The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use in Northern Peninsular Malaysia Keanekaragaman Odonata dan Hubungannya Dengan Ekosistem dan Penggunaan Lahan di Semenanjung Utara Malaysia Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2 and A. Hassan Ahmad3 1)
Lecturer Dept. Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture USU, Medan 20155 2) &3) School of Biological Science, University of Science Malaysia Diterima 01 Agustus 2005 / Disetujui 25 Agustus 2005
Abstract Odonata larvae were sampled from 16 tributaries of Kerian River in Kerian River Basin (KRB) using a long handle D-pond net from September 1998 until May, 1999 covering wet and dry seasons. Platycnemididae (Suborder Zygoptera) and Libellulidae (Suborder Anisoptera) were the most dominant families. The distribution of odonate genera was significantly different in wet season (F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99) at p=0.05 in all streams but no difference in distribution was detected between both seasons. Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) and indicator species based on selected chemical properties were listed, which showed the dragonfly fauna was slightly poor.There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen and nitrate in wet season, likewise temperature and conductivity in dry season. Keywords: diversity, Odonata, land use, Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
Abstrak Larva Odonata disampel dari 16 cabang Sungai Kerian di Lembah Sungai Kerian (LSK) menggunakan teknik jaring D-Ponds dari bulan September 1998 hingga Mei 1999, meliputi musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Platycnemididae (Subordo Zygoptera) dan Libellulidae (Subordo Anisoptera) adalah dua famili yang dominan ditemukan. Distribusi genus Odonata berbeda secara signifikan pada musim hujan (F=4.70) dan musim kemarau (F=3.99) pada P=0.05 di semua sungai tetapi tidak berbeda distribusinya di antara dua musim yang diukur. Nilai indeks biologi (H’, D, E, R1, R2) dan indikator spesies berdasarkan seleksi sifat kimia dicantumkan, yang menunjukkan fauna capung adalah agak kurang. Terdapat hubungan yang sangat erat antara keanekaragaman genus dengan oksigen terlarut dan nitrat pada musim hujan, demikian pula suhu dan konduktivitas pada musim kemarau. Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, Odonata, penggunaan lahan, Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Introduction As Odonata larvae are aquatic, their distribution is very much dependent on their successful adaptations to live in various microhabitats. Odonata are widely distributed including in ponds, rice fields, lakes, streams, and canals of all sizes. Odonata was found to be a good environmental indicator in Britain (Moore, 1995) and especially in the lowland areas of Texas (Garono, et al., 1995). Their species
assemblage is dependent on the composition and structure of vegetation (Buchwald, 1994) and progressive increase in seasonal variation of various abiotic parameters correlates with the decrease in larval richness that gives rise to the dominance of certain species (FerrerasRomero and Garcia-Rojas, 1995). Along a 50 km strecth of increasingly polluted stream (with organic matter) the odonatan assemblage was found
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to be dominated by generalist species usually recorded in benthic habitat rather than by typical riverine species which decreased tremendously in the most polluted sites. Lenat (1993) and Che Salmah, et a.l (1999) said odonata sizes and life history pattern was also influenced by a degradation of the environmental quality. This study focused on the distribution of Odonata, mainly their larvae and their relation to ecosystem and land use. Attempts had been made to isolate species that could be used as bioindicators of specific habitat or ecosystem.
Material and Methods Selection of Sampling Sites Odonatan larvae were collected from various habitats in Kerian River Basin covering tip of Kedah to nothern parts of Perak in the south. Sampling sites were selected based on land use, presence or absence of pollution, hydrological characteristics and available microhabitats. Sixteen sites sampled included rice fields (3), palm oil plantation (4), rubber plantation (3), sand mine area (2), chicken farm (2) and mountain stream (2). Odonatan larvae were sampled using a long handle D-pond net of 40 cm x 40 cm frame, 60 cm long net of approximately 300 μm mesh size. They was collected for identification using keys of Usinger (1956), Morse, et al. (1994), Westfall and May (1996) and Merrit and Cummins (1996). The accompanying adults was identified using the previously mentioned keys to the further confirm larval identification. The chemical properties of water such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and conductivity were measured in situ. The water was also analyzed for nitrate and phosphate contents using standard method of Boyd (1979).
Results
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Collection of Odonata in both seasons (wet, dry) resulted in 566:646 individuals, 30:28 genera and 8:8 families (Table 1). Suborder Anisoptera were Libellulidae and Gomphidae were the most dominant family besides Suborder Zygoptera were Chlorocyphidae, Calopterygidae, Eupleidae and Aeshnidae (Sub order Anisoptera) were represented by only one species. Thirteen libellulids genera such as Brachythemis contaminata, Crocothemis servilea Drury, Deielia phaon Selys, Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt, Macrodiplax sp, Nannophya pygmea Rambur, Orthetrum brunneum\, O. sabina Drury, O. taeniolatum, Sympetrum frequens Selys, Tholymis tillarga, Pantala flavescens Fabricius and Zyxomma petiolatum were recorded. There were 10 genera of clubtails (Gomphidae), Gastrogomphus abdominalis McLachlan, Gomphidia krugeri Chao, Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris, Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, Lamelligomphus formosanus Matsumura, Megalogomphus icterops Martin, Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys, Paragompus henryii Laidlaw, Seiboldius sp, and Stylurus amicus Needham. Seventeen species of Odonata were found in rice fields, 27 species in palm oil plantations, 17 species in rubber plantations, 19 species in chicken farm, 21 species in sand mine area and 12 species in mountain streams (Table 2). There was a significance difference in the distribution of odonatan individuals among the streams in KRB in wet season (F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99). An LSD analysis showed that the odonatan larvae distributions in Selama and Damak Streams were significantly different from other streams in wet season. During dry season,
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
Table 1. Seasonal distribution and diversity of Odonata. Ws=Wet season, Ds=Dry season No 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Streams Inchong Chelong Serdang Air Putih Salleh Air Itam Relau Mengkuang Nor Damak Seputih Selama Charok Merah Taka Kangar Mahang Total
Family Ws Ds 5 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 5 3 4 7 6 5 4 2 6 6 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 4 4 6 3 3 5 0 8 8
Genera Ws Ds 7 7 12 11 11 13 6 11 9 5 6 10 12 11 6 4 11 9 2 4 2 3 1 3 4 4 7 11 6 3 7 0 30 28
Individuals Ws (%) Ds (%) 19(3.36) 31(4.80) 92(42.20) 65(10.14) 94(16.61) 99(15.32) 36(6.36) 60(9.29) 87(15.37) 52(8.05) 28(4.95) 98(15.17) 58 (10.25) 43 (6.71) 14(2.47) 20(3.09) 48(8.48) 29(4.49) 3(0.53) 9(1.39) 15(2.65) 7(1.08) 4(0.71) 3(0.46) 15(2.65)) 33 (5.11) 29 (5.12) 95 (14.47) 16 (2.83) 5 (0.77) 8 (1.41) 0 (0.00) 566 (100) 646 (100)
Table 2. Distribution of Odonata in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=chicken farm; Sm=Sand mine area; Ms=mountain stream; - = no odonatan; +++ = abundant odonatan Suborder/Famili/Genera S.O. Zygoptera Chlorocyphidae Eupheidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Platycnemididae S.O. Anisoptera Gomphidae
Aeshnidae Macromiidae Libellulidae
R. quadrimaculata Needham Bayadera indica Needham Neurobasis sinensis Linneus Agriocnemis pygmae Selys Cercion lacteola Selys Ischnura delicata Needham Copera marginipes Rambur Platycnemis anulata Selys G.abdominalis McLachlan Gomphidia krugeri Chao Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur L. formosanus Matsumura Megalogomphus icterops Martin Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw Seiboldius sp Stylurus amicus Needham Aeshnophlebia longistigma Selys Macromia erato Fujian Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian Macromia moorei fumata Fujian Brachythemis contaminata Crocothemis servilea Drury Deielia phaon Selys Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt Macrodiplax sp Nannophya pygmea Rambur Orthetrum brunneum O. sabina Drury O. taeniolatum Sympetrum frequens Selys Tholymis tillarga Pantala flavescens Fabricius Zyxomma petiolatum
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ -
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ -
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ -
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ -
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ -
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ -
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Table 3. LSD Analysis of distributions of means of odonatan larvae during both seasons.
a. wet season 3 2 5 7 9 4 14 6 1 15 13 11 8 16
12 10
b. dry season 3
6
2 13
14 4 5 7 1 9
11 8 10 15 12 16
Table 4. Score of biological inices of odonatan in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=Chicken farm; Sm=sand mine area; Ms=Mountain stream; Ws=Wet season; Ds=Dry season Biological Indices H’ (Ws) H’ (Ds) D (Ws) D (Ds) R1(Ws) R1(Ds) R2 (Ws) R2 (Ds) E (Ws) E (Ds)
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
0.88-1.52 1.77-1.89 0.28-0.57 0.15-0.24 1.50-2.57 2.18-2.69 0.94-1.42 1.00-1.67 0.55-0.66 0.77-0.86
1.69-1.75 1.76-2.00 0.17-0.38 0.16-0.33 2.34-2.72 1.66-2.33 1.36-1.46 1.36-1.52 0.73-0.82 0.73-0.87
1.56-1.91 0.95 0.04-0.19 0.30 2.17-3.36 1.86 1.50-2.47 1.34 0.87-0.98 0.86
1.00-1.56 0.89-2.05 0.26-0.53 0.14-0.53 1.67-2.00 1.26-2.69 0.96-1.16 0.69-1.42 0.56-0.71 0.55-0.92
1.59-2.09 1.10-1.84 0.18-0.25 0.31-1.00 0.72-2.64 1.82-3.04 1.60-2.00 1.33-1.73 0.71-0.89 0.83-1.00
1.43-1.91 1.42 0.04-0.33 0.20 1.48-3.36 2.17 1.03-2.47 1.58 0.98-1.00 0.88
Table 5. Indicator species based on selected chemical properties of water Water Parameter Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Range 4.00 – 6.25 6.26 – 8.50
Conductivity (µs/cm)
0.00 – 29.99
Nitrate (mg/L)
30.00 – 59.99 0.00 – 0.22
Phospate (mg/L)
0.0-9.10 9.20-18.50
Dominant Species 1) Platycnemis annulata Selys 1) Orthetrum brunneum 2) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian 3) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw 1) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian 2) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw 1) Orthetrum Sabina Drury 1) Platycnemis annulata Selys 2) Orthetrum Sabina Drury 1) Brachythemis contaminata 1) Ishnura delicate Needham
Table 6. Relationship of taxa richness and water parameters (chemical properties). Ccws = Correlation coefficient in wet season; Ccds = Correlation coefficient in dry season; Cctotal = Correlation coefficient for cumulative data (wet and dry) Parameter Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Temperature (ºC) Conductivity (µs/cm) Nitrate (mg/L) Phospote (mg/L)
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Ccws 0.69 0.05 0.01 0.24 0.21
Ccds 0.03 0.34 0.22 0.11 0.06
Cctotal 0.27 0.13 0.24 0.14 0.12
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
distribution of Odonata was more or less similar in six streams (Table 3). Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) showed that odonatan in relation to land use in this river basin was slightly poor (Table 4). Based on selected water parameter ranges, several species were identified as indicators of those parameters (Table 5). There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen (r=0.69mg/L), nitrate (r=0.24mg/L) and phosphate (r=0.21mg/L) in wet season, thus temperature, (r=0.34ºC), conductivity (r=0.24mg/L) and nitrate (r=0.11mg/L) in dry season (Table 6).
Discussions Although the diversity of Odonata is relatively low compared to most of other orders of insects, Odonata showed preference to specific habitats. In this study, libellulids are common in lowlands such as a freshwater swamps, palm oil plantations or rice fields (Heckman, 1979, Van Vreden and Ahmadzabidi, 1986). Ischnura sp., a relatively tolerant species usually was also represented in the rice fields (Nakao, et al., 1976). Relatively poor odonatan diversity in these areas (17 species were identified in rice fields) could indicate the presence of disturbed or structurally less complex microhabitats. Major pollutants arising from agricultural activities such as excessive nutrient inputs and pesticide use in plantations polluted the water bodies through run-off (Van Dam, et al., 1998). Therefore only highly adapted or widely distributes species were able to live in such environment. Physicochemical monitoring of a water body is known to be insufficient to fully characterize the status of health of the water. However, it has been recognized as a vital component of an integrated
assessment of water way’s (Schofield and Davies, 1996). Some organisms such as Odonata in this study, could make reliable indicator species for certain range of water parameters. Some of the odonatan displayed strong preference to certain range of water parameters. Platycnemid, Platycnemis annulata Selys, inhabit aquatic habitat of 4.00-6.25 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Other such as Orthetrum brunneum, Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw thrived well in running water of high oxygen content (6.26-8.50 mg/L). Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw preferred water of low ion consentration whereas Orthetrum sabina Drury survived better in a more ionized water (30.00-59.99 μs/cm). The range preference of these odonatan species of many water parameters would make them good indicator of specified degree of water pollution or disturbance.
Conclusions Libellulids was the dominant family of the Odonata fauna of the Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Some odonatan were typical habitants of certain ecosystems and some were very widely distributed that they could be considered as biological indicators. Many species were restricted to certain categories of water parameters. Abundance of heterogenous microhabitats and environmental health status determined the distribution and diversity of Odonata in this study.
Acknowledgment This research was funded by an IRPA grant 02-6107-0121, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment to the second and third authors. I would like to express my thank to Mr Hazri Abdullah for his help in the field.
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water quality ratings. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 12: 279-290.
References Boyd, C.E. 1979. Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Agricultural Experimental Station. Auburn University, Alabama. Buchwald, R. 1994. Structure and floristic composition of vegetation: what is their significance for the occurrence of dragonfly species. Odon Abst. 2:6. Che Salmah, M.R., S.T. Hassan, A.Abu Hassan and A.B. Ali. 1999. Life History of Neurothermis tullia (Drury) (Odonata: Libellulidae) in a tropical rainfed rice field. Odontologica 28:1-11. Ferreras-Ramero, M. and A.M. GarciaRojas. 1995. Life story pattern and spatial separation exhibited by the Odonates from a Mediterranean in land catchment in Southeren Spain. Vie et Milieu 45:157-166. Garono, R.J., L.K. Richard and M.S. George. 1995. Wetland insect populations as biological indicators: evaluation of a wetland mitigation Tool., Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commision, Austin. 4 p. Heckman, C.W. 1979. The seasonal succession of species in a rice Paddy in Vientiane Laos. Int. Revne Ges. Hydrobiol. 59(4):489-507. Lenat, D.R. 1993. A biotic index for Southeastern United States: derivation and lists of tolerance value with criteria for assigning
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Merrit, R.W. and K.W. Cummins. 1996. An introduction to aquatic insects of North America. (3 rd ed). Kendall/Hunt Publ., Iowa. 862p. Moore, N.W. 1995. Lester dryas Kirby-a declining species of dragon (Odonata) in need of conservation: notes on it’s status and habitat in England and Ireland. Biol. Conserv. 17: 143-148. Morse, J.C., Y. Lianfang and T. Lixin. 1994. Aquatic insect of China useful for monitoring water quality, Hohai Univ. Press. Nakao, S., S. Asahina, T. Miura, T. Wongsiri, G.A. Pangga, L.H.Y. Lee and K. Yano. 1976. The paddy field Odonata collected in Thailand, The Phillipines, and Hongkong. J. Kurume Univ. 25(2):145-158. Van Dam, R.A., C. Camilleri and C.M. Finlayson. 1998. The potensial of rapid assesssment techniques as early warning indicators of wetland degradation: A Review. Wetland Protection and Management, Australia. 297-312 pp. Van Vreden, G. and A.L. Ahmadzabidi. 1986. Pest of rice and their natural enemies in Peninsular Malaysia. Pudoc, Wageningen. Schofield, N. J. and P. E. Davies. 1996. Measuring the health of our rivers. Water, May-June: 39-43. Usinger, R. L. 1956. Aquatic insects of Carolina. University of Carolina Press, Barkeley.
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Westfall, M. J. Jr. and M. L. May. 1996. Damselfies of North America. Scientific Pub.
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PEDOMAN SINGKAT PENULISAN JURNAL ILMIAH PERTANIAN KULTURA Persyaratan Umum Artikel harus tulisan asli yang merupakan hasil penelitian dan peninjauan/ulasan (review) yang belum pernah dimuat di dalam jurnal ilmiah mana pun, baik di lingkup nasional maupun internasional. Tulisan harus mencakup salah satu disiplin ilmu dalam bidang pertanian atau erat kaitannya dengan pertanian. Semua artikel akan ditelaah oleh Mitra Bestari (Reviewer) sebelum dimuat. Redaksi berhak mengubah kalimat, ejaan, tata letak, dan perwajahan tanpa mengubah isi sebenarnya. Mitra Bestari dan Dewan Redaksi berhak menolak tulisan yang dianggap tidak relevan. Artikel yang tidak dimuat dapat dikembalikan jika disertai perangko balasan. Penyerahan naskah kepada Dewan Redaksi sebanyak 2 rangkap, sedangkan disket (3,5’ format IBM) berisi file naskah dikirimkan setelah dinyatakan diterima untuk dipublikasi. Naskah ditulis dengan pengolah kata MS Words Windows. Naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia yang berpedoman pada Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia dan Ejaan yang Disempurnakan (EYD). Penyerapan kata asing dan pemakaian kata asing harus dibatasi se-sedikit mungkin, dan kalau terpaksa, pemakaiannya juga harus berpedoman pada Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Naskah diketik rapi berjarak 2 spasi (Times New Roman, font 12) pada kertas putih HVS A4. Tidak ada catatan kaki di dalam teks. Panjang naskah maksimum 10 halaman termasuk tabel dan gambar. Subjudul ditulis di tengah. Artikel meliputi urutan sebagai berikut: Judul (dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris), nama dan alamat penulis, Abstract (bahasa Inggris) dengan keywords, Abstrak (bahasa Indonesia) dengan kata kunci, Pendahuluan, Bahan dan Metode, Hasil dan Pembahasan, Kesimpulan, Ucapan Terima Kasih (bila perlu), dan Daftar Pustaka. Judul. Ditulis singkat, informatif, dan deskriptif (max. 28 kata). Penulisan huruf kapital hanya pada awal kata. Ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia dan dibawahnya dalam bahasa Inggris. Abstract atau Abstrak. Abstrak ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris dan dibawahnya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Merupakan sari tulisan, meliputi tujuan, hasil dan kesimpulan dalam kalimatkalimat yang ringkas dan padat, sebaiknya tidak lebih dari 150 kata (dalam bahasa Indonesia), dan 100 kata (dalam bahasa Inggris). Abstrak dalam bahasa Inggris ditulis dalam bentuk past tense, kecuali bagian justifikasi masalah. Keywords atau kata kunci. Keywords/kata kunci ditulis langsung sesudah abstract/abstrak pada baris baru dimulai dari tepi kiri. Kata kunci paling banyak 5 kata, urutannya menunjukkan hirarki dari yang paling utama sampai yang paling spesifik. Pendahuluan. Pendahuluan merupakan justifikasi tentang subyek yang dipilih didukung dengan pustaka yang relevan. Memuat latar belakang penelitian dan harus diakhiri dengan tujuan penelitian. Tidak terlalu luas tapi juga tidak terlalu singkat, idealnya 400-500 kata. Bahan dan Metoda. Memuat bahan dan metoda penelitian, mencakup tempat, waktu, metoda pengambilan sampel, pelaksanaan rancangan percobaan, metoda analisa, dan hal lain yang berkaitan. Harus detil dan jelas sehingga orang yang berkompeten dapat melakukan penelitian yang sama (repeatable and reproducible).
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Hasil dan Pembahasan. Hasil melaporkan apa yang diperoleh dalam percobaan. Hasil dirangkum dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik yang langsung diberi notasi statistika berdasarkan uji beda rataan yang umum. Tabel dan grafik dilengkapi dengan nomor dan judul. Untuk tabel, judul ditulis di bagian atas, sedangkan untuk grafik dan gambar ditulis di bagian bawah. Bila tabel dan grafik dikutip, sumbernya disebutkan sesuai dengan Daftar Pustaka. Tidak mengulang data yang disajikan dalam tabel atau grafik satu per satu dalam bentuk kata-kata kecuali hal-hal yang sangat menonjol. Pembahasan membandingkan hasil yang kita peroleh dengan data pengetahuan (hasil penelitian orang lain) yang sudah dipublikasikan dan disertai dengan sitasi pustaka dan menjelaskan implikasi data yang diperoleh bagi ilmu pengetahuan atau pemanfaatannya. Kesimpulan. Kesimpulan disajikan dalam bentuk paragraf dan bukan dalam bentuk penomoran. Jika ada saran, maka disajikan secara singkat dan relevan. Ucapan Terima Kasih. Ucapan Terima Kasih dibuat sebagai ungkapan terima kasih kepada pihak yang membantu penelitian, penelaah naskah, atau penyedia dana penelitian. Daftar Pustaka. Daftar Pustaka harus memuat semua pustaka yang (hanya) digunakan di dalam naskah. Daftar Pustaka disusun berdasarkan abjad, semua nama pengarang ditulis, tanpa penomoran. Di dalam teks, pustaka harus ditulis sebagai berikut: • Dua penulis: Baker and Cook (1974) atau (Baker and Cook, 1974) • Tiga penulis atau lebih: Suwanto, et al. (1992) atau (Suwanto, et al., 1992) Bila terdapat lebih dari tiga pengarang, boleh menggunakan et al. atau dkk walaupun pustaka berbahasa asing, yang penting seragam dalam naskah tersebut. Contoh penulisan Daftar Pustaka: • Buku: judul buku ditulis huruf kapital pada semua huruf awalnya. Harjadi, S.S. 1991. Pengantar Agronomi. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 230 hlm. • Bagian bab dari buku: awalnya saja.
judul bab dari buku ditulis dengan huruf kapital pada huruf
Jatala, P. dan J. Bridge. 1990. Nematoda parasitik pada tanaman akar dan ubi-ubian. Dalam M.Luc, R.A. Sikora, dan J. Bridge (eds). Nematoda Parasitik di Pertanian Subtropik dan Tropik. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. hlm 34-42. • Artikel jurnal: judul artikel ditulis huruf kapital hanya pada huruf awalnya saja. Penyingkatan nama jurnal mengikuti anjuran dari jurnal yang disitasi. Brockwell, J. and P.J. Bottomley. 1995. Recent advances in innoculant technology and prospects for the future. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 683-697. • Pustaka yang diakses dari internet: Fortnum, B.A. and S.B. Martin. 1997. Disease management strategies for control of bacterial wilt of tobacco in the Southern USA. 2nd IBWS, Guadalope. Available at: http://www.infra.fr/Internet/Departments/PAHOV/2nd IBWS/T43.html (diakses 11 Maret 2002). • Pustaka dari CD ROM: Foyd, R.B. and J. Kurle. 2000. Crop rotation scheme for dryland of Minnesota and North Dakota. Agronomy Journal 67:342-350. Volumes 60-70, 1990-2000 (CD ROM computer file). ASA, Madison, WI and Natl. Agric. Libr. Madison, WI (Nov 2001).
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INDEKS PENULIS Ahmad, A. Hassan Andriani, Siskha Che Salmah, Md. Rawi Ginting, Sentosa Gurning, T.M. Haloho, Lermansius Hanafiah, A.S. Hapsoh Hariyadi, Purwiyanto Hasibuan, Rosma Imeldawati, Luly Jacob, T. Marzuki Julianti, Elisa Lahuddin Lubis, Khairunnisa Nainggolan, Rona J. Nasution, Hasan Fuad
106 70 106 57 14 14 77 40, 77 47 30 35 1 47 63 84 57 35
Nurtjahja, Kiki Prayitno, Dwi Purwoko, B.S. Saleh, Eniza Sembiring, Hasil Sihombing, Luhut Simatupang, Pandapotan Siregar, Ameilia Zuliyanti Sitanggang, Masri Soekarto, Soewarno T. Suryanto, Dwi Syarie, Atjeng M. Wahyuni, Tri Hesti Yahya, S. Yusra Zaituna, Anita
70 1 77 1 14 94 89 106 21 47 70 47 35 77 100 6
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INDEKS SUBJEK A. tegalensis Aliran permukaan analisis usaha tani dan Sumut Aspergillus niger benih berat jerami Brachiaria decumbens burung puyuh C. melanophthalmus penerokan cekaman kekeringan cendawan mikoriza Centrosema pubescens efisiensi pemasaran elastisitas Erosi faktor topografis fermentasi fisiografi G. bonninene G. lucidum G. tsugae Ganoderma applanatum ikan mas internal transcribed spacer isotermi sorpsi air jagung kandungan P tanaman kapur api karakterisasi dan klasifikasi karakteristik absorpsi keanekaragaman kedelai kerupuk ikan ketahanan kulit buah coklat
30 89 14 35 47 63 89 1 30 77 100 89 94 94 89 7 35 21 70 70 70 70 57 70 47 14 63 47 21 47 106 40, 77 57 84 35
kutu perisai lama pengeringan lateks mikoriza morfologi musim hujan musim kemarau Odonata P-Bray II penebangan pohon pengeringan kemoreaksi penggunaan lahan penginderaan jauh performans persebaran ruang pH Ultisols pH piroklastik pola tanam Predator produksi P-tersedia P-total pupuk kandang Puyuh petelur salinitas saluran tataniaga Semenanjung Utara Malaysia SIG tanaman tebu tapioka tepung buah tanjung transmisi harga ultrastruktur akar
30 57 100 77 84 40 40 106 63 7 47 106 7 1 30 100 63 21 14 30 40, 77 100 100 89 35 84 94 106 7 30 57 1 94 84
116
