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The Hegemonic Process and its Effects toward Black Characters in Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes”
A THESIS
By: Irfan Student Number: 00.80.0061
FACULTY OF LETTERS SOEIGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2007
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The Hegemonic Process and its Effects toward Black Characters in Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes” A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Letters Study Programme
By: Irfan Student Number: 00.80.0061 FACULTY OF LETTERS SOEIGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2007
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A THESIS ON The Hegemonic Process and its Effects toward Black Characters in Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes”
By: Irfan Student number: 00.80.0061
Approved by:
B. Retang Wohangara, SS, M.Hum
July 23, 2007
Major Sponsor
Angelika Riyandari, SS, MA
July 23, 2007
Co-sponsor
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A thesis defended in front of the Board of Eximiners on july 23, 2007 And declared acceptable.
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Chairperson: B. Retang Wohangara, SS, M.Hum
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Secretary
: Angelika Riyandari, SS, MA
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Member
: GM. Adhyanggono, SS, MA
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Semarang, July 23, 2007 Faculty of letters Soegijapranata Catholic University
Dean,
Heny Hartono, SS, M.Pd 058.1.1998.221
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is written to fulfill one of the requirements for the final paper of S-1 program in the Faculty of Letters, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang. I would like to thanks: 1. Mom and Dad; for their pray, hope, and faith in me. You are every and any. 2. B. Retang Wohangara, S.S., M.Hum and Angelika Riyandari, S.S., MA as my major and co sponsors. Thanks for your supports and guide ness and somehow for believe in me. 3. Friends; (too much to describe one by one) for those winding days. But somehow, we were able to change it into exciting and funny nights. 4. Music; for freedom and everyday inspiration. 5. God; (specifically; Jesus Christ) for my breath, my life, and my soul. Thanks. The first, the last or in between are a unity. The writer realizes that his paper is still far from being perfect and therefore she would welcome any criticism or suggestions from anyone who reads his paper. Finally, I hope that this writing will be useful to the readers in general.
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE ................................................................................................. i PAGE OF APPROVAL....................................................................................... ii BOARD OF EXAMINERS................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii ABSTRAK....................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................1 1.1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................1 1.2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY .........................................................6 1.3. PROBLEM FORMULATION ..................................................6 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ..............................................6 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..........................................6 1.6. DEFINITION OF TERMS........................................................7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................... 10 2.1. BRIEF HISTORY OF BLACK AMERICAN ......................... 10 2.2. RACISM ............................................................................... 19 2.3. HEGEMONY ........................................................................ 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION..................................... 29
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 32 4.1. HEGEMONY ON THE NOVEL ............................................ 32 4.2. THE CONDITIONS OF BLACK PEOPLE ............................ 33 4.2.1. THE MIGRATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN PEOPLE ............................................................................................... 33 4.2.2. GREAT DEPRESSION ................................................. 34 4.3. HEGEMONIC PROCESS ...................................................... 36 4.3.1. HEGEMONIC PROCESS ON SOCIETY ...................... 37 4.3.1.1. THE INSTRUMENTS........................................... 39 4.3.1.1.1. MASS MEDIA ............................................. 40 4.3.1.1.2. CIVIL INSTITUTIONS ................................ 41 4.3.1.1.3. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM .......................... 42 4.3.2. THE HEGEMONIC PROCESS ON INDIVIDUAL........ 43 4.4. THE EFFECTS OF HEGEMONY.......................................... 45 4.4.1. THE FIRST VICTIM .................................................... 45 4.4.2 THE SECOND VICTIM ................................................. 49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 54
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to reveal the condition and situation of the Black and White American on 1930- 1940 which is described in Morrison’s novel; The Bluest Eyes. This study tries to prove the existence of ‘hegemonic process’ exercised by the dominant group (White American) through the whole society and also the impact of ‘hegemonic process’ to the dominated group (particularly, Black American). This study uses the Sociohistorical approach. This approach allows the writer to combine the novel’s content with the history of United States, and does a comparison with Gramsci’s theory of hegemony. The writer finds several comparable indications of hegemonic process whether it is in the novel or in the related history. A constructed condition and situation that seemingly set in accordance of the dominant group and in advance, it will give a lot of advantages for the dominant group in order to control and overcome the fluctuations of society in general (which is consist a lot of groups). But, because the appearance of ‘hegemonic process’ is so highly confidential related to the nation who practiced it, then it will never be admitted nor written on the history. “Hegemony is applied without force, but hegemony is armored with force.”
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ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari informasi mengenai keadaan dan situasi kehidupan orang kulit hitam dan putih di Amerika pada tahun 19301940, seperti yang digambarkan dalam sebuah novel karya Morrison, berjudul; “The Bluest Eyes”. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk membuktikan adanya ‘proses hegemoni’ yang dibuat oleh pihak yang mendominasi (kulit putih Amerika) melalui seluruh masyarakat dan juga akibat dari ‘proses hegemoni’ terhadap pihak yang didominasi (khususnya, kulit hitam Amerika). Penelitian ini mengunakan pendekatan sociohistorikal. Pendekatan ini mengizinkan penulis untuk memadukan isi yang terdapat pada novel dengan sejarah Amerika, dan juga melakukan pencocokan dengan teori hegemoni Gramsci. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan beberapa indikasi dari ‘proses hegemoni’ yang cocok, baik didalam novel atau didalam sejarah. Suatu pengkonstuksian situasi dan kondisi yang sepertinya diatur dari pihak yang mendominasi, yang nanti akhirnya akan memberikan banyak keuntungan bagi pihak yang mendominasi untuk mengontrol dan mengatasi pergolakan masyarakat pada umumnya (yang terdiri dari banyak pihak). Akan tetapi, karna keberadaan dari ‘proses hegemoni’ sangat rahasia bersangkutan dengan Negara yang mempraktekannya, maka dari itu keberadaannya tidak akan pernah diakui atau tercatat dalam sejarah. “ Hegemoni dilakukan tanpa kekuatan, tetapi Hegemoni dijubahi oleh kekuatan.”
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