STI]DIAISLAIIIKA Volume 4. Number 2.1997
INDONESIAN JouRNAL FoR tsLAMtc sTUDTES
MoerunwRn Cnnttt:THr CnnerR AND TnoucHr oF AN ltrtootlEstRtl Musltttrt
RrroRutsr
Toha Hamim
THE ISLAMIZATION OF CENTRAT JRVN:
Tnr Rolr oF MuslrM Ltrurncrs
tN KALtoso
Stephen Headley
LrnRrutruc FRoM IsLAM:AovocRcv
or
RTpnooucTIVE RIGHTS IN INDONESIAN PESANTREN Masdar F. Mas'udi, Rosalia Sciortino & Lies Marcoes
lssN 0215-0492
STUilIA ISLAil{II{A Indonesian Journal for lslamic Studies
Volume 4, Number 2, 1997 EDITORIAI- BOARD,
Harun NasLttio,l Mastuhu M. Quraisb Sbihab A. Aziz
Dahlan
ll1, Satria EJfendi
Nabilah Lubis lvl. YwuttYusLrf Konraruddin Hidaltat Ll, Dirt S.yamsudclitt
Muslim Ntrsutiott Wahib LIU'thi EDITOR.IN.CHIEF:
A4tttmard'A ra EDITORS:
Saiful Mujani Hertdro Prasetl'o Joban H. Meulennn
Didin Sl,ctfttrddirt Ali Munhanif ASsISTANTS TO THE EDITOR:
Arief Subban ()nmn Fcttburrabmarr Heni Nuroni ENCLISH LANGTJAGE ADVISOR; Kay Bridger
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: .\ur Sbonuul COVER DESIGNER: S.
Prinfur
STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 021i-0i92) is a journal published quarterly b.v tlTe Institut Agamn Isktnt ,\egeri (iAiN, The State Institute fbr Islamic Studies) Svarif Hidavatullah, Jakarta. (STT DEPPEN No. 129,'SKDITIENIPPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Allairs of the
Republic ofInclonesia. lt specializes in lndonesian Islamic studies. and is intendecl to conniuni. cate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal wrrmlv welcomes
contributions tiom scholars of related disciplines. ,{ll articles published do not necessarilv represent the views ofthe journal. ol other institutions to which it
is
afliliared. They are solelv the views ofthe authors. The articles containcd in this journ:rl hrvc
been refereed bv the Board of Editors.
Rahmah al-Yrinusiyah, Mu'assisat al-Ma'had al-Dini li al-BanAt BAdAnj BAnjAnj-S0matrah al-Gharbiyyah
Abstract: Rahmah al-Yunusiyah uas born on Decetnber 29, 1900 and gre@ up in an Islarnic family in Padang Panjangin tVest Surnatra' His farher uas a religious functionary of the local Islamic court (qidi) uhile her grand father uas a shaykh of the Naqsbabandilryab sufi' order' Her oldest brother, Zainuddin Labai al-Yunusi (1590'1924) uas one of the great Islarnic reforrners in Minangkabau. In 1915, he established the Diniyah School, the firsr modern Islarnic School in Indonesia. In that school, Zainuddin, dmong other things implernented the classical learning systern, co-education and modern sciences at a tirne uhen most Islarnic schools were still preoccupied uith traditional Islarnic sciences. Instead of uearingmiddle eastern clothes andturban, Zainuddin Labai alYunusi preferred to uear r!)estern style clothes uitb a coat and tidy hair' It is Zainuddin uho took care of,motivated and supported the personal and in te I I e c t ua I det e I o p rn en t of R ah rn ah a l'Yun usiy ah' Wben she uas of age, Rahrnah did not go to elernentary school. She studied all the basic skills such as reading, uriting and arithrnetic frorn her brother. IVhen ber brother established bis Diniyab School on aaober 10, 1915, she enrolled dt thdt school and joined tbe classes' It uas in this school that she got used to interact with her rnale friends and to get inz;olz;ed in student organization, especially in the female dioision. Houever, she uas disappointed with Diniyah School teachers uho did not discuss fernale issues openly. In her Ee5 this uas perhaps due to the fact that
this scbool rnixed rnale and fernale students in classes. She discussed this disappointrnent uith tbree ferna/e friends: Nanisah, Djuwana Basjir and Rasuna Said in u;hich thq agreed to forrn their ow'n study club. Regarding religious ndtters, Rahmah asked them to study at Surau Jentbatan Besi which was supervised by the great Islarnic reformer, Haji Abdul Karitn Amrullab and bis otber reformist colleagues. TbEt @ere the first fernale 105
Stud;d ltldn;led, Vol.
I,
No. 2, 1997
106
Aminuldin Rasatl
studcnts to enroll and study dt that Surau. Houever, the teachingof Surau Jembatan Besi also disappointed her for too mdny subjects related to fernale issues v)ere not discussed properly and left unsolvable. In the qes of
Rahrnah, although the teachers of that school uere modern-minded thinkers, thE) were not open-minded. For tbese reasons, Haji Abdul Karirn Arnrullah taugbt thern privately at his bouse. In this uay, Rahrnah acquired phat she needed. She was also intellectually satisfied, because at night she could hazte discussions uith her brotber, Zainuddin Labai alYunusi. Rahrnah strove to mdster almost al/ branches of science and skill of benefit to Toomen sucb as rnedical care, exercise, midutifery and ueaving. IX/ith regard to miduifery, for example, she took a prirsate course frorn tuo rnedical doctors: Sofyan and Tazar of the Kayu Tanarn Hospial, located 12 kilorneter to the uest of the city of Padang Panjang. Arter her theoretical and practical experiences in midzaifery witb tbe tuo medical doctors, she opened a clinic at;ailable to any mother who sought rnedical help. Rahmab reas aery sad that sociery beld the old opinion that vtornen dre not required to pursue knouledge at school because their primary duties in the end are the kitchen, aking care of babies and serving their busbands. She did not deny that some parents encouraged their daughters to pursue knowledge, but such knouledge zads contrtonly /irnited to Qur'Anic recitation and prayer while Islarn encourages its believers to pursue allbranches of knouledge. Regarding farnily, Rahmah had her oun experience. Herfarnily married her ro 'ilim (religious teacher) and preacher, Haji Bahauddin Lathif, frort Sarnpur Padang Panjang when she uas sixteen, Rahrnah, through this marriage, became bis third uife. Houeoe6 her marriage could not be rnainuinedfor more than sixyears. Thq separatedin 1922 and Rahrnah did not have any children from this rnarriage. Afier that, she did not marry again and this alloued her to depote her life to her ideals of enhancinguornen's position in sociery through education. Rahrnah uas utterly convinced that their position could not be changed except hy tbeir own bands. For these reAsons, according to Rahmah, nery had to be madefor the uornen's sake. On Nopernber 1, 1923, Rahmah established a sc h o o l c on c en tratin g on e duc atin g an d en h an cin g gen der e q ua l iry kn own as Perguruan Putri PadangPanjang. Wben it uas opened, the nurnber of students enrolled at the school was only about 70 people. Later on, houetser, the school becarne popular and r e ac h e d aro un d 2 0 0 0 stude n ts, in c I udin g st ude n t s om M a I ay si a, Tlt an ks fr to her contribution, Rahrnah gained international recognition.
ffirt
Stud;d Isldmikd, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1997
Aminuddin Rasvad
Rahmah al-Yrinusiyah, Mu'assisat al-Ma'had al-Dtni li al-BanAt BAdAni BAnjAnj-S0matrah al-Gharb tyyah
Abstraksi: Rahrnah al-Yunusi'yab dilahirkan pada anggal 29 Desernber 1 900 dzri lingkun gan keluarga ulama di Padang Panjang. Ayahnya adzlah seorang qadhi dan kakpknya seordng Fmimpin arekat Naqsyabandiytah. Kdkak rcrtuanyd, Zainuddin Labai al-Yunusi (1s90-192a) bahkzn seordng pembmu Islarn terksnuka di Minangkaban Pada ahun 1915, kakaknya mendirikan Diniyah School, sekolah Islarn modern pmamd di Indonesia. Dalarn sekolah wsebut sang kakzk yang diken al sebagai otodidak, pengagtnt Musafa Kamil, pernbarudari Mesir, dntardkin telah menerapkzn pengajaran klasikal, koedukasi dan pengaiaran ptgeahuan umurn' Dalam berpakaian, kakak Rahmah tidak sepmi ukma tua dengan rnernakni jas tutup, sarung dan kopiah beledru hiam awu sorban. Ia rnemakai pakzian sryrti orang Barat, yaitu panalon dan jas, memakai dasi dengan rambut disisir' Kakaknya- inilah dari pibak keluzrga yang berperan mmdidik, rnemotiaasi dan men duk un g kemaj uan Rahmah al-Yunusi'yah' Sat;aktu kecil Rahmah tidak punah mengikuti pen didikzn seko lah dasar. Ia belajar baca tulis dan berhitung dmi kakzknya. Kepandaian rnernbam dan menulis ini, di kemudian hai sangat mmolongnya dalarn rnenarnbalt pm geuhuan nyd, karena ia term asuk yan I sm dn I rnembata Ia banyak metnanfaatkan Frpustzkdan Zain u"ddin lzbai al-Yun usi yan g mernp u nyai tiga kzrnar pnuh dengan koleksi buku dari plbagai bahasa di anutanya bahasa klanda, Jerrnan, Perancis dzn Arab. Setelah knkzknya mendirikan i Im
u
Anryyah khool pada anggal 10 Oktober 1915, Rahmah ikut belajar' Di sekolah ini ia rnenjadi terbiasabergaul dzngan laki-laki dan bertukar piki' ran dengan rnerekz- Bahkzn pada saat diadakan organisasi pelaiar putra dan putri, Rahmah rnenjadi pernimpin bagian putri. Narnun ia rnerasa tidak puas dengan pengajaran di Diniyyah Scbool karena para guru tidak rnernbahas masalah-masalah waniu dengan terus terang rnungkin karena dalarn satu kelas terdapat murid taki-laki don ptrernpuan . Rasa kctidakpuasannyd ini dibicarakan den gan tiga oran g ternan ' nya: Rasunan Said, Nanisah dan Djauana Basiir. Mereka berernpat rrternIc7
Studia Islantiha, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1997
108
Aminddin Rasad
bmruk kelompok belajar, Dakm bidang agdma, Rahmah rnmgajak tiga wnannlabekjar di SurauJembaun ksi,yangdiauh tohoh Wnbaru Haji Abdul Kmim Amrullah dan diajm oleh banyak ulama kaurn muda. Mereka beranpat menjadi waniu prumayang bekjar di surau tersebut. Surau Jembaun ksi mmerima merekn mungkin karma di antmanya tndapat adik Zainuddin lzbai al-Yunust, yang juga pmgajar di surau tersebut. Hanya pngajaran di surau tnsebut juga tidak memuashzn hati Rahmah kmena banyak masalah+nasalah yang bukziun dmgan uaniu ridak rnunpero leh jawaban memnaskan. Rahmah melihat wakupun merekz rergolongularna kaum morda, ndtnun merekd tidak fugitu tqbuha. Akhirnya Hali Abdul Karirn Amrullah mernhrihzn pn gajian secara privat di rumahnya di Gatangdn, dan bmu Rahmah menemukan apayangdicarinya. Di malam hari ia rnmgadakan diskusi dengan kzkaknya Zainuddin lzbai al-Yuntai, termasuk tzn tang bagairnana rnenyadmkan masyarakat rcn ang pmtingnya pndidikan bagi kaum uanirz^ Selain pngealtuan agarna dan bahasa arab, Rahmah berusaha rnengu+sai semm ilmu dan kcterampilan yan g bmnanfaat seperti hzsehatan , senam , kebidanan dan bertmun. Dalarn ilmu kekdanan, misalnya, ia berusaha untuk memperdalam kepada dua dokter Rumah Sahit Kayu Tanarn, yaitu doktq Sofyan dan dokter Tazzr,yang leuknya 12 kilomercr sebelah barat kou Padang Panjang. Dari dua dokw ini ia mmdapat pelajaran uori dan praktik kebidanan. Rahmah kemudian membuka praktik di rurnahnya untuk rnembantu kaumnya Kegigihan Rahmah dzlam menuntut ilmu rnerupakan manifestasi ketidakpuasann!4 aas Frnbatasan pmbatasan kaurnnya dalarn rnernperoleb pendidikan. Menurutnya, sebagian besar rnasyarakat masih furpegang kzpada Fndapat lama bahua anak utania tidak pla sekolah karma akhirnya akan fumbali ke dapur, rnerauat anak dan patuh pada starninya larnelibatwakupun anakuaniadiberi hesempaan menuntut ilmu, hal itu wbatas pada kepandaian mernbaca al-Qur'an dan shalat. Padahal, mmurut Rahmalt, ajaran hlam pada hakikatnya tidak sesernpit itu, agama Islarn mengajarkan semua aspek kehidupan.
Dalarn psoalan rurnah tanga, Rahntah al-Yunusiyah mernpunyaipngalarnan khrcus. Dalarn usia 16 ahun iadikawinkan dengan seorang'aIim
dan rnuballigh, Hali Bahauddin lzthif dari Sarnpur PadangPanjang. Rahrnah dijadikan isteri krtiga^ Perkawinan tersebuthanya berlangsung6 uhun kzrena pada
uhun
1922 keduanya bercerai atas kehendak kedua betah piSejak percera-
bak. Dari perkzwinan ini, Rahmah tidzk mernpunyai anak
ian tersebut, ia tidzk bersuami lagi sehingga dapat rnenumpahkzn Whdtidn dan hidupnya untuk ciu-cita rnemajukzn kaurn perempuan rnelalui pen-
didikan.
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Rabmab al-Yin*siyab
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