SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY GÖDÖLLŐ
DOCTORAL (PhD) THESISES
The major methods of territorial planning and programming and the opportunities of development
Written by: Tamás Tóth
Supervisor: Dr. József Káposzta head of department, senior lecturer candidate of Economics
Gödöllő 2005
Doctoral School description:
Management and Business Studies Doctoral School
scientific field:
Management and Business Studies
the head of the school:
Dr. István Szűcs professor, doctor of Economics SZIU, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Economic Analysis and Methodology
supervisor:
Dr. József Káposzta head of department, senoir lecturer, candidate of Economics SZIU, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Regional Economics, Department of Regional Economics
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Approval of the head of the school
Approval of the supervisor
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1. Antecedents of the research Motto: A felfedezés az, amikor azt látjuk, amit mindenki lát, s azt gondoljuk, amire senki nem gondolt… Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought…
(Szent-Györgyi Albert) I would like to call the attention of every reader - with the thoughts of Albert SzentGyörgyi – to the fact that people – since they became conscious beings (or maybe even before that) – have always showed interest to their narrower and wider environment. Related to these active formations of environment I have gathered the thoughts which I consider the most important ones. So even at the beginning of my dissertation I needed to state that the things, I am talking in relation with the topic, are closely connected to our everyday lives, so it affects everybody and all of us have role and task in it. Territorial planning has come to the frontline recently mainly as one of the bases of economic policy connected to building up the stucture of territorial development and rural development and to financing these programs. In Hungary and in other European countries territorial and regional concepts have determining role in economic development and its operation due to effects of EU processes on national economies. Therefore, my research would like to help the work of relevant researchers, decision-makers, developers, lecturers, students or maybe „just” people interested. The dissertation is systematic, analytic and problem solver. During gathering of materials I have used the knowledge gained from literature. During my research I have studied more than 175 pieces of literature and I have quoted 118 of them in the dissertation. I do not repeat the thoughts of the quoted literature in every case, I just present the results I consider acceptable. Though in some cases I argue with the statements of the literature. I have gained much knowledge from international experience gained during my trips and studies in abroad. I have also widened my knowledge thanks to those projects that were carried out at Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Regional Economics, Department of Regional Economics. While writing my dissertation I could utilize them, since I have also gained such information which are not published in any literature yet. Certainly I have built on my earlier relevant publications, developing further my earlier statements. I have chosen this topic because I have been dealing with the different fields of territorial planning and programming for years, I have been taking part in their development and leading tasks related to this topic. I published my experineces in several publications in the past few years and I regularly give lectures in this topic both in gradual and postgradual courses of different universities in Hungary. 3
It is important to mention that due to its interdisciplinary and integrator characteristics, regional science has been created on the edges of economics, geography, sociology, political and legal sciences, urbanistics, statistics and moreover of antropology. According to many well-known experts of this discipline it focuses primarily on how people form the space. In my opinion it focuses on also what effects the spatial processes have on people’s activity. Thus the characteristics of synthetic sciences can be found in the regional science: based on the scientific data and the investigations of processes it reveals the principles, searching for the answers, to which the ever-widening sources of informatics provides unlimited opportunities. Territorial approach originally belonged to geographical schools in the world, and it was important when the economy started to apply it as a real planning basis. E.g. economy of space had not had almost any role in the economic thinking for long. The success of Keynes’ economy favoured the global analysis of reproduction, so the importance of spatial distribution of economic activity has come to the frontline.(Nemes, 1996) A uniform and holistic scientific approach has appeared as well as the practice of territorial planning, which happened also in the USA. Due to W. Isard’s initiative the Regional Science Association (RSA) was created in 1954. I think that he played very important role in creating a new, complex discipline called regional science. (Isard, 1969) Not arguing with the importance of American scientists I would like to state – as I have detailed in my dissertation – that several Hungarian researchers also had reached significant results in the develeopment of the scientific field. The most important antecedents of this new scientific field, created as an economiccentered, but interdisciplinary studium, were the followings: 1. In the economic approach there was von Thünen, with his theory of land-supplies based on the different distance from market. (Thünen, 1875) 2. Concerning the role of central space and the principles of differentiation: W. Christaller. 3. Concerning the general spatial strategy of development: F. Perroux with his theory of pole-development. 4. Related to general organizational approach: L. von Bertalanffy, concerning his planning-technics theory. 5. Faludy, concerning a complex approach called “eclistics”1, and concerning classification: C. Doxiadis. The studiums have been complemented by demography, sociology, public administration, informational connections and the issues of environment. „Regional sciences” have quickly spread in the developed world, since they seemed suitable for the interpretation of complex economic and social problems, so they provided the appropriate basis for real planning activities. In the beginning regionalism was dealt by economic geography and human geography in Hungary, but it was descriptive and it did not have planning demands. Its great 1
eclistics: Greek. Scientific field dealing with the settlement conditions of population and the environment as a whole based on different aspects
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figures in Hungary were Gyula Princz, Pál Teleki, Jenő Cholnoky, and among their followers ifj. Gyula Princz, Béla Bulla, Tibor Mendöl etc. Hungarian regionalism may quote several intellectual antecendents. We can put into this group, beside the „geographic” schools mentioned, „public administration” school of Zoltán Magyari and his disciple István Kiss. Here regionalism is a fundamental instrument of professional and optimal management and decision-making. We can put here the school of „public law” –István Bibó and Ferenc Erdei, who preceded with decades the modern regional theories with the spatial structural approach of democratic decision-making. „Technocrat” school of post-war period and state-socialism also belongs to this. Its determinant intellectual leader was: Károly Perczel. This school had operative influence on domestic territorial planning and of course we must not forget György Enyedi. In my opinion social and economic changes in Eastern-Europe have induced new regional processes. The Eastern region - considered uniform before – has fallen apart into individual units. The reorganization is expected to be determined by totally different interests. In Hungary we need to mention two significant processes of change that determine the country’s territorial planning: one is the transformation to market economy and the other is the creation of democratic institutional system. The centralized planning system was replaced by market economy, which was and is carried out with the formation of economic structure, the privatization and the closing of economically not viable production units. In this process territorial planning needs to face new challenges like the citizens’ rights, new legal regulations of land, new ownership and new conditions of interests. The autonomy of settlements means the autonomy of farming. New instruments appear in the process of territorial planning and its implementation. Joining the European integrational processes expects from territorial planning to get to know the European planning systems, to adapt their experiences into the Hungarian conditions, to develop the communicational infrastructure and to have economic and territorial innovation. (Enyedi, 1996) The tasks of the state’s regional policy are primarily to help to deal with the tensions accumulated in the crisis zones and in the areas of small settlements with the appropriate measures and actions, buta t the same time to encourage the utilization of dynamism and advantages of areas under favourable conditions, especially of big agglomerations.
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2. Objectives, material and method Nowadays in Hungary the person who attempts writing a dissertation on territorial planning and programming should undertake difficult tasks because if we want to cover the whole topic, we need at least dozens of dissertations to write. Thus it was necessary to limit the topic of my dissertation. The original aim of the research was to promote the drawing up and the scientific establishment of national territorial- and rural development strategies and programs. Setting the research aims and the attempts to implement them were motivated by researches encouraging the national territorial development, primarily in the frames of geography and economics (primarily the researches of professor Enyedi and his fellows). The choice on the topic of the research was rather influenced by the scientific establishment of territorial, regional concepts and plans during the preparation of our EU accession. Taking the possibilities and barriers of an individual researcher into consideration, I have focused on the methods, findings and problems of territorial development plans and programs. The complexity of the operation of modern society and economy raises more and more regulatory questions, so from the second half of the 20th century territorial planning and development has become a more and more important element of it. In my dissertation I would like to highlight a fact that territorial planning is such a series of processes which intends to correct the spontaneous processes of spatial development. Since the economic and societal development is always inequal in the space, the actions intend to moderate the inequalities between territories and societies. The natural, human and infrastuctural etc. conditions of development are not the same in the different points of space. Thus a territorial development measure can only be successful if the territorial development processes we want to take actions in, are exactly known. The required actions are in the frame of an appropriate organizational-institutional system. Before the action there must be a careful and foreseeing planning process and this aim has become the focus of research work. The problem of setting the aim is that planning and methodological issues are in close connenction thus making the research work more complicated. Objectives In my dissertation I have studied the major national and international methods of territorial planning and programming (of course taking the different historical periods into account) considering the EU requirements. Beside this, I have examined the national possible adaptation of international planning and programming methods. With these investigations there could be opportunity for deeper analysis of the development within the fast-growing territorial development due to EU accession. In my dissertation I would like to answer the following questions: 1. How is territorial planning changing? (formation, institutional system, integration etc.)
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2. Due to our total integration into the EU, in connection with territorial development, what concrete methodological developments can help the implementation of strategies and programs at different spatial levels? 3. What can be an alternative to follow in the use of territorial planning and programming methods, with special ephasis on the analysis and systematical use of methods? 4. How can the territorial planning methods be further developed? From the elements of planning procedure we can recognize the subjectivity of the planner, but the polarity of whole procedure changes, even if we do not want this. The allocation of sources, the ranking of investments, the creation of new structures all need decisions based on the choice of values! In the public sector most of the decisions are made based on „public interest”. But what does public interest mean in a democracy? Public interest in the everyday practice is a political consensus or in worse cases is the „will of the majority” against that of the minority. Public interest is always determined by the governing political elit and the connected economic power. In the drawing up of a concrete plan we need to look at what the actual objectives and priorities are in the given programming period at the given (territorial) level. What are the problems waiting for solution and if there is source left, what other aims we would like to achieve? After this we need to determine with what complex/integrated (strategical) programs it is possible to achieve the given aims and with what series of actions (operative programs) can these be realized. Therefore most of the strategic programs are complex inter-sectoral programs, which - in some cases - become sectoral during the implementation (at the level of operative programs or their sub-programs). Programs must be implemented at such levels where the tasks can be carried out the most efficiently. In the earlier attempts it occured that territorial development plans (due to Ferenc Erdei’s initiative that of the cities) had been made but they did not reach the required effects in the economic and territorial policies. Nowadays the territorial arguments and examples strives to establish more the economic and regulatory objectives. But practice raises lots of problems even nowadays. Thus it is not surprising that the professional literature related to the topic of the dissertation is quite contradictional. On one hand, there are many publications in the wider concept of territorial planning, on the other hand there are only few national and international publications available concerning the applicable methods. This low number is not presented in the number of methods but in their practical applicability. After having studied the studies, articles, conference presentations available (more than 175) I had two opportunities to present the professional background: ¾ I may chose either to present it and all the related statements in a separate chapter, ¾ or I intend to present the newish information in the relevant sub-chapters and in the literature chapter I only quote those authors who are connected to the whole dissertation and whose statements have directing characteristics. Eventually I have chosen the second one, because in my opinion it facilitate to follow the systematic feature of the dissertation and to understand my statements easier. Thus the literature chapter does not become to have purpose in itself. Methods While chosing the method of the research I do not want to build on only one method, because the applied methods and their effect-mechanisms require the application of several methods.
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• I would like to summerize the opinions found in the articles, magazines, books oppositing them with my opinion. • The critical examination of international (especially originating from EU experiences) morals and the drawing up of possibilities of adaptability. • The study and evaluation of national practice in the operating territorial plans and drawing the theoretical and practical consequences. • The interpretation and adaptability of parts of plans or complete plans for the different territorial units. • Critical examination and formation of planning procedure with applying methods that suit the different steps of the procedure. • The examination of elements and practical adaptability of the planning procedure drawn up through a concrete example. Though in my opinion it would be optimal to carry out the whole planning process, but in a dissertation there is no opportunity for carrying out the whole process. In this case I evaluate the national economic environment especially for the agriculture. The examination originates from the fiction that such planning process must be carried out whose aim is to improve the Hungarian agricultural production and to find alternative farming opportunities with the interpretation of spatial processes in the agriculture. During this process with applying a spatial data matrix I carry out main component analysis and cluster analysis to classify the areas. During my research it has become clear for me that the objective of spatial planning (the possible best for the possible highest number of people) can only be realized through well-structured planning processes, applying the appropriate methods, since it is utopian idea to state that it can be achieved, but we need to strive to do it. As the result of this strive I managed to draw up the planning process in a newish approach, the major instruments that can be used during the process using up the works of researchers listed up in the dissertation. Of course there is no opportunity to list up all the instruments, since the range of them is always widening.
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3. The summary of the findings New and newish scientific findings
1. In the dissertation I have summarized and studied all the errors and shortcomings that can be drawn from the historical analysis of territorial planning and programming. I have defined and analized in a newish way the theoretical and practical coherences which cause these shortcomings. 2. In my researches I have stated that the objective of spatial planning (the possible best for the possible highest number of people) can only be realized through wellstructured planning processes, applying the appropriate methods. 3. During my research I have done the summerizing and the analysis of 26 methods applicable in the territorial planning. I have examined in a newish way their adaptability in the planning, calling the attention on the fundamental shortcomings, barriers and the opportunities hidden in them. 4. Based on the theoretical principles and my practical experience I have built up a new planning process as an important factor in the organizational development. If we follow this process the number of mistakes during planning can be lowered. 5. In the dissertation I have classified the examined planning methods in a newish way and I have made suggestions on connecting them to the different steps of the planning process. The planning process and methods can be classified as follows: The process of territorial planning Step 1: To map the requirements of the players in territorial development ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
the requirements of inhabitants and visitors the requirements of settlement and municipality associations the requirements of enterpreneurs and their associations the requirements of civil organizations
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (interviewin, brain storming, collective notebook (CNB) procedure, logical frame) • Methods based on macro models: (societal accounting matrix.)
Step 2: The evalution of environment a, The evaluation of global environment, the drawing up of tendencies ¾ ¾ ¾
the spatial determination of regional development, its spatial effects the major tendencies of world economy, the possible effects of changes the international development directions of the dominant economic sectors in the area
Applicabel methods: • Group methods:(regional map of losses, SWOT analysis.) • Methods based on indicators:(indicators based on the comparison of extreme values, deviation-type indicators, public road indicator, complex transportation network indicator (TRANS), pointing methods) • Mathematical statistical methods:(regression analysis, factor analysis, main component analysis, cluster analysis.) • Optimalization methods: (Fuzzy logic) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods • Methods based on models: (regional models, ECO-line model, Socio-line model, LINE model)
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Methods based on macro models:(input-output approach, societal accounting matrix.) b, The evaluation of national economic environment, drawing up tendencies ¾ ¾
National economic and sectoral tendencies Public administrational and institution-development tendencies
Applicable methods: • Group methods:(logical frame, regional map of losses, SWOT analysis.) • Mathematical statistical methods:(regression analysis, factor analysis, main component analysis, cluster analysis.) • Methods based on macro models:(ECO-line model, Socio-line model, LINE model, input-output approach, societal accounting matrix.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods c, The evaluation of the instruments and the institutional system of territorial development ¾ ¾ ¾
The evaluation of territorial development sources The evaluation of the institutional system of territorial development The evaluation of efficiency of territorial development
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (interviewing, SWOT analysis, logical frame, regional map of losses.) • Mathematical statistical methods:(regression analysis, main component analysis, cluster analysis.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods • Methods based on macro models:(LINE model, societal accounting matrix.) d, The evaluation of development concepts of the area (e.g. the areal directions and results of National Spatial Development Concept) Applicable methods: • Group methods: (interviewing, regional map of losses.) • Methods based on indicators: (indicators based on the comparison of extreme values, deviation-type indicators, public road indicator, complex transportation network indicator (TRANS), Hoover index, pointing methods.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods • Methods based on macro models:(LINE model.)
Step 3: The evaluation of the endowments of the area ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Societal environment, human resources (societal organizations, cultural features, values, territorial identity – demographical structure and forecast, employment conditions, human capacity, institutional network) Economic base (major economic sectors and their development directions, the internal and external connections of the economy, the condition of infrastucture, the evaluation of locational factors, the innovation potential of the area, the economic competitiveness) Environment (natural endowments, environment, the quality of nature, the influential factors on its formation) Infrastructure, the institutional conditions of the area (the population’s health, social, educational, cultural, leasure, sport, commercial, service and public administrational instituions, housing) The network of settlements, the evaluation of cohesion relationships
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (regional map of losses.) • Methods based on indicators: (indicators based on the comparison of extreme values, deviation-type indicators, public road indicator, complex transportation network indicator (TRANS), Hoover index, pointing methods.) • Mathematical statistical methods:(regression analysis, main component analysis, cluster analysis.) • Optimalization methods: (Fuzzy logic, Linear programming.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods • Methods based on macro models:(societal accounting matrix.)
Step 4: The dynamic evaluation of the area’s conditions and needs ¾ ¾ ¾
SWOT analysis of external environmental conditions SWOT analysis of the area’s conditions The reconciliation of the requirements and possibilities of the players of territorial development
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (SWOT analysis, logical frame.) • Mathematical statistical methods:(regression analysis, factor analysis, main component analysis, cluster analysis.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods
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Methods based on macro models:(LINE model, societal accounting matrix.)
Step 5: Setting the strategical aims ¾ ¾
The main aims and directions of the actual territorial development concept The hierarchy of aims, pyramid of aims, connection between the sub-aims, the planned schedule of their implementation
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (brain storming, collective notebook (CNB) procedure, Rohrbach’s 635 method, METAPLAN method, logical frame, regional map of losses, SWOT analysis.) • Optimalizational methods: (Fuzzy logic, Linear programming.)
Step 6: The elaboration of a possible model and scenario of the development Applicable methods: • •
Group methods: (brain storming, collective notebook (CNB) procedure, Rohrbach’s 635 method, METAPLAN method, logical frame, SWOT analysis.) Methods based on macro models:(LINE model, societal accounting matrix.)
Step 7: Impact study ¾
Proposal for the measuring of the development impacts, possible environmental, economic changes and societal reactions
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (SWOT analysis, regional map of losses.) • Mathematical statistical methods:(cluster analysis.) • Presentation on maps and spatial informatical methods • Methods based on macro models:(ECO-line model, Socio-line model, LINE model, input-output approach, societal accounting matrix.)
Step 8: Suggestions for a system of instruments and institutions suit the objectives ¾ ¾ ¾
Financial resources Non-financial instruments The organizational frame and human resources of strategic implementation
Applicable methods: • Group methods: (collective notebook (CNB) procedure, Rohrbach’s 635 method, METAPLAN method, logical frame.) • Optimalizational methods: (Fuzzy logic, Linear programming.)
Step 9: Implementation ¾
The realization of the strategy, the dividing of programs, projecting
Applicable methods: • Group methods:(METAPLAN method, logical frame.)
Step 10: Monitoring ¾ ¾
The elaboration of the plan to monitor the development process in favour of the realization of objectives Making the necessary corrections because of occurred effects not expected
Applicabel methods: • Group methods:(interviewing, logical frame) • Methods based on indicators:(public road indicator, complex transportation network indicator (TRANS), Hoover index.) • Methods based on macro models:(ECO-line model, Socio-line model, LINE model, input-output approach, societal accounting matrix.)
6. As a newish coherence I have stated that following a widespread methodology including territorial planning relations, well-justified and with real establishment with „modelling” can only be possible with data originating from reliable databases and theories based on exact mathematical bases. Suggestions based on the findings of the research
1. According to me, the development and operation of the territorial planning and programming can only be realized at an appropriate level in the future with the 11
widening of knowledge of existing players. As a part of this process I give serious role to the universities and colleges as being scientific centers. This my have several advantages: cost-saving, helps the practical education and the researches at the universities and especially the extention advisory based on higher education. 2. During the analysis of the methods I have stated that many think that everybody can „make” SWOT analysis, but it is not so easy, taking into account their usability. To solve this problem it can be combined with other procedures, like the collection of factors of the SWOT analysis can be through methods applying group dynamism. Of course it is also important to inform the experts participating and I believe that attention must be paid to the appropriate share of internal and external experts. The group of experts „must not have only internal experts”. 3. The moral of method called Rohrbach 635 is that it can be well combined with other technics, like with brain stroming to make more specific ideas or to seek for variations for solution. Tha basic ideas and opinions can only be presented in drawings in some cases (e.g. territorial management). It is important to mention that it can be applied with so called pseudo groups (not located in the same place), though the time demand increases in these cases and the tension of competition decreases. Compared to brain storming 635 method is more structured. In this application the method makes the strategical basic ideas more perfect and makes their range total. This involves a disadvantages of having more limited range of ideas compared to brain storming, but is has the advantage that it is more definite and deep. Of course in this case we can see that it is important to have experience in the application of the method so that we can have a more successful implementation. 4. Based on the research I have stated that nowadays the filling out of logframe (logical frame matrix) in Hungary is a requirement of every tender. Though logframe does not only include the mechanical procedures, but it helps the thinking. If applied properly, logframe helps the better reviewing of activities, results and the logical coherences between project objectives and general objectives. 5. In my opinion the disadvantages of group methods are that they are quite expensive because of their need for technics, well-qualified experts in the necessary number. Furthermore, it is a difficult task to move this high number of people at the same time and to organize several opinion-exchanges. Not to mention that this operates well if the opinions of each participant are based on only professional arguments and facts, not on the interest of the individual or the group. 6. During the anaylsis of Fuzzy logic I have stated that the method examined opens new dimensions in the application of optimalizational solutions during the elaboration of the plans. All this is due to the fact that if we put the territorial features - defined only dicreet sets thanks to the classical mathematical methodsinto Fuzzy sets, we can get conditionally optimal intervals, which is often justified during the preparation of decision because of the high number of features related to the different development projects and their complicated composition.
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7. I think that with the application of the different regional development models we can get answer to the questions and can find solutions to the problems that e.g. the unexpected social and economic effects may cause without an appropriate management. 8. The more complicated, multi-regional approach and in the dynamic variety of input-output method provides the opportunity to explain the location of different products and services and how the growth and decrease happen in time. 9. In the dissertation I have called the attention to the fact during the application of the models one of the major difficulties is to build up the model, because it is expensive and it consumes much time, and the maintenance requires expertise. It rarely happens that a model is made for only one investigation aim, so existing models should be adapted that is work-consuming. Every macro-economic model is based on its own special system of conditions. If two models are made for the same area, it is sure that the results will not be the same. 10. From the social control on politicians and decision-makers point of view we cannot ignore the fact that since the planning is referring to the future, it may become such an extra activity, whose function is to justify today’s inactivity with an illusion of tomorrow’s activity. Hence, postponing the real decision-making with a promise for a future that mya never happan and can never be accounted. 11. With the applicability of ECO-line model I have called the attention that unfortunately the model is made „only” for the Hungarian economy and it is very static. It is also a problem that it cannot be applied economically in the smaller territorial areas because of its high demand for data and work. It takes into account rather the incomes and the related demand processes, thus the information it provides is limited only to these areas. 12. Based on the theoretical principles and my practical experience the number of mistakes made during the planning process can be lowered due to this new planning process. It is especially tru if we apply the proper methods in the proper area. 13. Eventually, I believe that the classification of the social, economic and environmental elements of „reality” and putting them into an easily applicable system covering every important aspect require a real multidisciplinary approach and cooperation. It also must be mentioned that there is a great need for making complex indicators and integrating them into different models. We must not forget that this is possible only with exact testings and examinations. If we want the different technics to be efficient, we need to apply them in the appropriate areas and each of them has time demand too. Excellent experts are needed since if they are not well-prepared, wrong pictures and consequences are made.
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The list of publications directly and indirectly connected the the research Scientific article in Hungarian: 1. Tóth T. - Villányi J. – Villányi L.: „A vertikális kapcsolatok érdekeltségi problémái az élelmiszer termékpályákon” Gazdálkodás, 2003/5. különkiadás 49.-56.o. HU ISSN 0046-5518 2. Tóth T. – Keszthelyi K. – Pesti Cs.: „Mezőgazdasági vállalkozások regionális vizsgálata (2002)” MIAÚ - MAGYAR INTERNETES AGRÁRINFORMATIKAI ÚJSÁG Szent István Egyetem Gödöllő No. 62 2003; október ISSN 1419-1652 http://interm.gtk.gau.hu/miau/62/index.html 3. Tóth T. – Keszthelyi K. – Pesti Cs.: „Területi egyenlőtlenségek a magyar mezőgazdaságban-az FADN adatbázis alternatív felhasználása” MIAÚ - MAGYAR INTERNETES AGRÁRINFORMATIKAI ÚJSÁG Szent István Egyetem Gödöllő No. 69 2004; ISSN 1419-1652 http://interm.gtk.gau.hu/miau/70/index.html Scientific article in foreign language: 4. Tóth T. - Villányi J. – Péter B. – Tóth Zs.: „Hungarian agriculture in the frame of the European Union – possibilities, advantages of the accession” Medium on Internet for Agrarinformatics in Hungary No. 62. October 2003, ISSN 1419-1652 http://interm.gtk.gau.hu/miau/62/index.html 5. Tóth T. - Villányi J. – Péter B. – Tóth Zs.: Hungarian agricultural economy in the Europea Union, Conselho Científic da Revista, Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal, 2004 (megjelenés alatt) 6. Tamás T. – Krisztián K. – Csaba P.: „Regional comparison of farms on the basis of FADN database” Gazdálkodás, 2004/8. i különkiadás. 71.-79. o. HU ISSN 0046-5518 Other articles in magazines: 7. Tóth T. – Villányi L.: A legelőre alapozott húshasznú szarvasmarhatartás lehetőségei hazánkban I. Agronapló 2000/11 Pécs 2000 34. o. ISSN 1417-3255 8. Tóth T. – Villányi L: A legelőre alapozott húshasznú szarvasmarhatartás lehetőségei hazánkban II. Agronapló 2000/12 Pécs 2000 36. o. ISSN 1417-3255 Scientific presentations published in conferences proceedings: 9. Malomsoki M.-Tóth T.: „Az őstermelői igazolvánnyal rendelkező gazdálkodók helyzetének vizsgálata” VI. Nemzetközi Agrárökonómiai Tudományos Napok, Gyöngyös 1998 ; Volume 4 254-259. o. ISBN 963 8140 74 7 10. Malomsoki M.-Tóth T.: „ Szövetkezetek és a szervezetfejlesztés VI. Nemzetközi Agrárökonómiai Tudományos Napok Gyöngyös 1998 ; Volume 3 50-55. o. ISBN 963 8140 73 9 11. Tóth T.-Péter B.: „Az EU tagság megítélése az agrár kis- és középvállalkozói körben” XXVII. Óvári Tudományos Napok, Mosonmagyaróvár 1998 12. Villányi L.-Péter B.-Tóth T.:„Az agrár kis- és közép vállalkozások fejlesztési lehetőségeit meghatározó mikro- és makrogazdasági feltételeinek vizsgálata” XXVII. Óvári Tudományos Napok, Mosonmagyaróvár 1998 13. Malomsoki M.-Péter B.-Tóth T.: „Az agrár kis- és középvállalkozások vizsgálata különös tekintettel az őstermelői igazolvánnyal rendelkezőkre” XXVII. Óvári Tudományos Napok, Mosonmagyaróvár 1998 14. Káposzta J.-Tóth É.-Villányi J.-Péter B.-Malomsoki M.-Tóth T.: „Az agrár kis- és közepes méretű vállalkozások reagálás vizsgálatának néhány eredménye” V. Ifjúsági Tudományos Fórum Keszthely 1999 ; 403. o.
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15. Káposzta J.-Tóth É.-Villányi J.-Péter B.-Malomsoki M.: „Méretkategória problematikája az agrárszférában” V. Ifjúsági Tudományos Fórum Keszthely 1999 ; 408. o. 16. Tóth T. - Káposzta J.-Tóth É.-Villányi J.-Péter B.-Malomsoki M.: „A szervezetfejlesztés és regionalizmus az agrárszektorban” V. Ifjúsági Tudományos Fórum Keszthely 1999 ; 413. o. 17. Tóth T. - Káposzta J.-Tóth É.-Villányi J.-Péter B.-Malomsoki M. „Regionális kutatások szerepe a nemzetgazdaságban” V. Ifjúsági Tudományos Fórum Keszthely 1999 ; 417 o. 18. J. Káposzta-T. Tóth: „ Examination of the ……” Proceedings of the 12th International Farm Management Congress, 18-24 July 1999 Durban -South Africa ; 745-753. o. 19. Káposzta J.-Tóth T.: „PHARE partnerségi Pályázat vizsgálati eredményei (Csíkszentmárton)” GATE, GTK- Corner Egyetem (USA)-Angers-i Egyetem (Franciaország) VISION-2000 II. nemzetközi tudományos konferencia, Az intézményrendszer helyzete és fejlesztése az agrárgazdaságban, az EU csatlakozás tükrében c. konferencia előadás 1999 ; III. kötet 111-120 o. 20. Káposzta J.-Tóth T.: „A központi régió környezeti állapotának vizsgálata” GATE, GTK- Corner Egyetem (USA)-Angers-i Egyetem (Franciaország) VISION-2000 II. nemzetközi tudományos konferencia, Az intézményrendszer helyzete és fejlesztése az agrárgazdaságban, az EU csatlakozás tükrében c. konferencia poszter1999 ; 225-228 o. 21. Péter B. – Tóth T.: Szövetkezetek, lehetőségek, Konferencia előadás SzIE Gödöllő, GTK- Corner Egyetem (USA)-Angers-i Egyetem (Franciaország) VISION-2000 III. nemzetközi tudományos konferencia, A kooperáció, a koordináció és az integráció szerepe és lehetőségei az agrár és a vidéki gazdaságban c. konferencia 2000 I kötet 8188. o. 22. Tóth T.: Területi tervezés és programozás lehetőségei „HELYÜNK A RÉGIÓK EURÓPÁJÁBAN” C. Tudományos konferencia, Szent István Egyetemi Napok Gödöllő, 2001 ; 72-82. o. ISBN 963 9256 87 0 23. Fehér I. – Rupp D. - Tóth T.: Status quo on beef sector in hungary, LEVSTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEN COUNTRIES, EAAP Technikal Seriees No. 3 FAO Workshop 22-24 August 2001, Budapest 239. o. 24. Pesti Cs. - Péter B.-Tóth T.: Territorial analysis of the economy of Jászság microregion using multivariate methods VIII. Nemzetközi Agrárökonómiai Tudományos Napok Gyöngyös 2002 3. kötet 117. o. ISBN 963 9256 88 9 25. Pesti Cs. - Péter B.-Tóth T.: Kistérségen belüli területi egyenlőtlenségek feltárásának matematikai módszere VIII. Nemzetközi Agrárökonómiai Tudományos Napok Gyöngyös 2002 26. Tamás T.- Balázs P.- Henrietta N.- Mónika M.: „Zastosowanie metod statystycznych w analizach regionalnych” IX SERiA Konferencia Varsó 2002 ; Zeszyt 3 151. o. ISSN 1508-3535 27. Tamás T.- Balázs P.- Henrietta N.- Villányi L.: „Zintegrowany system produkcji markowej wolowiny” IX SERiA Konferencia Varsó 2002 ; Zeszyt 3 216. o. ISSN 15083535 28. Tamás T.- Balázs P.: „The inportance of branding in the hungarian beef sector integration on the branded beef product-line” 2nd International Conference for Young Resarchers of Economics 17-18 October 2002 ;Volume I 288. o. ISBN 963 9483 06 0 29. Tóth T. – Keszthelyi K. – Pesti Cs.: „Agrárvállalkozások regionális összehasonlításának egy lehetséges módszere” Agrárgazdaság, vidékfejlesztés és informatika az évezred küszöbén c. Nemzetközi konferencia Debreceni Egyetem ACAVK Debrecen 2003 ; 269. o. ISBN 963 472 721 2 30. Tóth T. – Kiszely K. A. – Pesti Cs.: „A területi tervezés és programozás fejlesztési lehetőségei” Agrárgazdaság, vidékfejlesztés és informatika az évezred küszöbén c.
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Nemzetközi konferencia Debreceni Egyetem AC-AVK Debrecen 2003 , 348. o. ISBN 963 472 721 2 Specialist books, part of books: 31. Tóth T. – Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Lehota J. – Molnár J. – Péter B. – Puskás J. – Szénay L. – Villányi L: Agrárgazdaságtan könyv Szerk.: Villányi L. - Szénai L. Mezőgazdasági Szaktudás Kiadó, Budapest, 2000 II/ 1-6 fejezet 45.-95. o. ISBN 963 356 319 4 Booklets, part of booklets: 32. Tóth T.: Agrárgazdaságtan jegyzet Kertészeti és Élelmiszeripari Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar Budapest, 1999 33. Tóth T.- Villányi J.: Agrárgazdaságtan jegyzet Gödöllői Agrártudományi Egyetem Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar Gödöllő 1999 ; 25-102 34. Káposzta J. szerk. - Tóth T. 6.- 7. fejezet: Közigazgatás és Önkormányzat jegyzet SzIE Gödöllő, Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar 2000 28-64, o. 35. Tóth T. – Villányi L. – Péter B. - Villányi J. : Agrárgazdaságtan távoktatásos jegyzet Szerk.: Villányi L. Gyöngyös, 2000 38-114. o 36. Tóth T.: Területi tervezés és programozás, Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaságés Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2001 37. Tóth T. – Fogarassy Cs. - Vasa L. - Pércsi K. : „Agrárgazdaságtan praktikum I” Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2001 ; 35-80. o. 38. Tóth T. – Fogarassy Cs. - Vasa L. - Pércsi K. Nagy H. Leitmann Á. Prohászka V. – Tóth É.: „Agrárgazdaságtan praktikum II” Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaságés Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2001 ; 31-50. o. és 78-91. o. 39. Tóth T. – Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Lehota J. – Péter B. – Puskás J. – Szénay L. – Villányi L. – Bárczi J. – Tóth K. – Urbánné M. M. – Fogarassy Cs : Bevezetés az Európai Unió működési, szabályozási rendszerébe, Tanulmány gyűjtemény SalgótarjánGödöllő, 2002 118-133. o. 40. Tóth T. szerk.: Regionális gazdaságfejlesztés, Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2002 20-44. o. 41. Tóth T. – Guth L. – Fogarassy Cs. – Vasa L. - -Villányi L.: Ágazati gazdaságtan, szerk.: Villányi L. jegyzet, Gyöngyös 2002 II/ 3-5 fejezet 86-134. o. 42. Tóth T. – Fogarassy Cs. - Vasa L. - Pércsi K. - Nagy H. -Tornyai E – Orlovits Zs.: szerk. Villányi L .- Fogarassy Cs. „Agrárgazdaságtani alapismeretek” Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2004 ; 31-50. o. és 78-91. o. 43. Tóth T. – Pércsi K. - Fogarassy Cs. - Vasa L. - Nagy H. -Tornyai E – Orlovits Zs.: szerk. Villányi L .- Fogarassy Cs. „Agrárgazdaságtan I.” Egyetemi jegyzet, SzIE Gödöllő Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 2004 ; 34-78. o. ISBN 963 9483 39 7 Reports on researches: 44. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Lehota J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Agrár kis- és középvállalkozások reagálás vizsgálata” MVA kutatás zárójelentés Gödöllő, 1994 45. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Villányi L. Malomsoki M.: „Az agrár kis- és közép vállalkozások fejlesztési lehetőségeit meghatározó mikro- és makrogazdasági feltételeinek vizsgálata” záró-tanulmány /készült a Földművelésügyi Minisztérium Vállalkozási Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1997
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46. Villányi L.-Tóth T.:„A mezőgazdasági vállalkozások piaci és gazdaságpolitikai alkalmazkodásának vizsgálata” OTKA kutatás részjelentése 1998 47. Villányi L.-Tóth T.:„A mezőgazdasági kis- és középvállalkozások piaci és gazdaságpolitikai alkalmazkodásának vizsgálata” OKTK kutatás részjelentése Gödöllő, 1998 48. Villányi L.-Tóth T. - Villányi J.: "Vállalkozásfejlesztés az agrárágazatban 1994-1998 helyzetértékelés készült a Vállalkozásfejlesztési Koordinációs Programiroda megbízásából 1998 49. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Átfogó agrárgazdasági fejlesztési koncepció, a támogatások célhierarchiája, az ezt megalapozó háttéranyagok elkészítése, valamint az EU által az előcsatlakozás során finanszírozható fejlesztési programok megalapozását célzó háttéranyagok elkészítése” című kutatás Résztanulmány I. készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998. június 50. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L. - Villányi J.: „Átfogó agrárgazdasági fejlesztési koncepció, a támogatások célhierarchiája, az ezt ” című kutatás Résztanulmány II. készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998. október 51. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Átfogó agrárgazdasági fejlesztési koncepció, a támogatások célhierarchiája, az ezt ” című kutatás Résztanulmány III.-IV. készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998. november 52. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Átfogó agrárgazdasági fejlesztési koncepció, a támogatások célhierarchiája, az ezt ” című kutatás Zárójelentés készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998. december 53. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Az élelmiszeripari versenyképességet segítő EU erőforrások igénybevételének megalapozása horizontális iparpolitikai eszközök és programok területén ” című kutatás Résztanulmány I.-IV. készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő 1998. október 54. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Molnár J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Szénay L. – Villányi L.: „Az élelmiszeripari versenyképességet segítő EU erőforrások igénybevételének megalapozása horizontális iparpolitikai eszközök és programok területén” című kutatás Zárójelentés készült az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztályának megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998. december 55. Guth L.-Fogarassy Cs.-Tóth T.: "EU konform energetikai mezőgazdálkodási technológiák fejlesztése a társadalmi feltételek összefüggéseinek tükrében" OKTK kutatás zárójelentése 1999 56. Villányi L.-Tóth T.: „A mezőgazdasági vállalkozások piaci és gazdaságpolitikai alkalmazkodásának vizsgálata” OTKA kutatás zárójelentése Gödöllő, 1999 57. Villányi L.-Tóth T.:„A mezőgazdasági kis- és középvállalkozások piaci és gazdaságpolitikai alkalmazkodásának vizsgálata” OKTK kutatás zárójelentése Gödöllő 1999 58. Villányi L-Tóth T. - Villányi J.: „Az életképes húsipari vállalkozások versenyhátrányainak csökkentése, növekedésük elősegítése” kutatási jelentés Készült a Húsművességért Alapítvány megbízásából 2000 59. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: SÁRVÁR VÁROS ÉS KISTÉRSÉGE, Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Helyzetértékelés, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 60. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: FERTŐMENTI TELEPÜLÉSI ÖNKORMÁNYZATOK TÉRSÉGFEJLESZTÉSI TÁRSULÁSOK Agrárstruktúra és
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vidékfejlesztési programja, Helyzetértékelés, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 61. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: RÉPCEMENTE KISTÉRSÉG Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Helyzetértékelés, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 62. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: SÁRVÁR VÁROS ÉS KISTÉRSÉGE, Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Stratégiai program, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 63. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: FERTŐMENTI TELEPÜLÉSI ÖNKORMÁNYZATOK TÉRSÉGFEJLESZTÉSI TÁRSULÁSOK Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Stratégiai program, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 64. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: RÉPCEMENTE KISTÉRSÉG Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Stratégiai program, az FVM Vidékfejlesztési Programok Főosztálya megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000 65. Tóth T. - Puskás J. – Káposzta J. – Guth L. – Bélády K. – Kertész R. – Urbánné M. – Péter B. – Nagyné P. K. – Keszthelyi K. – Vasa L. – Nagy H. Leitmann Á. – Orlovits Zs - Villányi J.: Szerk.: Villányi L. – Szénay L. „Egyes élelmiszeripari termékek vertikális költség-, ár-, jövedelemviszonyainak vizsgálata” Kutatási részjelentés, készült: az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztály megbízásából 2002. Március 66. Tóth T. - Puskás J. – Káposzta J. – Guth L. – Bélády K. – Kertész R. – Urbánné M. M. – Péter B. – Nagyné P. K. – Keszthelyi K. – Vasa L. – Nagy H. Leitmann Á. – Orlovits Zs. - Villányi J.: Szerk.: Villányi L. – Szénay L.: „Egyes élelmiszeripari termékek vertikális költség-, ár-, jövedelemviszonyainak vizsgálata” Kutatási zárójelentés, készült: az FVM Élelmiszeripari Főosztály megbízásából, 2002. Október 67. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: HAJDÚ-BIHAR MEGYE GAZDASÁGFEJLESZTÉSI PROGRAMJA, Helyzetfeltárás, a Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Területfejlesztési Tanács megbízásából Gödöllő-Debrecen, 2002 68. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: HAJDÚ-BIHAR MEGYE GAZDASÁGFEJLESZTÉSI PROGRAMJA, Stratégiai program, a Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Területfejlesztési Tanács megbízásából Gödöllő-Debrecen, 2002 Other publications: 69. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Villányi L. Malomsoki M. M.: „Nógrád megye élelmiszergazdasági helyzetének értékelése, fejlesztésének koncepciója és programja” a Nógrádi Agrár Szolgáltató és Tanácsadó KHT megbízásából Gödöllő, 1997 70. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Villányi L. Malomsoki M.: „Agrár kis- és középvállalkozások adminisztrációs terheinek csökkentése” c. szakanyag, készült az Földművelésügyi és Vidékfejlesztési Minisztérium Vállalkozásfejlesztési, Szövetkezeti és Integrációs Főosztály megbízásából Gödöllő, 1998 71. Káposzta J.-Tóth T.: „Regionális oktatás és kutatás” Konferencia előadás II. Agrárfelsőoktatási, Vidékfejlesztési Fórum, Debrecen, 1999. május 21. 72. Tóth T. - Guth L. – Káposzta J. – Puskás J. – Péter B. – Villányi L. Malomsoki M.: „A termék-feldolgozási folyamatok lépéseit regisztráló és azt bizonylatozó ASSURED Program kidolgozása, a marhahús termékpályán” (Márkázott húsprogram kidolgozása a marhahús termékpályán) tanulmány Készült az AGRÁRIPARI PROGRAMIRODA megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000. febr. 9. 73. Guth L.-Káposzta J.-Tóth T.: „Lehetőségeink az EU agrárpiacán” c. kiadvány a Budapesti Agrárkamara Megbízásából 1999
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74. Tóth T.: „Regionális politikák vizsgálata egy PHARE partnerségi program tükrében” Diplomamunka SZIE Gödöllő Gazdaság- és Társadalomtudományi Kar Gödöllő, 2000 75. Tóth T. – Káposzta J. – Péter B. – Malomsoki M.: SÁRVÁR VÁROS ÉS KISTÉRSÉGE, Agrárstruktúra és vidékfejlesztési programja, Operatív program, a Kistérségi önkormányzat megbízásából Gödöllő, 2000
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