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Survei Pengukuran dan Pemetaan Hutan Foto UDARA
Sejarah Foto Udara
• Baloon • Merpati (perang) – mata-mata / spy
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Foto Udara
• Vertical • Stereo/3D Color infrared (CIR) stereopair of the Galbraith Lake, Alaska area.
Pemotretan Udara
Format Besar
Format Menengah
Format Kecil
MCRMP DKP - PT Waindo SpecTerra Indonesia
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Pemotretan Udara Format Besar
Format Menengah
Format Kecil
MCRMP DKP - PT Waindo SpecTerra Indonesia
Advances in aerial photography
Aerial Camera System - Legend: 1. GPS antenna in aircraft 2. RC30 aerial camera with PAV30 mount 3. ASCOT system with GPS 4. GPS reference station 5. Software for data processing
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Idea
Analog Film-Based vs. Digital LH Systems, 2000
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Traditional Photogrammetry vs. LiDAR LiDAR Day or night data acquisition Direct acquisition of 3D collection Vertical accuracy is better than planimetric* Point cloud difficult to derive semantic information; however, intensity values can be used to produce a visually rich image like product (example of an intensity image)
Photogrammetric Day time collection only Complicated and sometimes unreliable procedures Planimetric accuracy is better than vertical* Rich in semantic information Now is also support point cloud (DSM)
*Complementary characteristics suggest integration
• Laser Scan Technique
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Digital Foto Udara
Pemrosesan Data Digital; Koreksi Geometri
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Hal terpenting dari Foto Udara Enschede 1 : 7 500 25 Jun 91
Message Pad
Altimeter
NAGII 7142 213.40
Watch
Lens Number & Focal Length
Fiducial Marks
Spirit Level 2205
Frame Number
Perbedaan fokus lensa kamera 0.23 m
Scale = 2000 / 0.1524
0.23 m
f=0.1524 m
f=0.3048 m
= 13,123 Scale = 2000 / 0.3048
= 6,562
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Perbandingan Skala
1:2,000
1:5,000
Semakin kecil skale – semakin luas liputan area
Informasi dari Foto Udara • Dua macam informasi dasar •
Informasi spasial :
• •
•
Informasi Geometric Bentuk, ukuran, informasi koordinat (jika ada)
Informasi radiometric
• •
Informasi spektral (gradasi / warna) rona
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B&W PANCHROMATIC & INFRA-RED
Contoh Overlapping (Stereo) Imagery
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TRUE COLOUR / FALSE COLOUR IR
True Colour
False Colour Infra-red
SKALA b a
o
f
s = AO / ao = OL / ol = H / f where s = scale factor H = height f = focal length
L
H
Fahsi, 1996
O
A
B
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SKALA Image Size
Scale Factor = Image Distance Focal Length
Object Size Image Size
= Object Distance = Flying Height
Flying Height Focal Length
Object Size
Metoda Fotogrametris (Identifikasi Bidang Tanah) • •
Titik batas/ikat harus dapat teridentifikasi pada peta fotonya. Untuk titik batas yang tidak teridentifikasi dilakukan pengukuran tambahan secara terrestris.
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CONTOH PENGUKURAN METODE FOTOGRAMETRIK MENGGUNAKAN PETA FOTO DIGITAL TEREKTIFIKASI
01308
01305
01310
01306 01311
01307
01309
CONTOH PENGUKURAN METODE TERESTRIS MENGGUNAKAN PETA GARIS DIGITAL 8 7
10
6
5 9
15 4
17 11 16
3
12
2
13 14
1
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Contoh Lampiran Gambar Ukur Lampiran Gambar Ukur Nomor 00 00315 30 05 2002
Peta Pendaftaran
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Informasi pada Surat Ukur
Aerial Photography Mission Forward overlap along flight-line
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Sideways overlap between flight lines
2 Survey Area 3
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Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements • Shape • • •
cultural features - geometric, distinct boundaries natural features - irregular shapes and boundaries Shape helps us distinguish old vs. new subdivisions, some tree species, athletic fields, etc.
The pentagon
Meandering river in Alaska
Interior Alaskan village (note airstrip near top of image)
Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Size •
• • •
relative size is an important clue
big, wide river vs. smaller river or slough apartments vs. houses single lane road vs. multilane
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Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Color/Tone •
coniferous vs. deciduous trees
CIR - Spruce forest (black) with some deciduous (red) trees.
CIR – Deciduous (leafy) vegetation (red).
CIR- Mixed spruce And deciduous forest on hillside with tundra in valley bottom.
Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements • Color/Tone • •
Turbidity - relative amounts of sediment in water Vegetation presence or absence
CIR – The big, light blue river in the lower part of the image is the Tanana River. It carries fine particles eroded by glaciers in the Alaska Range.
Relatively clear Chena River water
Turbid Tanana River water
The smaller dark blue river flows south from top of the image to the Tanana River. It is fed by surface runoff and groundwater sources and does not carry much sediment.
Photo by Maria Sotelo
Unvegetated gravel bars look bright bluish white.
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Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Texture • • •
coarseness/smoothness caused by variability or uniformity of image tone or color smoothness – tundra, swamps, fields, water, etc. coarseness - forest, lava flows, mountains etc.
CIR- Marshy tundra with many small ponds.
CIR - Bare rounded Mountains (blue) surrounded by tundra and lakes.
CIR - Tundra showing drainage pattern
Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Pattern • •
•
overall spatial form of related features repeating patterns tend to indicate cultural features - random = natural drainage patterns can help geologists determine bedrock type
A dendritic pattern is characteristic of flat-lying sedimentary bedrock
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Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Site • •
site - relationship of a feature to its environment differences in vegetation based on location:
• •
Meandering Alaskan river
In interior Alaska, black spruce dominant on the north side of hills and deciduous trees on the south side. Vegetation is often has different characteristics by rivers than away from them
N Interior Alaskan hillside
Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Association •
identifying one feature can help identify another - correlation
The white cloud and black shadow have the same shape, they are related
The long straight airstrip near the top of the image indicates that there might be a village or settlement nearby
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Photointerpretation: Recognition Elements
• Shadows • • •
shadows cast by some features can aid in their identification some tree types, storage tanks, bridges can be identified in this way shadows can accentuate terrain
The mountain ridge on the right side of this image is accentuated by shadow
Pemrosesan Data Digital; Pembuatan Peta Garis Digital
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OrthoPhoto Adalah Jenis Foto Udara yang telah terkoreksi secara geometrik (North Oriented) dan terkoreksi dari tilt dan pergeseran relief (titik).
Persyaratan Pembuatan : 1. Foto Udara yang telah di scan dan diketahui tanda fiducial foto 2. Principal distance dari kamera foto udara (panjang fokus kamera) 3. Model Elevasi Digital dari areal yang difoto diperoleh dari kontur (peta topography)
Peta Garis Digital
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Pemetaan Tata Guna Lahan
Pemetaan Tata Guna Lahan
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Lay-out Peta; Kartografi Dan Pencetakan
Peta Foto
Pemetaan Detail Sumberdaya Pesisir
Aplikasi : •
Pemetaan pemukiman
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Monitoring pekembangan
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Perencanaan teknis sarana dan prasarana; transportasi, irigasi dan sarana-prsarana lain
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Perencanaan tata ruang
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Arah dan pemekaran kawasan
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Pengembangan fasilitas dan infra struktur
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Dll.
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Pengelolaan dan Tata Ruang Hutan dan Lahan Pertanian di Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil
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Pengelolaan Kawasan Pesisir yang Berbatasan Langsung dgn Laut
Pemetaan dan Monitoring Kawasan Mangrove dan Sedimentasi
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