidak informatif, 4) Pasangan berdekatan salam-salam yang dibangun oleh struktur horas-horas merupakan struktur yang unik dan tipikal karena merupakan komponen yang mendasar yang mampu bertindak sebagai pasangan selamat-selamat, berpisah-berpisah, 5) Pasangan berdekatan panggilan-jawaban berubah menjadi salamsalam apabila panggilan tidak direspon dengan jawaban, 6) Pasangan berdekatan pertanyaan-jawaban, salam-salam, dan panggilan-jawaban adalah berhubungan, 7) Pasangan post-penawaran terjadi dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba, 8) Pasangan


undangan mencakup tiga sekuen: perluasan awal, perluasan akhir, dan sekuen sisipan, 9) Pasangan tawaran dan undangan adalah berhubungan, 10) Pasangan tuduhan memiliki respon penolakan pada pasangan kedua sebagai yang diinginkan, 11) Pasangan pujian mempunyai respon penolakan yang dihaluskan pada pasangan kedua, 12) Pasangan keluhan mempunyai respon penolakan pada pasangan kedua sebagai yang diinginkan, diformulasikan dalam bentuk ketidakberpihakan, 13) Pasangan tuduhan, pujian, dan keluhan adalah berhubungan, 14) Kaidah pertama gilir-bicara (pembicara sekarang memilih pembicara berikut) tidak selalu dapat diaplikasikan dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba, 15) Kesenyapan panjang terjadi dalam percakapan yang terhenti sementara, 16) Akhir dari giliran yang diproyeksikan secara gramatikal, intonasional, dan semantikal terjadi dalam percakapan bahasa Batak Toba, 17) Kaidah gilir bicara dan organisasi seperti kesenyapan, percakapan tumpang tindih dan perbaikan dapat diaplikasikan dalam bahasa Batak Toba, 18) Gilir bicara tidak terikat secara kultural. Implikasi temuan ini adalah bahwa belajar pasangan berdekatan bahasa asing dan bahasa pertama tidak dapat hanya tergantung pada struktur mekanis, tetapi juga harus tergantung pada hambatan ritual. Pada sisi lain, terbuka wacana untuk mengkaji gilir bicara berdasarkan hambatan ritual. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, terdapat kasus-kasus negatif yang menjadi temuan pada penelitian ini. Kata kunci : analisis percakapan, pasangan berdekatan, gilir bicara, akhir gilir bicara.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those who lent their assistance and advice in the preparation of this work. First, the members of my dissertation advisors: Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA, Ph.D as promotor, Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D as co-promotor, and Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, MS as co-promotor. Second, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D as chairman of Linguistic Program of Post Graduate school of North Sumatera University for providing me access to learn from the beginning up to the end of this study including the Sandwich Program I attended in USA. I would like also to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ir. T. Chairun Nisa, B., M.Sc for her effort so that I can enhance my knowledge in the beloved Post Graduate school, especially when I could attend Sandwich Program in Auburn University, Alabama, USA. I am also indebted to the Rector of North Sumatera University, for the facilities given that I could participate in any activities pertaining to all academic constraint in the Post Graduate School. Last but not least, I must express deepest gratitude to my wife, Lissa Donna Manurung and my daughter, Claudia Benedita Pardede, for unfailing love, patience, and sage advice. Above all, I thank God for His blessings. Medan,

December 2010


Hilman Pardede CURRICULUM VITAE

Hilman Pardede was born in Padang Sidempuan on May 25, 1960. He is the fourth son of Late BM. Pardede and Elfrida Lubis. He graduated from Elementary School SD Negeri No. 59 Pematangsiantar in 1973, Junior High School Methodist Pematangsiantar in 1979, Senior High School in Methodist Pematangsiantar in 1982, and S-1 English Program of North Sumatera University in 1987. In the year of 1992, he continued his study to S-2 Program of IKIP Malang , and graduated in 1994. Then he went to S-3 program in linguistics at North Sumatera University in the year of 2007. In 2008, he attended a Sandwich Program in Aurbun University, Alabama, USA. In 2010, he was a speaker in the International Seminar in Trang, Thailand. He presented a paper entitled “Adjecancy Pair in Toba Batak” From 1987 up to 1989, he was appointed lecturer assistant in HKBP Nommensen University Pematangsiantar. Later in 1990, he became a permanent lecturer of HKBP Nommensen University Pematangsiantar. In 1998, he was appointed Head of English department of S-1 program HKBP Nommensen University Pematangsiantar. In his organization career, he was appointed as the President of Chistian National Party Pematangsiantar (KRISNA) in 1993. In 2001, he was appointed as Vice president of Christian Indonesia Party (PARKINDO) and as the Vice president of Democratic Party (DEMOKRAT) in 2006. He has also done some field researches such as: 1) Sociocultural Values in Umpama of Toba Batak in 1994, 2) Syntactic Variation in Translation in 2008, 3) Differences Between Male and Female Speech in 2008. He wrote some books for students material, such as: 1) Semantics: A View to The Logic of Language, 2) Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 3) Understanding Noun and Adjective, 4) Some Uses of English Verb. He was married to Lissa Donna Manurung, S.Pd in 1998 and has got one daughter, Claudia Benedita Pardede, a student of grade seven of Kalam Kudus Pematangsiantar.


LIST OF FIGURES

1. Figure 1: Theoretical Framework of The Study

…………………………… 45

2. Figure 2: Data Analysis Procedure ……………………………………………

62

3. Figure 3: Ellaboration of Analysis Procedure

63

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4. Figure 4: The Toba Batak Conversation and The constraint

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216


LIST OF TABLES

1. Table 1: Similarity between Toba Batak words, Malay, and Sankrit 2. Table 2. Turn Allocation and Its constraint 3. Table 3. Ellaboration of Negative Cases

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38

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206

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222


LIST OF CHARTS

1. Chart 1: Question-Answer ……………………………………………………

181

2. Chart 2: Greeting-Greeting ……………………………………………………

181

3. Chart 3: Summon-Answer ……………………………………………………

182

4. Chart 4: Offer-Ac/Rj

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183

5. Chart 5: Invitation-Ac/Rj ……………………………………………………

184

6. Chart 6: AP mechanism of Acc-D ……………………………………………

185

7. Chart 7: AP mechanism of Cpm-Rj

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185

8. Chart 8: AP mechanism of Cpn-Rj

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186

9. Chart 9: Relation among AP Mechanism in Q-A, G-G, S-A

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191

10. Chart 10: Relation between APs of Offer and Invitation ……………………

194

11. Chart 11: Relationship among Ac-D, Cpm-Rj, Cpn-Rj ……………………

197

12. Chart 12: TCU, TRP, and Completion Points in Toba Batak Conversation

200


LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS

Sequencing [

point of overlap onset;

]

point of which utterance terminates

=

no gap between lines (latching utterances). When the same speaker continues on the next line latching signs are not used

Timed intervals (0.0)

Lapsed time in tenths of a second e.g. (0.5)

Speech production characteristics word

underline indicates speaker emphasis;

!

animated and emphatic tone;

?

rising intonation, not necessarily a question;

he..he..

laughter particles;

Continuers e

indicate intention to start a turn

i

enthusiatic tone = I agree a lot


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CA = Conversation Analysis TB = Toba Batak AP(s) = Adjacency Pair(s) TRP = Transition Relevance Place TCU = Turn Construction Unit FPP = First Pair Part SPP = Second Pair Part CTS = Closing Third Sequence Q = Question A = Answer G = Greeting RG = Response to Greeting RA = Required Answer S = Summon UA = Unrequired Answer Acc = Acceptance RR = Required Response O = Offer Rj = Rejection UR = Unrequired Response PS = Presequence I = Invitation Ac = Accusation D = Denial ASS = Assessment Cpm = Compliment Cpn = Complaint CTRPs = Complex Transition Relevance Places CSSN = Current Speaker Selects Next SS = Self Select SC = Speaker Continuation NTRI = Next Transition Repair Initiation SISR = Self-initiated, Self-repair OISR = Other-initiated, Self-repair SIOR = Self-initiated, Other-repair OIOR = Other-initiated, Other-repair


In NI CU TO CT

= = = = =

Interruption Non-interruption Collaborative Utterance Terminal Overlap Choral Talk LIST OF MAPS

1. Map 1. The North Sumatra Province 47

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2. Map 2. The Regency of North Tapanuli

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3. M ap 3. The Regency of Humbang Hasundutan

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49

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50

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51

4. Map 4. The Regency of Toba Samosir 5. Map 5. The Regency of Samosir

48


LIST OF PICTURES

1. Picture 1. A conversation about papaya

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70

2. Picture 2. A conversation about asking direction …………………………… 71 3. Picture 3. A conversation at a fishing pool …………………………………… 4. Picture 4. A conversation about statue 110

72

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5. Picture 5. A conversation in a coffee-counter 111

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6. Picture 6. A conversation about a coupon-number ……………………………

122

7. Picture 7. A conversation about a learning-driver and a new-comer

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124

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125

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134

8. Picture 8. A conversation about tomatoes-planting 9. Picture 9. A conversation about pension

10. Picture 10. A conversation about poor-family

…………………………… 140

11. Picture 11. A conversation about family ……………………………………

145

12. Picture 12. A conversation about land-reform

155

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………… ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..…………………………………………………… CURRICULUM VITAE ..…………………………………………………… LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….. LIST OF TABLES ..…………………………………………………………… LIST OF CHARTS ..…………………………………………………………… LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS ………………………………………. LIST OF ABBREVIATION .…………………………………………………… LIST OF MAPS ..…………………………………………………………… LIST OF PICTURES ..…………………………………………………………… TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………

i iii v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..…………………………………………… 1.1 Background ………………………………………………………..…… 1.2 Research Problems ……………………………………………….…… 1.3 The Objective of Study ……………………………………………. 1.4 Significance of Research ……………………………………………. 1.5 Scope of Research ……………………………………………………. 1.6 Definition of Key Terms …………………………………………….

1 1 11 12 13 14 15

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE …..……………………………….. 2.1 Relevant Approaches to Analyzing Conversation …………………… 2.1.1 Conversation Analysis …………………………………… 2.1.2 Ethnography of Speaking …………………………………… 2.1.3 Interactional Sociolinguistics …………………………………… 2.1.4 Variation Theory …………………………………………… 2.1.5 Speech Act Theory …………………………………………… 2.1.6 Pragmatics …………………………………………………… 2.1.7 Birmingham School …………………………………………… 2.1.8 Systemic Functional Linguistics …………………………… 2.1.9 Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………… 2.2. Conversation …………………………………………………………… 2.2.1 Characteristics of Conversation …………………………… 2.2.2 Assumption in Conversation …………………………………… 2.3. Adjacency Pairs …………………………………………………… 2.4. Turn …………………………………………………………………… 2.5. Turn – Taking …………………………………………………………… 2.6 Toba Batak Language and Culture ……………………………………

17 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 26 28 30 33 34 36


2.6.1 Toba Batak Language …………………………………………… 36 2.6.2 Toba Batak Culture …………………………………………… 39 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY …………………………………………… 3.1 Research Design …………………………………………………… 3.2 Location of Research …………………………………………………… 3.3 Data …………………………………………………………………… 3.4 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………… 3.5 Validity ……………………………………………………………

44 44 46 52 60 64

CHAPTER IV THE STRUCTURE OF ADJACENCY PAIRS AND TURN-TAKING IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE …………………………… 66 4.1. Data Analysis …………………………………………………… 66 4.1.1 The Structure of Adjacency Pairs In TBL …………………… 68 4.1.1.1 Question-answer …………………………………… 68 4.1.1.2 Greeting-greeting …………………………………… 72 4.1.1.3 Summon-Answer …………………………………… 79 4.1.1.4 Offer-acceptance/refusal …………………………… 86 4.1.1.5 Invitation-acceptence/rejection …………………… 90 4.1.1.6 Accusation-denial …………………………………… 94 4.1.1.7 Compliment- Acceptance/Rejection …………………… 97 4.1.1.8 Complaint-rejection …………………………………… 101 4.1.2 Turn-Taking in TB Conversation …………………………… 106 4.1.2.1 Completion Points …………………………………… 111 4.1.2.1.1 Grammatical Completion Point …………… 111 4.1.2.1.2 Intonational Completion Point …………… 116 4.1.2.1.3 Semantic Completion Point …………………… 120 4.1.2.2 Turn Allocation Component …………………………… 129 4.1.2.2.1 Current Speaker Selects Next …………… 131 4.1.2.2.2 Self-select …………………………………… 136 4.1.2.2.3 Speaker Continuation …………………… 137 4.1.2.3 Silence …………………………………………………… 142 4.1.2.3.1 Gap …………………………………………… 142 4.1.2.3.2 Pause …………………………………… 146 4.1.2.3.3 Lapse …………………………………… 150 4.1.2.4 Overlapping Talk …………………………………… 153 4.1.2.4.1 Continuers …………………………………… 154 4.1.2.4.2 Collaborative Utterances …………………… 157 4.1.2.4.3 Terminal Overlap …………………………… 158 4.1.2.4.4 Choral Talk …………………………………… 160 4.1.2.5 Repair …………………………………………………… 162 4.1.2.5.1 Self-initiated, Self-repair …………………… 164 4.1.2.5.2 Other-initiated,Self-repair …………………… 166


4.1.2.5.3 Self-initiated, Other-repair …………………… 168 4.1.2.5.4 Other-initiated, Other Repair …………… 170 4.2 Findings …………………………………………………………… 173 4.2.1 Introductory Remarks …………………………………………… 173 4.2.2 Negative Cases as new findings …………………………… 179 4.3 Discussion …………………………………………………………… 186 4.3.1 System Constraint …………………………………………… 187 4.3.1.1 Question-answer, Greeting-greeting, Summon-answer 187 4.3.1.2 Offer-Acceptance/Refusal, Invitation-Acceptance/Rejection191 4.3.1.3 Accusation-denial, Compliment-Acceptance/Rejection, Complaint-Rejection …………………………………… 195 4.3.1.4 TCU and TRP, Completion Point …………………… 198 4.3.1.5 Turn Allocation, Repair, Overlapping Talk, Silence …… 201 4.3.2 Ritual Constrain …………………………………………… 207 4.3.2.1 Question-answer, Greeting-Greeting, Summon-Answer 207 4.3.2.2 Offer-Acceptance/Rejection, Invitation-Acceptance/ Rejection …………………………………………… 212 4.3.2.3 Accusation, Compliment, Complaint …………………… 214 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS …………………… 223 5.1. Conclusions …………………………………………………………… 223 5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………………… 227 REFERENCES

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LIST OF APPENDIXES


THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS

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